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4.4.5.4 Copper The results on influence <strong>of</strong> <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> on DTPA-extractable copper (DTPA-Cu) content <strong>of</strong> soils are presented in Table 22, 23, 24 and 25. The copper content in all the soils was above the critical concentration. In cotton based cropping system (Table 22), on an average the copper content increased from 0.36 ppm in conventional farms to 0.44 ppm in <strong>organic</strong> farms in surface soil and from 0.32 to 0.39 ppm in subsurface soil, accounting for an increase <strong>of</strong> 22.22 and 21.90 per cent, respectively. Among the soils <strong>of</strong> four <strong>organic</strong> farms, the soils <strong>of</strong> C4 farm recorded highest increase in copper content (31.20%). In kharif jowar based cropping system (Table 23), the average <strong>of</strong> two soils indicated an increase <strong>of</strong> copper content due to <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> from 0.49 to 0.62 ppm and 0.42 to 0.53 ppm in surface and subsurface soils, respectively. The average increase in surface soil was 26.53 per cent and subsurface was 26.20 per cent. The soils <strong>of</strong> K 1 farmer recorded higher increase in copper content (26.10%) than K2 farmer (23.91%). In rabi jowar based cropping system (Table 23), the soils on an average, showed an increase in copper content due to <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> in both surface and subsurface soils (0.42 to 0.56 ppm and 0.34 to 0.40 ppm, respectively). The average increase copper content in surface and subsurface soils was 33.33 per cent and 17.64 per cent, respectively. Among the three <strong>organic</strong> farms, the highest increase in DTPA-Cu content was observed in soils <strong>of</strong> R1 farmer (47.22%) and lowest increase was in soils <strong>of</strong> R3 farmer (14.70%). In sugarcane cropping system (Table 24), a substantial increase in DTPA-extractable copper was observed in soils <strong>of</strong> S3 and S2 farms due to <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> practice (30.10 and 29.30%, respectively) than the other two farms viz., S4 and S1 (20.06 and 11.90%, respectively). The overall average <strong>of</strong> copper content <strong>of</strong> sugarcane soils under <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> was 0.49 ppm compared to 0.40 ppm in soils under conventional <strong>farming</strong> accounting for an increase by 22.50 per cent. In vineyard system (Table 25), the average <strong>of</strong> three soils indicated an increase in copper content due to <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> from 0.40 to 0.48 ppm and 0.32 to 0.36 ppm in surface and subsurface soils, respectively. The average increase in copper content in surface soil was 20.00 per cent and subsurface was 12.50 per cent. The highest and lowest increase in copper content was recorded in soils <strong>of</strong> V3 farmer (25.00%) and V2 farmer (8.33%), respectively. 4.5 EFFECT OF ORGANIC FARMING ON SOIL BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 4.5.1 Dehydrogenase activity The results on dehydrogenase activity, a measure <strong>of</strong> total biological activity in soils under different cropping systems are presented in Table 26. All the soils under <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> recorded an enhanced dehydrogenase activity over conventional <strong>farming</strong> in all the cropping systems studied. The results from cotton based cropping system showed that on an average, the dehydrogenase activity due to <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong> increased from 10.82 to 18.30 g TPF per g per day in surface soil and 8.64 to 13.25 g TPF per g per day in subsurface soil. The soils <strong>of</strong> C4 farmer showed highest increase in dehydrogenase activity (94.4%), followed by C3 farmer (61.30%), whereas lowest increase was in soils <strong>of</strong> C 2 farmer (46.8%). The over all increase in dehydrogenase activity was from 9.73 g TPF per g per day in conventional <strong>farming</strong> to 15.77 g TPF per g per day in <strong>organic</strong> <strong>farming</strong>, accounting for an increase by 62.10 per cent.
Table 26. Dehydrogenase activity (µg TPF/g/day) in soils under different cropping systems
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IMPACT OF FARMERS’ ORGANIC FARMIN
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Chapter No. I. INTRODUCTION CONTENT
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I. INTRODUCTION Organic manures, in
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II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Organic ma
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Sharma et al. (2000) observed a sig
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2.3.1 pH and EC Application <strong
Page 13 and 14:
Inclusion of <stro
Page 15 and 16: 2.4.3 Available potassium FYM appli
Page 17 and 18: Chandravanshi (1998) noticed that m
Page 19 and 20: Sl. No. 1. Table 1. Particulars <st
Page 21 and 22: 3.3.2.2 Electrical conductivity Ele
Page 23 and 24: IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The result
Page 25 and 26: Table 3. Quantity of</stron
Page 27 and 28: Under sugarcane based cropping syst
Page 29 and 30: Table 4 (Contd…..) Code Depth (cm
Page 31 and 32: Table 5. Physical properties <stron
Page 33 and 34: In sugarcane based cropping system
Page 35 and 36: Table 8. Physical properties <stron
Page 37 and 38: Table 9. Soil pH and EC values in d
Page 39 and 40: Table 9 (Contd…..) Code Depth (cm
Page 41 and 42: Table 11. Organic carbon and cation
Page 43 and 44: Table 13. Organic carbon and cation
Page 45 and 46: soils, respectively. The highest in
Page 47 and 48: Table 14 (Contd…..) Code Depth (c
Page 49 and 50: Table 15 (Contd…..) Code Depth (c
Page 51 and 52: Table 16. Available potassium (kg K
Page 53 and 54: Table 17. Available sulphur (kg S/h
Page 55 and 56: In kharif jowar based cropping syst
Page 57 and 58: Table 18. DTPA-extractable zinc and
Page 59 and 60: Table 20. DTPA-extractable zinc and
Page 63 and 64: Table 23. DTPA-extractable manganes
Page 65: Table 25. DTPA-extractable manganes
Page 71 and 72: 5.2 EFFECT OF ORGANIC FARMING ON PH
Page 73 and 74: farmer under kharif jowar (10.90%),
Page 75 and 76: consequent release of</stro
Page 77 and 78: VII. REFERENCES ACHARYA, C. L., BIS
Page 79 and 80: CHENKAI, 1993, Vetiver as a live bu
Page 81 and 82: LAL, J. K., MISHRA, B. AND SARKAR,
Page 83 and 84: RATHOD, V. E., SAGARE, B. N., RAVAN
Page 85 and 86: TANDON, H. L. S., 1983, Fertilizer
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