Phonology From The Ground Up - University of North Dakota

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Other special syllables G.13.! ! In!some!languages,!stressed!syllables!are!specially!licensed!to!contain! more!consonants!(or!vowels)!than!other!syllables. 70 !Unstressed!syllables! might!not!allow!a!branching!rime,!for!example,!whereas!a!stressed!syllable! may.! Practical tips 1. Collect!the!data.!Use!only!full!word!forms!for!the!study,!not!pieces!of! words.!! Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©!Stephen!A.!Marlett;!provisional!title:!Phonology(from(the(Ground(Up((Part(1).! ! 48! 2. Distinguish!between!content!words!and!function!words!(focussing!on!the! former).! 3. Set!aside!obvious!or!suspected!loanwords!during!the!initial!study!at!least.! 4. Set!aside!dubious!data!at!first.! 5. Be!aware!of!morpheme!boundaries.!(This!is!relevant!only!if!the!addition! of!morphemes!seems!to!be!affecting!the!syllable!structure.)!If!possible,! focus!on!monomorphemic!words!first.! 6. Analyze!robust!patterns!first.!(If!only!one!word!illustrates!a!pattern,!do! not!overstate!the!case!using!it.)! 7. Do!not!be!misled!by!what!happens!at!word!edges.!Monosyllabic!words! are!the!most!prone!to!mis\analysis!!Such!words!are!not!the!easiest!data!to! analyze,!although!they!may!seem!to!be!easy!since!they!are!so!short.! 8. Syllable!structure!analyses!focus!on!how!the!phonemes!of!the!language! are!organized.!The!assumption!is!that!the!data!are!not!just!raw!phonetics.! In!many!cases!it!may!not!make!any!difference,!but!in!some!cases!it!may.! Checklist for syllable structure write-ups G.14.! In!one!way!or!another!the!following!questions!should!be!addressed!in!a! complete!phonological!description!of!the!syllables.!! ! a. Maximal syllable template: (specify the template) b. Obligatory Onset Parameter: (specify the setting) c. Word-initial Onset Exception Parameter: (specify the setting) d. Extrametricality (specify details) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 70!For!example,!this!is!true!of!Seri;!see!Marlett!(1989).!
G.15.! In!less!technical!presentations,!the!topics!can!be!presented!without! technical!jargon.!And!of!course,!each!of!the!claims!must!be!illustrated!and! supported!with!evidence.!Evidence!against!alternative!analyses!also!needs! to!be!presented.! Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©!Stephen!A.!Marlett;!provisional!title:!Phonology(from(the(Ground(Up((Part(1).! ! 49! G.16.! While!a!listing!of!the!various!kinds!of!tokens!of!syllable!types!may!be!done,! it!is!not!necessary.!(That!is,!if!a![CVC]max!template!is!proposed,!one!need!not! specify!that![CV]!and![VC]!syllables!are!found.)!However,!it!is!instructive!to! show!how!the!maximal!syllable!template!and!various!parameters!and! conditions!correctly!describe!what!does!occur!in!the!language!and!also!how! they!account!for!what!does!not!occur!in!the!language.! G.17.! Discussions!of!syllable!structure!typically!operate!using!phonemic! representations!!!not!underlying!forms!(which!may!be!decidedly! unpronounceable)!nor!phonetic!forms!(which!may!have!their!own! complications!due!to!vowels!being!deleted!in!fast!speech,!etc.).!! G.18.! Remember!that!the!maximal!syllable!template!may!not!in!itself!account!for! all!of!the!syllables!in!the!language.!Extrametricality!may!be!appropriately! invoked!to!account!for!some!consonants!at!word!edges.!! G.19.! Remember!to!base!the!analysis!on!unequivocal!patterns,!not!on!the!cases! which!might!be!analyzed!another!way.!The!maximal!syllable!template! [CCV]max!is!not!appropriately!proposed!if!the!data!all!contain!what!might!be! analyzed!as!affricates!or!labialized!consonants,!for!example.!A!word!such!as! /tʃip/!might!easily!be!analyzed!as![CVC]!since!/tʃ/!could!be!an!affricate! rather!than!a!/t/!followed!by!a!/ʃ/.!This!topic!is!taken!up!in!detail!in!unit!H! below.!
Page 1 and 2: Late Summer 2011 Draft Phonology fr
Page 3 and 4: Section 1: Overview & key ideas Tab
Page 5 and 6: Section 1: Overview & key ideas Dra
Page 7 and 8: ! then!we!are!considering!that!phon
Page 9 and 10: phonology!deals!with!only!the![d] a
Page 11 and 12: B. Object of study What are phonolo
Page 13 and 14: Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©
Page 17 and 18: 3.! Sociolinguistic!context!(neighb
Page 19 and 20: B.20.! Other*suggestions! Draft!8/3
Page 21 and 22: C. Key ideas Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!
Page 23 and 24: ! Consonants! Vowels! p t k i u m n
Page 25 and 26: of!the!language,!including!morpholo
Page 31 and 32: D. The basic notion of the syllable
Page 37 and 38: Obligatory Onset Parameter E.14.! !
Page 39 and 40: Minor patterns Draft!8/3/11!(not!fo
Page 43 and 44: Extrametrical consonants and word e
Page 45 and 46: G. Internal structure of syllables
Page 47: Syllable weight and moras Draft!8/3
Page 55 and 56: • Arguments from special rules H.
Page 57 and 58: I. Linking features to the syllable
Page 61 and 62: ! impressionistic!phonetic! Contour
Page 63 and 64: • Long vowels and consonants I.23
Page 65 and 66: J. Basic methodology JA: Data JA.1.
Page 67 and 68: JA.9.! ! Words!that!are!more!likely
Page 69 and 70: JA.17.! ! Loanwords!are!very!legiti
Page 77 and 78: to!label!the!rows,!as!if!they!were!
Page 79 and 80: other!low!vowel!in!the!language!tha
Page 81 and 82: k/!! /kil/ [kʰɪˑlˠ] ‘kill’!
Page 83 and 84: may!find!some!interesting!examples!
Page 87 and 88: surprised.!Aspiration!is!a!marked!f
Page 89 and 90: Voiced!sounds!tend!to!have!a!degree
Page 93 and 94: Phonetic detail in phonological wri
Page 95 and 96: The!phoneme!/tʃ/!has!two!allophone
Page 97 and 98: among!others,!has!led!to!the!claim!
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sapa/ [sapa] /sota/ [sota] /tampa/
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Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©
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Alternation evidence (allomorphy) p
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unaspirated!stops!after!/s/!to!be!a
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [
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(whether!interdental,!dental,!alveo
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to!think!about!sounds!as!groups!tha
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Voiced(fricatives(are(realized(as(a
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sounds!are!produced!without!such!an
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sueɾo/! ‘serum’!! /muɾo/! ‘
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M.21.! In!Peñoles!Mixtec,!a!/t/!is
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N. Place of articulation: nasals Co
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Allophones N.8.! ! In!many!language
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[tʌmbəl]! tumble! * [nʌmb]! ! [k
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! ! Hindi:!A!nasal!consonant!assimi
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approximants!are!palatal!(/j/)!and!
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!O.22.! ! It!is!also!common!to!hear
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extends!only!for!a!short!distance!a
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P. Secondary labialization, palatal
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language!that!is!claimed!to!have!ve
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Q. States of the glottis Draft!8/3/
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implosives:!bilabial!and!alveolar.
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Sequences of consonants !Q.28.! ! I
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R. Length Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!cit
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R.10.! ! Contrast!in!the!length!of!
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R.23.! ! Of!course,!the!contrast!be
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R.30.! ! However,!it!is!arguable!!!
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R.36.! ! These!theoretical!proposal
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S. Edge phenomena Draft!8/3/11!(not
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pronounced![#ɛhte] in!Caribbean!di
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• Other S.23.! ! The!alternation!
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is!pronounced!strong!(and!long),!as
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T. Vowels T.1.! In!this!unit!we!loo
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• Length of the vowel Draft!8/3/1
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U. Epenthesis and prevocalization U
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English!notably!have!an!intrusive!r
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!! One!way!to!think!of!this!is!as!a
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V. Deletion V.1.! There!are!situati
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!! ‘s/he!___!(Pres.)’! ‘s/he!
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minimal!pairs!for!voicing!of!the!vo
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Some postlexical rules V.26.! ! Som
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Intonation W.6.! A!third!linguistic
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difference!in!English!is!different!
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! ! A!language!that!does!not!use!pi
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! Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!
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Transcription Draft!8/3/11!(not!for
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! • Polar questions X.25.! If!we!
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• Content questions X.30.! Simple
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Low!-!Low!-!Low! Low!-!High!-!High!
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! ! The!sometimes!controversial!but
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• Prosodic pattern Draft!8/3/11!(
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Y.35.! (**illustrative!examples!nee
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Z. Stress Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!cit
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• Lengthening of a consonant that
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#kama! ‘thorn’! #ʔakat! ‘sha
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the!right!edge!of!the!word!is!relev
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• Discussion of Isthmus Zapotec c
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BINARY.!The!claim!has!been!that!mos
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also!sometimes!extended!to!include!
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specifically!to!the!phonemes,!elimi
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SQUARE!BRACKETS.!Square!brackets!ha
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Appendix!C:!Postlexical!rules!and!l
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!For!an!example!of!one!that!appears
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Blevins,!Juliette.!2004.!Evolutiona
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Goedemans,!Rob!&!van!der!Hulst,!Har
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Kaisse,!Ellen!M.!and!Shaw,!Patricia
Page 265 and 266:
Merrifield,!William!R.!&!Edmondson,
Page 267 and 268:
Schuh,!Russell!G.!&!Yalwa,!Lawan!D.
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Phonology From The Ground Up - University of North Dakota

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