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compared to 34.42 and 32.86 kg per ha in conventional farms. The average increase in available sulphur content in surface soil was 5.80 per cent and 2.50 per cent in subsurface soil. The soils from V3 farmer recorded highest increase in sulphur content (5.23%), while the lowest increase was in soils <strong>of</strong> V1 farmer (3.65%). 4.4.5 DTPA extractable micronutrients in soil 4.4.5.1 Zinc The data on DTPA extractable zinc content <strong>of</strong> soils under different cropping systems is given in Table 18, 19, 20 and 21. The Zn content in all the soils was above critical concentration irrespective <strong>of</strong> type <strong>of</strong> <strong>farming</strong> and cropping system. Under cotton based cropping system (Table 18), the mean zinc content in soil varied from 1.37 ppm (C1) to 1.63 ppm (C3) in <strong>organic</strong> farms as against 0.99 ppm (c1) to 1.10 ppm (C3) conventional farms. On an average, zinc content <strong>of</strong> four soils showed an increase from 1.17 ppm under conventional <strong>farming</strong> to 1.64 ppm under <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> in surface soil and from 0.90 to 1.32 ppm in subsurface soil. The average increase in zinc content was to the extent <strong>of</strong> 40.20 per cent and 46.70 per cent in surface and subsurface soils, respectively. Among the soils <strong>of</strong> four <strong>organic</strong> farms, the highest increase in zinc was recorded in soils <strong>of</strong> C 4 farmer (49.40%) followed by C3 farmer (47.50%) and lowest increase was observed in soils <strong>of</strong> C1 farmer (38.40%). In kharif jowar based cropping system (Table 19), the average <strong>of</strong> two soils indicated an increase <strong>of</strong> zinc content due to <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> from 1.26 to 1.84 ppm and 1.01 to 1.51 ppm in surface and subsurface soils, respectively. The average increase in zinc due to <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> worked to 46.03 per cent in surface soil and 49.50 per cent in subsurface soil. The highest increase in zinc content was observed in soils <strong>of</strong> K1 farmer (54.54%). The average Zn content <strong>of</strong> three soils under rabi jowar based cropping system (Table 19) indicated increase <strong>of</strong> zinc due to <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> in both surface and subsurface soils (1.14 to 1.60 ppm and 0.85 to 1.27 ppm, respectively). The average increase in zinc content in surface and subsurface soil was 40.35 per cent and 49.41 per cent, respectively. Among three farms, soils <strong>of</strong> R 1 farmer showed a highest increase in zinc content (53.85%) due to <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> and lowest increase was recorded in soils <strong>of</strong> R3 farmer (37.14%). In sugarcane based cropping system (Table 20), the mean soil zinc content in <strong>organic</strong> farms varied from 1.40 ppm (S4) to 1.69 ppm (S1), while, it ranged from 0.92 ppm (S3) to 1.18 ppm (S1) in conventional farms. The average increase in zinc due to <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> was from 1.18 to 1.65 ppm and 0.86 to 1.34 ppm in surface and subsurface soils, respectively. The highest increase in zinc content was observed in soils <strong>of</strong> S3 farmer (56.52%) and lowest increase was noticed in soils <strong>of</strong> S1 farmer (43.22%). In vineyard system (Table 21), the average <strong>of</strong> three <strong>organic</strong> farms indicated increase <strong>of</strong> zinc content from 1.37 to 1.80 ppm in surface soils and 1.12 to 1.47 ppm in subsurface soils. The highest and lowest increase in zinc content was recorded in soils <strong>of</strong> V3 farmer (41.93%) and V2 farmer (25.80%), respectively. In all the soils, DTPA-zinc was more in surface than in subsurface irrespective <strong>of</strong> type <strong>of</strong> <strong>farming</strong> and cropping system followed by the farmers. 4.4.5.2 Iron The results on DTPA extractable iron content (DTPA-Fe) <strong>of</strong> soil as influenced by <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> are presented in Table 18, 19, 20 and 21. The results from cotton based cropping system (Table 18) showed that there was increase in DTPA-Fe content in soil due to <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong>. It ranged from 4.09 ppm (C4) to 5.40 ppm (C3) in <strong>organic</strong> farms and from 2.71 ppm (C4) to 3.85 ppm (C3) in conventional farms. The soils <strong>of</strong> C4 farmer recorded highest increase in iron content (50.92%), followed by C3 (40.30%) and lowest increase was observed in soils <strong>of</strong> C1 farmer (34.15%). On an average, iron content <strong>of</strong> soils increased from 3.50 ppm under conventional <strong>farming</strong> to 4.89 ppm under <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong>, accounting for an increase by 39.71 per cent.
Table 18. DTPA-extractable zinc and iron in soils under cotton based cropping system Code Depth (cm) Organic <strong>farming</strong> Conventional <strong>farming</strong> Zinc (ppm) Iron (ppm) % increase over conventional <strong>farming</strong> Organic <strong>farming</strong> Conventional <strong>farming</strong> % increase over conventional <strong>farming</strong> C 1 0-15 1.55 1.09 42.20 5.72 4.32 32.40 15-30 1.19 0.89 33.70 4.19 3.06 36.92 Mean 1.37 0.99 38.40 4.95 3.69 34.15 C2 0-15 1.62 1.21 33.88 5.98 4.41 35.60 15-30 1.23 0.84 46.42 4.40 3.05 44.26 Mean 1.43 1.02 40.15 5.19 3.73 39.14 C3 0-15 1.74 1.18 47.45 6.16 4.62 33.33 15-30 1.52 1.03 47.60 4.57 3.09 47.89 Mean 1.63 1.10 47.50 5.40 3.85 40.30 C4 0-15 1.67 1.21 38.01 4.28 2.88 48.61 Average <strong>of</strong> C1 – C4 15-30 1.35 0.84 60.71 3.90 2.55 52.94 Mean 1.51 1.02 49.40 4.09 2.71 50.92 0-15 1.64 1.17 40.20 5.53 4.06 36.20 15-30 1.32 0.90 46.70 4.26 2.94 44.90 Mean 1.48 1.03 43.70 4.89 3.50 39.71
Page 1 and 2:
IMPACT OF FARMERS’ ORGANIC FARMIN
Page 3 and 4:
Chapter No. I. INTRODUCTION CONTENT
Page 5 and 6: I. INTRODUCTION Organic manures, in
Page 7 and 8: II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Organic ma
Page 9 and 10: Sharma et al. (2000) observed a sig
Page 11 and 12: 2.3.1 pH and EC Application <strong
Page 13 and 14: Inclusion of <stro
Page 15 and 16: 2.4.3 Available potassium FYM appli
Page 17 and 18: Chandravanshi (1998) noticed that m
Page 19 and 20: Sl. No. 1. Table 1. Particulars <st
Page 21 and 22: 3.3.2.2 Electrical conductivity Ele
Page 23 and 24: IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The result
Page 25 and 26: Table 3. Quantity of</stron
Page 27 and 28: Under sugarcane based cropping syst
Page 29 and 30: Table 4 (Contd…..) Code Depth (cm
Page 31 and 32: Table 5. Physical properties <stron
Page 33 and 34: In sugarcane based cropping system
Page 35 and 36: Table 8. Physical properties <stron
Page 37 and 38: Table 9. Soil pH and EC values in d
Page 39 and 40: Table 9 (Contd…..) Code Depth (cm
Page 41 and 42: Table 11. Organic carbon and cation
Page 43 and 44: Table 13. Organic carbon and cation
Page 45 and 46: soils, respectively. The highest in
Page 47 and 48: Table 14 (Contd…..) Code Depth (c
Page 49 and 50: Table 15 (Contd…..) Code Depth (c
Page 51 and 52: Table 16. Available potassium (kg K
Page 53 and 54: Table 17. Available sulphur (kg S/h
Page 55: In kharif jowar based cropping syst
Page 59 and 60: Table 20. DTPA-extractable zinc and
Page 61 and 62: In kharif jowar based cropping syst
Page 63 and 64: Table 23. DTPA-extractable manganes
Page 65 and 66: Table 25. DTPA-extractable manganes
Page 67 and 68: Table 26. Dehydrogenase activity (
Page 69 and 70: In kharif jowar based cropping syst
Page 71 and 72: 5.2 EFFECT OF ORGANIC FARMING ON PH
Page 73 and 74: farmer under kharif jowar (10.90%),
Page 75 and 76: consequent release of</stro
Page 77 and 78: VII. REFERENCES ACHARYA, C. L., BIS
Page 79 and 80: CHENKAI, 1993, Vetiver as a live bu
Page 81 and 82: LAL, J. K., MISHRA, B. AND SARKAR,
Page 83 and 84: RATHOD, V. E., SAGARE, B. N., RAVAN
Page 85 and 86: TANDON, H. L. S., 1983, Fertilizer
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