Phonology From The Ground Up - University of North Dakota

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Section 2: Syllable Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©!Stephen!A.!Marlett;!provisional!title:!Phonology(from(the(Ground(Up((Part(1).! ! 30! At!this!point!we!take!up!a!detailed!discussion!of!the!syllable.!We!have!to!jump!in! somewhere!anyway,!and!while!we!have!often!started!with!the!topics!in!section!3,! there!are!advantages!to!starting!with!the!syllable.!One!of!these!is!the!fact!that!one! can!begin!thinking!about!the!syllable!structure!of!a!language!before!doing!much!else! and!with!a!relatively!small!amount!of!data.!Like!everything!else,!not!all!of!the! answers!will!fall!out!right!away!(if!ever),!but!it!is!a!starting!point.!
D. The basic notion of the syllable Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©!Stephen!A.!Marlett;!provisional!title:!Phonology(from(the(Ground(Up((Part(1).! ! 31! D.1.! ! As!stated!in!unit!C,!the!notion!SYLLABLE!has!been!a!useful!concept!in! phonological!descriptions!and!theories!(to!varying!degrees)!for!a!long!time,! corresponding!roughly!to!a!sequence!of!sounds!that!cluster!together!around! a!single!peak!of!sonority.!Hammond!(1999)!devotes!more!than!one!hundred! pages!of!his!book!to!the!description!of!English!syllables,!and!says!that!the! preliminary!definition!that!he!gives!(“a!recurring!grouping!of!sounds!across! words”)!is!revised!considerably!in!those!pages!(never!very!conclusively,!it! seems)!and!that!“there!are!a!number!of!fascinating!intricacies!to!it”!(p.!31).! And!that!is!the!discussion!for!only!one!language!! D.2.! ! During!a!number!of!years!of!work!in!generative!phonology,!the!notion! fell!out!of!use,!but!various!facts!brought!it!back!into!vogue,!and!more! research!made!it!even!more!prominent. 40 !Furthermore,!recent!work!has! sharpened!the!issues!that!are!of!interest!cross\linguistically.!! !! ! This!does!not!mean!that!everyone!accepts!the!claim!that!syllables!are! really!important.!Ohala!(2008,!184)!claims!that!“the!syllable!is!not!a!basic! organizing!principle.!It!is,!rather,!epiphenomenal;!some!language\specific! organization!of!a!collection!of!parametric!modulations!(of!acoustic! variables).!There!is!no!plan!behind!them!...”!! D.3.! ! A!precise!definition!for!this!notion!is!not!found!in!phonetics,!however,! and!it!is!in!fact!a!notion!that!continues!to!elude!a!universally!applicable! definition. 41 !A!recent!approach!is!to!describe!it!as!a!structural!unit!that! provides!organization!to!sequences!of!sounds, 42 !just!as!earlier!it!was! pointed!out!that!the!justification!of!including!syllable!structure!in!the!repre\ sentation!of!speech!“must!derive!from!the!augmentation!in!our! understanding!of!those!facts!that!result!from!the!assumption!of!its! presence.” 43 ! Hall!(2006)!makes!her!claim!clear!about!what!a!syllable!is!or!is!not:!“A! syllable!is!an!abstract!phonological!unit!that!is!visible!to!phonological! patterns!such!as!stress!assignment,!minimal!word!requirements,!allomorph! selection,!etc.!But!there!is!no!cross\linguistically!valid!acoustic! characterisation!of!what!constitutes!a!syllable.”!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 40!See!the!discussion!Anderson!(1974,!252ff).! 41!Ladefoged!(1982,!220)!says!that!“although!nearly!everybody!can!identify!syllables,!almost!nobody! can!define!them.”!! 42!Blevins!(1995,!207)! 43!Anderson!(1982,!546).!
Page 1 and 2: Late Summer 2011 Draft Phonology fr
Page 3 and 4: Section 1: Overview & key ideas Tab
Page 5 and 6: Section 1: Overview & key ideas Dra
Page 7 and 8: ! then!we!are!considering!that!phon
Page 9 and 10: phonology!deals!with!only!the![d] a
Page 11 and 12: B. Object of study What are phonolo
Page 13 and 14: Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©
Page 17 and 18: 3.! Sociolinguistic!context!(neighb
Page 19 and 20: B.20.! Other*suggestions! Draft!8/3
Page 21 and 22: C. Key ideas Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!
Page 23 and 24: ! Consonants! Vowels! p t k i u m n
Page 25 and 26: of!the!language,!including!morpholo
Page 29: Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©
Page 37 and 38: Obligatory Onset Parameter E.14.! !
Page 39 and 40: Minor patterns Draft!8/3/11!(not!fo
Page 43 and 44: Extrametrical consonants and word e
Page 45 and 46: G. Internal structure of syllables
Page 47 and 48: Syllable weight and moras Draft!8/3
Page 49 and 50: G.15.! In!less!technical!presentati
Page 55 and 56: • Arguments from special rules H.
Page 57 and 58: I. Linking features to the syllable
Page 61 and 62: ! impressionistic!phonetic! Contour
Page 63 and 64: • Long vowels and consonants I.23
Page 65 and 66: J. Basic methodology JA: Data JA.1.
Page 67 and 68: JA.9.! ! Words!that!are!more!likely
Page 69 and 70: JA.17.! ! Loanwords!are!very!legiti
Page 77 and 78: to!label!the!rows,!as!if!they!were!
Page 79 and 80: other!low!vowel!in!the!language!tha
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k/!! /kil/ [kʰɪˑlˠ] ‘kill’!
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may!find!some!interesting!examples!
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Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©
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surprised.!Aspiration!is!a!marked!f
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Voiced!sounds!tend!to!have!a!degree
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Phonetic detail in phonological wri
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The!phoneme!/tʃ/!has!two!allophone
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among!others,!has!led!to!the!claim!
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sapa/ [sapa] /sota/ [sota] /tampa/
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Alternation evidence (allomorphy) p
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unaspirated!stops!after!/s/!to!be!a
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [
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(whether!interdental,!dental,!alveo
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to!think!about!sounds!as!groups!tha
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Voiced(fricatives(are(realized(as(a
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sounds!are!produced!without!such!an
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sueɾo/! ‘serum’!! /muɾo/! ‘
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M.21.! In!Peñoles!Mixtec,!a!/t/!is
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N. Place of articulation: nasals Co
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Allophones N.8.! ! In!many!language
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[tʌmbəl]! tumble! * [nʌmb]! ! [k
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! ! Hindi:!A!nasal!consonant!assimi
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approximants!are!palatal!(/j/)!and!
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!O.22.! ! It!is!also!common!to!hear
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extends!only!for!a!short!distance!a
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P. Secondary labialization, palatal
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language!that!is!claimed!to!have!ve
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Q. States of the glottis Draft!8/3/
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implosives:!bilabial!and!alveolar.
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Sequences of consonants !Q.28.! ! I
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R. Length Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!cit
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R.10.! ! Contrast!in!the!length!of!
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R.23.! ! Of!course,!the!contrast!be
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R.30.! ! However,!it!is!arguable!!!
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R.36.! ! These!theoretical!proposal
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S. Edge phenomena Draft!8/3/11!(not
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pronounced![#ɛhte] in!Caribbean!di
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• Other S.23.! ! The!alternation!
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is!pronounced!strong!(and!long),!as
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T. Vowels T.1.! In!this!unit!we!loo
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• Length of the vowel Draft!8/3/1
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U. Epenthesis and prevocalization U
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English!notably!have!an!intrusive!r
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!! One!way!to!think!of!this!is!as!a
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V. Deletion V.1.! There!are!situati
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!! ‘s/he!___!(Pres.)’! ‘s/he!
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minimal!pairs!for!voicing!of!the!vo
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Some postlexical rules V.26.! ! Som
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Intonation W.6.! A!third!linguistic
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difference!in!English!is!different!
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! ! A!language!that!does!not!use!pi
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! Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!
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Transcription Draft!8/3/11!(not!for
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! • Polar questions X.25.! If!we!
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• Content questions X.30.! Simple
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Low!-!Low!-!Low! Low!-!High!-!High!
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! ! The!sometimes!controversial!but
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• Prosodic pattern Draft!8/3/11!(
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Y.35.! (**illustrative!examples!nee
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Z. Stress Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!cit
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• Lengthening of a consonant that
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#kama! ‘thorn’! #ʔakat! ‘sha
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the!right!edge!of!the!word!is!relev
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• Discussion of Isthmus Zapotec c
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BINARY.!The!claim!has!been!that!mos
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also!sometimes!extended!to!include!
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specifically!to!the!phonemes,!elimi
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SQUARE!BRACKETS.!Square!brackets!ha
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Appendix!C:!Postlexical!rules!and!l
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!For!an!example!of!one!that!appears
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Blevins,!Juliette.!2004.!Evolutiona
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Goedemans,!Rob!&!van!der!Hulst,!Har
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Kaisse,!Ellen!M.!and!Shaw,!Patricia
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Merrifield,!William!R.!&!Edmondson,
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Schuh,!Russell!G.!&!Yalwa,!Lawan!D.
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Phonology From The Ground Up - University of North Dakota

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