Phonology From The Ground Up - University of North Dakota
Phonology From The Ground Up - University of North Dakota
Phonology From The Ground Up - University of North Dakota
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also!sometimes!extended!to!include!intrusive!vowels!and!intrusive!<br />
consonants,!although!these!might!be!conceived!<strong>of</strong>!as!not!actually!affecting!<br />
the!phonological!string.!<br />
Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©!Stephen!A.!Marlett;!provisional!title:!<strong>Phonology</strong>(from(the(<strong>Ground</strong>(<strong>Up</strong>((Part(1).!<br />
243! !<br />
EXTRAMETRICAL.!!A!consonant!that!is!extrametrical!is!one!that!is!excluded!from!<br />
consideration!for!syllable!construction.!It!must!be!at!the!beginning!or!end!<strong>of</strong>!<br />
the!word.!A!word\final!consonant!may!be!extrametrical!for!the!purposes!<strong>of</strong>!<br />
determining!the!weight!<strong>of</strong>!a!syllable.!A!syllable!that!is!extrametrical!is!one!<br />
that!is!excluded!from!consideration!in!certain!algorithms!for!assigning!<br />
stress!to!a!word.!<br />
EXTRAMETRICALITY.!!Extrametricality!(as!applied!to!syllable!structure)!is!the!<br />
possibility!<strong>of</strong>!licensing!one!consonant!at!the!edge!<strong>of</strong>!a!word!(initial!or!final!<br />
or!both!or!neither)!as!permitted!in!a!language!although!not!licensed!by!the!<br />
basic!syllable!structure!constraints.!See!F.7.!!!<br />
FEATURE!GEOMETRY!is!the!approach!to!the!organization!<strong>of</strong>!features!in!which!the!<br />
features!are!hierarchically!arranged!under!nodes,!some!features!<br />
dominating!other!features.!See!the!discussion!in!unit!N,!for!example.!<br />
FOOT!(METRICAL!FOOT)!is!a!grouping!<strong>of</strong>!syllables!or!moras!in!which!one!<strong>of</strong>!them!is!<br />
stronger!than!the!other.!(<strong>The</strong>!stronger!syllable!or!mora!in!this!grouping!is!<br />
referred!to!as!the!head.)!<br />
FUNDAMENTAL!FREQUENCY!<strong>of</strong>!the!speech!wave!“corresponds!to!the!pitch!<strong>of</strong>!a!sound!as!<br />
we!hear!it”!(Baart!2010,!44).!It!is!the!rate!at!which!“wave!cycles!are!<br />
repeated”!(Baart!2010,!95).!It!is!expressed!in!cycle!per!second,!using!the!<br />
notion!<strong>of</strong>!hertz!(Hz).!<br />
GEMINATES!(FALSE;!TRUE).!Geminates!are!phonetically!long!segments!(whether!<br />
consonants!or!vowels)!that!are!taken!as!occupying!two!positions!in!the!<br />
skeleton.!True!geminates!are!formalized!as!a!single!set!<strong>of</strong>!features!<br />
associated!with!two!such!positions.!A!false!geminate!is!formalized!as!a!<br />
sequence!<strong>of</strong>!two!identical!feature!configurations!that!are!associated!with!<br />
two!positions!in!the!skeleton.!<br />
GENUS.!!A!language!genus!is!“a!group!<strong>of</strong>!languages!whose!relatedness!is!fairly!obvious!<br />
without!systematic!comparative!analysis”!(Dryer!1989,!584).!<br />
HOMORGANIC!consonsonants!are!pronounced!at!the!same!point!<strong>of</strong>!articulation.!In!the!<br />
string![mb],!the!nasal!and!the!stop!are!homorganic.!<br />
IAMB!and!IAMBIC.!!Iambic!stress!refers!to!a!right\headed!prominence!in!a!foot,!as!<br />
illustrated!by!the!word!prefer!(weak\strong).!An!iamb!is!a!foot!that!has!this!<br />
characteristic.!See!JC.32!and!Z.26.!
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