1 - Office of Legacy Management

”. v - ._
105
GUIDANCE FOR CONDUCTING REMEDIAL
INVESTIGATIONS AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES
UNDER CERCLA OCTOBER 1988
1013 i 188
0 W SER-9355.3-01
USEPA
392
REPORT

---
GUIDANCE FOR CONDUCTING
REMEDIAL INVESTIGATIONS AND FEASIBILITY /'
STUD1 ES .'
UNDER CERCLA
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GUIDANCE FOR CONDUCTING
REMEDIAL INVESTIGATIONS AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES
UNDER CERCLA
Interim Final
Ocroarl988
OHko ot Emergency and Rornedial Response
U.S. Environmontel Pmtecbion Agency
Washington, 0. C. 20460
.

3
OSWER Directive 9355.3-01
kvaloparont of thia doewwnt waa funded, wholly or in part, by the Unitod
Stator tnvironmontal Protoetion Agoney un&r Contract No. 68;w8-0098.
It h a ken rubjutad to tha Agency'# ravi- p+ocoaa and apprw.4 for
publication a# an =A dommont.
Tho policioa and procaduroa oatablirh*d in thia documant are intended
aolaly for the grrid~nco of govammant personnal. Thoy aro not intend&
and cannot bo roliod upon to eraat0 any right#, 8ub8t8nti~. or procedural,
onforceablo by any party in litigation with the Unitod States.
The Agony mwnmr tho right to act at vrrirnca with theao policies. 8nd
procadurer and to change thm at any tima without public notice.
wDR370/@ 52/1
'. ,
. -
i-i

OSWER Diroctive 9355.3-C:
This domutent W8S dov01op.d by fPA‘r OffiCO Of Emorgoncy and Reatedial
~osponro (OLRR) with asrirtanc. provided by cR2H RILL in partial fulfill-
mont of Contracts No. 68-01-7090 and 68+8-0098. Steve C. Colirn ser,ret
8S EPA projoct aunrgor, with arristanco from Elizaboth A. Shru. The
Qt2M HILL projoct toam includod Elizakth Dodgo, Brint Bixlor, Phil
Smith, Julio Pfoffor, Brian M8rrhrl1, Bill Coold, and Joannio mssie.
In addition to tho mrny EPA Hoadqurrtors prronnol vho arrirtod in this
offort, tho following Rogionrl and Stat0 roprorent~tives provrdod riq-
nifiont contributions to tho propration of thir Qcuaont:
Bruco Hrrrhall
Robart McKnight
Don Lynch
. Jeff Pike
Bevorly Hourtor.
Mlrthr -try
Cindy Nolan
Joan Crlabroro
May Tyron
Job b1.V-8
John Wadall
D8vO %ft8
Rokr(: drrpin
Ed Putma
Region I
Region I1
Rogion I1
Region I11
Rogion IV
Rogion IV
Rogion V
Rogion V
Rogion V
-ion IX
Rogion IX
-ion X
hxrr Wtor bassion
Now Jorsoy Departmnt of
thvironmontal Protection
/o=

Chaptor
Acknovlodgmonts
Glossary
TABLE OF CONTmS
1 Introduction
1.1 Purpor. of tho RTns
1.2 Ruposo of tho Guidance
1.3 OpWVf.y Of &RCLA Roauthoritrtion
1.3.1 Cloutup Standards
1.3.1.1 ApplfC8blO Or Rolovant rnd
Approprirte Roquiremmnts
1.3.1.2 Offsite Frcilitior
OSVER Directive 9355.3-GI
1.3.2 Roalth Assoramontr
1.3.3 State Involvement
1.3.4 C n i t y Involvanont
1.3.5 AbrPinirtrrtiva Rocord
1.3.6 Workor Srfoty
1.3.7 Enforeomant Authorities
1.4 Tho RT/?S Procoss Undor CfRCLA
1.4.1 Scoping
1.4.2 Sitr Chrrwteriratlon
1.4.3 Dovolmnt and Scrronfng of Altonutivos
1.4.4 Trortability Invostigrtions
1.4.5 Dotailod Analyrir
1.5 SpOCi8l Sitar
1.6 Conmnity Rolatfonr
1.7 Lord rnd Support Agency
1.8 Rdial Projoct W gor ltolr
and krponribilitior
2 scoping tba m/?S
2.1 Introduction
2.2 hojoct Pluming
2.2.1 Conduct Projoct mting 2.2.2 Colloct and Arulyao miatin9 Data
2.2.2.1 SSt.bU#h PhySiC.1
Chuactorirtics of tho Sit.
2.2.2.2 Devolop a Concopturl Sito Modo1
2.2.2.3 Detmano tho Noad for and
Implamt Limited Additional
Studioa
2.2.3 Dovmlop Pro1Lain.y
Roamdial Action Altomrtivor
2.2.4 Evaluatr tho mad for Trebtrbility
Studios
2.2.5 bogin Prrlimfnary fdontificrtion of
ARARs and To Bo Considered (TDC)
Inf onnrt ion
2.2.6 Idontify Data Noods
i v
Paqc
iii
xi
1-1
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-3
1-4
1-5
1 4
1-6
1-6
1-7
1-7
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-12
1-13
1-14
1-15
1-15
1-15
1-16
1-16
2-1
2-1
2-2
2-5
2-5
2-8
2-9
2-9
2-11
2-12
2-: 3
2-1c

ul
OSwER Directive 9355.3-01
-
chapter Paoe
3 Site Characterization
3.1 Introductior.
3.2 Field Investigation Hathods
3.2.1
3.2.2
Implomont ?iold Activities
Invertigate Sit0 Physical Characteristics
3.2.2.1 Surfaco Feature8
382.2.2
3.2.2.3 Soil8 urd tho Vadose Zone
3.2.2.4 surface-mtor Ryurology
3o2.2.5 H y ~ l ~
3.2.2.6 M O t O O ~ l ~
3.2.3
3.2.2.7 Popuhtlon8
and Und 08.8
3.2.2.8 Ecological Xnvostigationr
kflne Sourcrs of mntmination
3.2.4 Dotormlne the Naturo and &tent
of Contamination
3.2.4.1 Ground Water
302.4.2 Soil
3.2.4.3 Surface Water
3.3
30204.4 SodAmentr
3.2.4.5 Air
3.2.5 Additiocrl Site Charrcteri:rt&on
Laboratory Analyses
V
2-17
2-18
2-18
2-19
2-20
2-20
2-20
2-22
2-23
2-27
2-27
2-27
2-29
2-29
2-29
2-31
2-31
2-31
2-31
2-32
2-32
2-32
3-1
3-1
3- 3
3-3
3-6
3-6
3-7 *
3-9
3-4
3-11
3-11
3-17
3-19
3-20
3-25
3-26
3-27
3-2 7
'-28
3-2e
3-25
3-23

Chapter
OSWER Directive 9355.3-01
3.4 Data AMlYSes
3.4.1 Site Characteristics
3.4.1.1 Site Physic81 Characteristics
3.4.1.2
3.4.1.3
Source Chuacteristics
The Naturo and txtont of
3.4.2
Contamination
3.4.1.4 Contaminant Fate and Transport
Baseline Rirk Aosessmont
3.4.2.1 General Infomation
3.4.2.2 Cenentr of the Bbseline
IU8k k~osrnt
3.4.3 Evaluate Data N..br
3,s Data nuragomont Procdurer
3.S.l Field Activitier
3.S.2 Surple hnbqownt and Tracking
3.5.3 Document Control md Inventory
3.6 Cornunity Relations Activities
During Site Characterization
3.7 Reporting and Comunication During Sit.
Ch.ractarita t ion
3.7.1 Infomation fot ARAR Identification
3.7.2 Prelidrury Site Cburcteritation
S-rY
38783 Draft Rx mp=
4 D.velopnent urd Scrooning of A1ternrtives
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Plrrpore of Altrrnatitn Development and
Screening
4.1.2 FS ?rocerr 0wrvi.u
4.1.2.1 Dovelopont and Screening of
utOXlUtfVO8
4.1.2.2 DOt.ihd &AlyOiO Of A1t.mbtiV.S
4.1.3 Utenutiva -or
4.1.3.1 Sou?ee Coatzol Actions
4.1.3.2 Gxd-Uau? k8pon80 Actions
4.2 Utmmative o.tt.lap#nt ?roc088
402.1 Dovelop d i a l Action Objectiver
4.2.3 Dovelop General krponre Action#
4.2.3 Xdantify Vo1-0 or mar of Modia
4.2.4 Xdontify and Sicrean M i a 1
Techr~ologier md Pzoco8r Option.
4.2.s Evaluate ?rocear Optiow
4.2.S.l tffectivano~r maluation
4.2.6
4.2.S.2 wlomnubility Evaluation
4.2.S.3 Coat tvalurtion
k8.ab10 AltOXn4tiV.l
PIqa
3-31
3-31
3-32
3-32
3-32
3-33
3-35
3-35
3-37
3-43
3-44
3-44
3-46
3-46
3-47
9-50
3-51
3-51
3-51
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-2
4-7
4-7
4-8
4-11
4-11
4-11
4-18
4-19
4.3 AltOm8tfV.a Screening ?r#.sr
4-20
4-21
4-24
4-26
4-26
4-27
4-20
4.3.1 Altemrtives Definition
4.3.1.1 Specific ObjeCtiVeS
4-29
4-3c
4.3.1.2 Define nodi8 and PrWOSS Options
\.
4-3:
vi
-

OmR Directive 9355.3-01
Chaptor Plq.
5
6
4.3.2
4.3.3
Scroonfng Evaluation
4.3.2.1 tffectivonorr Evaluation
4.3.2.2 f.plmmntability Rtaluation
4.3.2.3 Coat tvaluatton
4.3.204 rnnOV.titn T.ChnOlogi.8
Altorrutivo Icrooning
4.3.3.1 Guideliner for Scraoning
4.3.3.2 8olection of Altarnativor
4.3.3.3
for mail.6 h.ly8iS
Port-Scroentng Tasks
4.4 coaunity I1.latioar During
Alternrticn 0.velopnnt ubd Scmoalng
4.5 mp0-g .nd CluurCAtlon During
Altemrtltn 0.v.lopwnt md Scmenlng
Treatability In~.rtigationr
s.1
5.2
Introdrrction
5.1.1 Qbjoctivor of Trmatability Invortigationr
5.1.2 Oveniw of hmubility Invertigrtionr
Dotwminrtion of Data RoquAMnta
5.3 Treatability Tasting
5.3.1 buKh-Sao matability Stodi.8
S.4
5.3.2 Pilot-kalo Trutrbility 8tpdi.a
Bench Vorrua Pilot Torting ,
S.4.1 'hating Conridorrtioar
~
5.4.2 Dat8 -1iW ClbjOCti-8
S.S Treatability Tort York Plan
S.S.1, &nch-Scale Trmtability Work Plan
S.6
S.s.2 Pilot-Scrlo Troatabilfty Work Plan
Agplication Of RO8Ult8
5.6.1 Drta Amlyrir and Interpretation
5.6.2 Ore of tho Rorultr in tho RIDS
PZOC.88
5.6.3 8-1- UP to ?~ll-Sc.l~
3.7 Corunlty klrtionr During Tnatability
fmr#tigltfOi#
S o 8 -in9 md -1crtion Dub9
tnrtabllity fnvertigrtlonr
kt8il.d Anrlyrir of CUturut1P.r
6.1 Intr&uctioa
601.1 Of tb muf1.d Uay8iS
of Alt0rrutiP.r
6.1.2 The Cmtoxt of ktailod Analyrir
6.1.3 0mrpI.u of the Detailod Analysis
6.2 Dat8il.d Analysis of Altamativor
6.2.1 Altornativo Dofinition
6.2.2 Ovomriew of valuation Criteria
I B vii
4-34
4-35
4-35
4-37
4-30
4-39
4-39
4-40
4-40
4-42
4-43
5-1
5-1
5-1
5-2
5-4
5-6
5-7
5-9
5-11
5-13
5-17
5-17
5-19
5-22
5-24
5-24
5-25
5-25
5-26
5-26
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-3
6-4
6-4
€04
6-7

ch ap te r
Bibliography
Appendixes
6.2.3 Individual Analysis of Alternatives
6.2.3.1 Overall Protection of Human
Eealth and the Environment
6.2.3.2 Carrplimce with
6.2.3.3 Ung-Tezm rffectiveness Md Permanence
6.2.3.4 Reduction of mxicity,
nobility, or Volume
Through heamnt 1
6.2.LS
6.2.3.6
Short-Tern Effectiveness
Implementability
6.2.4
6.2.5
6.2.6
6.2.3.7 -8t
6.2.3.8 State (Support Agency)
AcCepUnCe
6.2.3.9 Comity Acceptance
Prerentrtion of Individual Analysis
COq8r8tiVe kr&lySfS Of Alternatives
Presentation of Comparative Analysis
6.3
6.4
6.5
Post-Rt/FS Solection of the Preferred
utem8tiVe
Co-ity Relations During 0.Uihd
m8lySiS
Ropcrting and Co~unication During
D.t8ihd kr8ly8iS
OSWER Directive 9355.3-01
A Interim Guidance OR PR? Puticiption ir. the R VFS
Procerr
C Hodof Stataoat of mrk for &medial Invertigatims
and ?aarFbility Studies
t Documentation of AMRS
'. ,
vfii
PIga
6-9
6-9
6-11
6-1 2
6-13
6-16
6-18
6-2C
6-28
6-26
6-26
6-30
6-30
6-31
6-32
6-32
A- 1
8-1
c-1
D- 1
E-1
F-1
PC

F
Tables
-.
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-0
3-9
3-10
3-11
3-1 2
3-13 *
4-1
4-2
5-1
5-2
. . 3-3
5-4
s-5
5-6
5-7
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
E-1
r-:
Data c0i10ctfon Inforution Sourcar
Cbmunicatlon a b klitnrabler wing coping
Suggartod RID3 mrk Plan ?oraut
Suqgertod -rut for SAP WSP md QUO)
OSWER Directive 935s. 3-01
klationrhip mn9 Sit. Qlarrctorizrtfon Tirk8 and
tho Commadim
S\rrr~ of Sit0 Geolo~y Iaforwtion
Page
2-6
2-21
2-2 8
2-30
3-4
3-e
3-10
3-12
3-13
3-14
3-15
3-1 0
3-2 1
3-2 3
3-48
3-52
3-54
brraglo Ra~Cirl Action abjoctivor, Gonaral Rorponre
Actions, ~chnology Types, mb Dluplo Rocorr
wtionr for tho Devoloprwnt and Scrooning of
Tochnologfrr 4-1 3
Reporting an& C~rrfcatlon During Altamrtlva
Dovaloptnant and Scrmning 4-44
trong-torr Mfocti~orr and P.rrmence
kauetlon of Zbxlcity, nobility, or Volm thrrou9h Troataent
Short-tam Pffoctivonorr
Inplementability
Suggorted FS lbport Format
6-14
6-17
6-19
6-2 1
6-3 3
Docuwntatlon of ARARs E-4
Xndividual Rrrlurtior, of Final Altrrnrtiver Case Itudy F-ze
ix

Figuros
1-1
1-2
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-9
4-6
4-7
4-a
,501
6-1
6-2
F-1
P-2
wDR2 60/00 S
LIST OF FIGURES
Phasod RIPS PtoC.88
-notie Pha8.d RVPS Tiwlino
OS-R Directive 9355.3-0:
Scoping
Examplo Coneoptual Sfto Hod01
Sumary of Analytical Lovolr Appropriato to
Data VIOS
Rolationrhip of RIRS Tasks to Pharod RIDS Approach
Major Colaponontr of Sit0 Ch.ractrritation
~oprorontation of tho -0.1 txtont of Contamination
Componontr of the Risk Assorsnmnt Procors
Idontifieation of Exposuro Pathvayr
Altarnativo Dovolopnont
C.noric Altornativo Dovolopnt Procors
~oncoptual Trortmmnt Rango for Sourco Control
An Exuplo of Initial Scrooning of Teehnologfos
and Proeors Options
Evaluation of Procors Options-Examplo
Asidling a hnqo gf Altorgativo Exaaplor
Tim to Achiwe 10-
to 10- Risk Level for A Singlo-
Contaminant for Ground Wator Clomup Undo? Various
soil n-vai ut~mative~
Rolationrhip of $crooning Critoria to tho Wino
Evaluation Critorfr
Treatability Investigations
0.Uil.d Analysis of Altornativos
Criteria fog D.tai1.d Analyrir of Altornativos
Sit. nrp caw txrrplo
Altrmmtivo Components Cas. Rulplo
\
X
PIga
1-10
1-11
2-3
2-1c
2-16
2-24
3 -2
3-34
3-38
3-40
4-3
4-5
4-9
4-22
4-25
4-29
4-32
4-36
5-3
6-5
6-10
r-3
F-7
/d$

GLOSSARY
OSYEP Direezive 9355.3-01
- CM - Clean Ait Act
- CERCLA - Co8prohenrive tnviromntal Responso, Co~lp.nsrtion, me
Amondad in 1986 by the
Liability Act Of 1980, ah0 knawn 8I Superfund:
Superfund Anun&monts and Roruthoriration Act (W).
- CLP - Contract Laboratory Program
- CRL - central rogional laboratory
-
CRP - connuunity relations plan
-
CWA - Clem Water Act
E - data quality objoctivesr Stat-ntr that specify the data noeded
to support dOCiSiOn8 roqarding r-dirl rosponre activities.
-
QISL-LV - tnvironmnul Monitoring Support Laboratory, ks.Vegas
-IC - Environmontal Photogrrphic Interpretation Centor
-,
-
-
ERA - 0xp.dit.d responre action
tS1 - upu.d.6 rite investigation
-
?IT - field inVOStigatiOn team
fearibility study
?S 0 -
Load rqony - The a90ncy, either tho =A, todotal agency, or appropriate
State rgonty having pripry rerponaibility rad authority for planning
and executing tho romodirtion at a sit..
- MCL - maximum contaminant levol:
Wrtot Act.
trtablirb.6 under the Safe Drinking
Xi

-
nCLG - m~ximum contdnult level goal:
Drinking Water Act.
-
0- Dir8ctive 9355.3-01
E8tablished undor th8 Safe
WRSA - ~arinr protection Rosearch and Sancfuaries Act
#MQS - #rtional Ambiont Air Quality Standards
-
NCO - National Oil and Huardous Substances CoatFagoncy Olm
-
NLPA - national tnvironnwntal Policy Act
-
- osfu - Occupational 88fOty and Hoalth A&inist?atton
- 0- - Offico of lolid wart0 urd mergoncy krporr80
Ow - oporation and luintonanco
E - quality assuranco
QAPO - quality assurrnco projoct plm: A plm that d0SCrib.S protocols
nOC@SSbry to 8chhv. tho brt8 -8lity
(So. SAP.)
ob)@ctiv.8 dofined for an Rf.
. - quality control
-
-81
RtD - fb. reforoneo dow (RfD) is an orciaat. (with uncertainty spulnicg
porhapr an odor of uqnitudo) of a daily oxpomro to tho human
population (including ronsitivo subgroups) that is likoly to bo without
approciablo risk of dolotoriour offocts during a lifotiw.
- ROD - Rocord of Docision:
Superfun&finrnccd remedy.
Documents soloction of cost-offoctive
xii

- CZRCLA. 1
- SAS - spocial analytical sentices
OSVLR Diroctlve 9355.3-01
SARA - superfund men&umntr and Rebuthoritation Act of 1986. (So.
-
SQWA - Safe Drinking Water Act
SI - site investigation
-
- SOP - standard operating procedur8s
SITE - Superfund innovativ8 technology evbluation
-
Sat - Statement of Work
-
- TBC - to ba cansidarad
- TCL - target caapound list
SPHEn - Superfund public health evaluation manual
SWDA - Solid Waste Disposal Act
TAT - technic81 asrist&nce tam
'.
xiii

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTIOL

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE RIPS
CHAPTER 1
IKTRODUCTION
OSWER Ditoctive 9355.34:
Tho ronwdirl investigrtion rnd fO8Sibility study (RIRS) process as
outlinod in this quidrnm ropresonts tho lwthodology thrt the Suporfund pro-
grrm'hrr ostrblishod for Ch8r8Ct.riZinG the n8t~re rnd extrnt ot risks posed
by uncontrollod hrrrrdous w8ste Sit08 and for OV81U8tinq potential remcdLai
options: This rpprorch ahoold be vi.uod 8s 8 dynrmie, flexible proeoss that
can rnd should be trilorod to specific circumtrnces of individual aitos; it
is not 8 rigid stepby-step 8pptO8Ch thrt must bo conducted identically ut
every site.
Tho project mnrgor'a contra1 rorponsibility is to determine
how bost to US. the floxibility built into tho procrsr to conduct an effic-
ient rnd effoctiv* RIDS thrt rchiovos high qU81ity rorults in a timoly and
cost-effoetivo mnnor. A significant challenge projoct srnrgors face ir.
oftoctivo~y monoging an RI/FS is tho inhoront oncortrintiea rsrociated wit?.
the rontodirtion of uneontrollod harrrdous wort0 sites. Those unce-ainties
ern be nuu~orws~ ronging fram potential unknowns rogrrding site hydroqeolqy
ond tho octuol oxtent of contrrin~tion~ to the porforrmcc, of trertmont ar.d
enginooring control8 boing considorod 08 part of tho =#dial strrteoy. ,
Whilo theso unce?taintier fostor 0 uaturol desiro to wont to know mor., tbs
desiro colp.tos 6th the 8up.rfund prqrrm'r undrto to porfora cleanups
vi thin d.rign8t.d rchodules.
ObjOeiW Of tho p r ~ s i8 s not the wmbtrinrble goal of
roraoving fi uncert8intyr but rrthor to grthor informtion sufficient to
support rn info- rirk unog&nL, decision ngrrding which romody appears
to bo most appropriate for a given site. Tho opproprioto love1 of analysis
to met this obfoetivo can only bo nochod throu9h constant strrtagic thx-k-
inC rnd C8tefUl plrnning concerning tho osrontirl datr need& to rea& c
remed.? selection decision. As hyptheses are teated ant! either rcjrctci CT
1-1
.
/*s

.
oSWLR Diroctive 9355.3-01
confirmed, 8djustmonts 01: ChaiceS 88 to the appropriate course for further
imro~stigations and anrlyS.8 Uo r.quir.d. These choices, like tho romody
' soleetion itsolf, involve the balmCin9 of vide varioty of factors and thc
axoreiro of best professional judgmmnt.
The purepose of thi8 guibmnee ir to proaido tho unr with an ovorall
unb.rstanding of the U/?S process.
Stat. agencies responsible for coordinating or directing activitios at
National Priorities Lirt (NPL) riter, potentially nsponsiblo partios (PRPs)
?odor81 frciiity coordinators, urd eoruultu\ta or coop.nier contractrd to
usirt in Rf/?S-r818tad activities at #PL rites. This quidanem doscribos
tho goner81 procod~es for conducting an RI/PS.' Where specifi: guidance is
eurrmtly 8vailablo alnuhere, the JlS/?% guib.nc. dll r-ly highlight the
kay point8 Olt aoacaptr 68 they ralrte to r& =/?S ~ s and refor s the
uwr to tha oth.r murces for rdditional botails.
txputod users include tPA parsomel,
h i s guidance dammaat a s net typically e a r s bifterencer in -0
9onrral procedures (e.9.r wrk plan preparation, reporting requlromonts)
betwen a Fund-fin8nc.d urd PRP-conducted Rf/?S, bnd the flexibility
dircus8.6 for C0-b 8CtiViti.S my not p8rtd.n to 8 O1I9-COrrducted Rf/FS.
ThetefOrer when PRPs are conducting an RI/?S, this guid~ce document must
bo used in conjunction with tho 'Intrrfm Guidance on PRP Pa-icipation ir.
tho RVFS Process' (8.0 Appendix A).
F\ 1-2
\

1.3 OVERVIEW OF CERCLA RUVT)IORIZATION
OSVLR Diractivo 9355.3-0:
nrny of tho n w ptwiriono under Q XLA h8ving tho grortort impact on
tho RInS procors aro contrinod in S12l (Clornup Stmdrrds). Othor notable
chrnqos thrt rho rffoct tho RIRS procors 8ro contrinod in 5104 (Rorponst
Authoritios, in particuhr Horlth-A.lrt0d Authoritios), portions of si04 and
5121 rogardfng Stat. involv-nt, 5117 (Public Participation), SUO (Worker
Protoetion Standards), 8nd 5313 (Civil Drocoodinga). Highlights of thoro
soetionr are stmmurizod blow.
1.3-1 Cleanup St8nbrrda
Soction 121 (Cloanup Standardr) stat. strong 8tUtOW profaranee
for romodios that 8ro highly rolirblo red provide long-tom protoetion.
addition to tho requir-nt for r dior to k both protoctivo of hman
ho8lth a d tho onviromont and cost-offeetivo, a ~tional romady soloetio~.
conriderationo in $ltl(b) includot
o A proforonco for rr#dirl rctionr that employ trortwnt that
porrunontly 8ad siqnificratly reducor tho v olwr toxicity, or
mbility of harrndour mbatrncos, pollutants, and contrminrnts as
8 principol olomont
o Otfaite tr8nsport rnd dlrposal without tro8tmnt is tho la8st
frvor.4 alto~tivo vhoro pr8ctiCrblO troatmont tuhnologiar are
8V8 ih b 10
\
1-3
In

\4
OSUZR Diroctiva 93S5.3-01
Sectior! 1~1tc) urn roquir.. periodic rwiw of -dial utionr, at
least every S pur attu initiation of rucb action, for u lam9 u hazard-
ous mubstmces, pollutants, or oontrrinurts that my pose a thtmt to humrn
health or the mvironnnt rasrh 8t tho rite. If it i8 dotemined durinq a
5-yeu rrviev that the action no lorr9.r protects hurw health and the
environment, furthu raeodlal actions will mod to k -ridered.
1.3.1.1 Applicable or klov8nt md Appropriate kquirenmhts
Section 121 (d) (2) (A) of incorporato8 into lm the C fRa
Caapliance Policy, which rp.cifier that 8uperhud m i a l actions met any
Federal standards, roquiromentr, criteriar or 1i.it.tioru that uo doter-
minod to be legally applicable or rolwurt md appropriate roquirenmnts
(-1. Also included is the nw provisioa that 8Ute AMR. mst be met if
thoy are .or. atrtngont than ?obtal lnquitmnts. ?e(kral statutes that
am specifically cit.6 in CSRCLA inclub the 801M Wute Disposal Act (SWDk),
tho Toxic Subrturcer Cartrol Act (TSCA) tho Sat0 Drinkin9 Watu Act (SDWA) ,
the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Clean Water Act (c#), and the Marine Proteetior.
Rereatch md Surctuuies Act o(pRsA). Addition81 guidmce'on ARARs is pro-
vided in the "CmQA CoQpli8nca with Other Strtutes" manual (U.S. EPA,
o TRe radial action ulectod is arly a p ut of a tot81 rnnwdial
action (hUrim r-.dy) 8ad tha final rmdy will attrin the ARAR
upon its eoqpletion.
o Cmplimce with the AIUR will result in a greater risk to human
health and tho envirohawnt than alternative options.
1-4

OSWER Direc',ivo 9355.3-01
~n ,lt~mativo ro-dial action will attain an oepivalont standard
of prfor~unco through tho us0 of rnothor method or approach.
o Tho ARAR is a State roquirownt that tho St8tO has not
consistontly 8ppli.d (or dmnstr8t.4 tho intont to apply
consistently) in sbflar circumtancos.
o For $104 Suporfund-financed rmodial actions, caspliancr with the
ARAR vi11 not prwido a balance botwen protocting hrnnrn health
an& tho environmont and the rvailrbility of Superfund money for
responro at other facilities.
Tho nov stitutory roquiromonts cont8in.d in $121(d)O) for accoptrble
offsite dirposal f8cifitiosr in amst respects, incorporato provious Agency
policy. Offsite dirpos81 f8CfIithS tecoiv$ng cont8min8ntr must bo in
coatplianco with Resource Convorsation and kcovery Act (RCRA) and other
Podoral 8nd St8to l8vs.
In addition, the unit recoiving the wasto must have
no rolo8ses fo ground water, surf8co witor, or mil; other units that have
h8d role8sos 8t the facility mast k under an 8pprov.d correctivo action
. ' program.
1.3.2 8081th knsr#nts
Under CtRaA SlOl(i1 (Ee8lth-R.18tod Authorities) , the Agoncy for Toxic
SubstancOa 8 b Dhoan kghtry (ATSDR) mmt conduct hoalth 8ssos~nt for
every site propoS.6 for inclusion on the MPL. Tho purpose of those health
assessmontr is to assist in dotormining uh.t)ur currant or potontial risk to
human ho8lth exists 8t 8 sit0 8nd whethor addition81 information on human
oxposuto 8nd 8ssoci8tod health tirks is needod. The h08lth aaaes191ont is
rquirod to bo completed 'to tho aoxim~~ exfont prrcticablo' bofore
compfctior. of tho W VS.
\. -

1.3.3 State fnvolvesrnt
,
OSWLR Dimctive 9355.3-01
Saction 104(c) (3) (c) of CERCLA r-ins in effect miring a 10-parcet.
State cost. sham for remodial actions at .privatrly operatad sites and 50 pe
cent 8t publicly opratd Sites.'
CEXU provide that tho operation and arintenann of ground- md SUrf8C8-
watar rortoration mmasures k conridorad part of r.wdia1 action for up to
10 years after -nc-nt'of oporationr or until remedial action is com-
plete, whichever is eulier.
Seetion 104(c) (3) (A) and 104 (e) (6) of
Therefore, such activities during the 10-year
poria wuld be eliglblr for rither SO or 90 poreant ?edoral funding
depending on whether tho sit. war publicly or privatoly oprated.
Section l21(d) (2) (A) of CLRCU rp.eifi.8 that nro stringent State -1
apply if they are idontifiod in a W l y mmu by tho state. Section 12l(!
roquiros mA to dovolop requfationr for IUb8t.ntirl md raningful State
involvamont in tha ramodial rosponso procosr .nd specifies certain minimum
roquiremontr .
1.3.4 Camunity Inoolv-nt
. .
S8ction 117 of CtRCtA (Public Participation) mphariter the importance
of early, constant, and responsive nlations with conmnmities affected by
Suporfund sites and cobifirs, vith wmo rodifications, current conmunity
relations activitior app1i.d at NPL sitos.
Spcitiially, the law requires
publication of a notico of my proposed nmodi.1 rctiot. (proposed plan) in a
local n.urpap.r of waorrf circulation and a mraamnable opportunity" for
tho pblk to oo1oat on th8 p~posed plan md other eontents of the adatini-
strati- t.co?d, prrtimluly tho RI and tho FS. In addition, the public is
to bo afford.4 an -unity for a public meting. The proposed plan rhocl
include a brirf explanation of tho altomativa corrsidored, which will omally k in the form of a r-ry of tha 15. Unlike the t3, bwever, the
proposod plan will also provide an explanation of tho pmlinrinary preference
'Runedirl Flanninq activities for the RI/FS and rowdl81 design cor.tinuc tc
be 10@ percect federally funCe6.
+ 1-6

'
1.3.S Adninistrative Rocord
OSWER Directive 9355.3-01
Section 113 of CLRCLA roquiror th8t an 8dainfrtratfve rrcord be estab-
lfrhod a8t or norr tho f8Cflfty It fSSU0." Tho rOCord is to be compiled
contomporan.ourly and must be 8v8ilrbh to tho public m d includo all infor-
mation conridorod or reliod on in roloctin9 tho roaudy, including public
comontr on tho propsod plan.
1.3.6 Workor Safoty
Section 126(c) of CLRQlA directod the Occuprtional S8fOty and Hoalth
Administration (OSHA) to irruo, within 60 d~yr of the &to of onactmont of
SARA, an intorim final a10 that cont~inr employoo protoction roquirrmrnts
for workers angagad in h&rrtdour uirto oporrtionr.
OSfU'r intorim final
~ 1 (29 0 aR 1910.120) V88 publirhod in tho F.d.rrl Roqirtor on Docomber 19,
1986, with full -laantation of thir a10 toqukod by Much 16, 1987. The
uorkor r8fety rule vilf -in in effoet until tho final rturdud is lrruod
Wfu and b.C-8 0tf8Ctia0
1.3.7 tnfotnnnt AUthOriti.8
#action 122(0) .uthorites E?A to uw mop8ef81 notlco' procedures, which
for an Rf/?S, artablirher a 604.y roratoriua poriod to w i d 0 tim for
io-1 negotiation b8-m EPA and tho PROS for -duct of ~~O'RI/FS rcti-
Vftf.8. This 6 0 4 pried ~ MY b. Ortturb.6 to 90 dA.8 if W i f h h tho 60-daY
timo period, tho potontially reaponriblo partior (?PSI) provido LPA uith a
good faith offer to conduct or finmco tho RID'S..
1-7

1.4 THE RI/FS PRO&SS tlM)ER aRQlA
O m R Directive 9355.3-01
Although the new prwirionr of URUA hatto rrrulted in 8- mdifica-
tionr to tho RIDS prOCO88, tho bmic caaponontr of tho procorr romin in-
tact. Th. RI tontinuw to wrvo 88 tho mchanioa for collecting d8u to
cbr8ctoriro rite ~0nditiOn8t dotomim tho mhue of tho w8rt.z 88808s risk
to human hoalth 8nd tho OnVironmontt 8nd conduct troatrbility testing 8s
necortary to ovrlu8to tho potonti81 performnce and COW of the tro8M.nt
tOChnologi08 that aro boing corrridorod.
The latter 8180 8uppottt tho dorigr
of wloct.6 tommdios. Tho ?S continuer to wmvo a8 tho wchanim for the
'currontly 8nd th8t d8ta
8nd dot8il.d eralwtion of 8ltorn8tive romodirl
or pha~s, of tho RIRS procar8 and how they have
with tho now provirions in CTRCLA arm ruamurited
to not. that tho Rf and ?S 8ro to bo conductod concollocted
in tho RI influonco-tho davolopmont of
'

th.t ata ~~lioction is always ditacted toward providing information tale-
vant to reloction of & r.m.di.1 action. In this way tho ovorrll rita
charactoritation effort can bo continually rcoped to minimito tho collaction
of unnecessary data and mucimito data quality.
Bocauso of tho intrractivo md itorativo naturr of this phase of L!e R:
and PS procorsr tho soquoneo of tho various ph~sos and associated activities,
as doscribd hlau and pr~sonted in ?iwr 1-1, will freqwntly bo lets dis-
tinct in practico. A gonoric tinnlino intonded to illustrato the phasing of
RWPS activitios is pre80nt.d in Figuro 1-2.
activitios will dopond on #pacific sit. rituations.
1.4.1 S cop f n Q
The actual timing of individual
Scoping is tho initial pluming pbuo of tho lU/?S pro~oss, md mny of
tho planning stopr bogm horr uo continu.6 and rofind in latar ph~sos of
tho RI/FS.
Scoping rctivitior typically boqin with tho cofloction of wist-
ing sit0 data, including data fran praviour invostigatioru such as the prc-
liminary ~sossmont and sit. fnvostigation.
On tho basis of this information,
sit0 nunagamant plurninq b Pnd.rtaJcua to pralfsirurily idontify boundaries
of tho study Urn, ibmtify llkaly irwbial action objoctivor and whather
intorim rctionr my k aocaoruy or rpgtoprhto, and to ortablish whothor
tho rito my best k m e d u 030 or nvual nparato oporablr units.
Onem an ovarall manaqaaont strategy ir a9rnb upon, ’ tho RI/M for a spocific
projoct or tho oito u a uhofo ir plannod. Typical rcoping activitios
includot
0 Initiating tho idontificrtion and dircussion of potential
ARAlta with tho support agency
0 Dotomining tho types of docisions to bo -do and identifying
tho drt8 and othor information noodod to support those
dr c i s i on s
1-9

1
a
I
FIGURE 1-1
PHASED RMS PROCESS
1 1- I 1

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i
\D
oJWLR Directive 9355.3-01
o Preparing the work plan, the sampling and analysis plan (SAP
(which conrists of the quality usururce project plan (QAPP)
and the field srrrpling plan (?SI), the health m d safety
plan, and the c e i t y relationa plan
Chapter 2 descriks the variaur Steps fn the scoping process and gives
general infomation on wrk-planning mothods th8t b ve been effective in
planning and executing past RIRSs.
1.4.2 Site Characterization
During site th.ractorization, ffold sapling md 1rbor8tOy analyses
am hitiat.4. tiald suplfng should bo pbud so that tho ?enrlts of the
initial sampl+t9 offorts cui bo urd to refa plans doveloped during scopii
to b.t.1: focus subs.quent rrmplhg effortr. Dat. qu8lity objectives are
rovised an appropriate based on an improved understanding of the site to
facilitate a more efficient an& accurate characterization of the site and,
therefore, achieve reduction8 in ti# and cost.
A preliainrry sit. charactariration suammry is prepared to provide the
lead agoncy with information oa the site ouly in the process boforr prrparr
tion of th. full RI roport. This will bo u88ful in dotermining the
feasibility of potential toehnologios and in assisting both the lead and
mupport 8goncies vith the initirl identification of W. It can also be
sent to A mR to usist that a9oncy in portorring tho hoalth assessment for
the site.
1
Emphasis is placed on rapid turnaround of supling results to avoit the
need to remo5ilize and reprocure contractors.
n 1-1 2
9

1 . 4.3 Deve lopment and Screeninq of Alternatives
OSW'LR Dimctiw 9355.3-01
The development of alternatives uSUalfy begins during or soon after
scoping, when likely response SCenariOS my first bo ide~tified. The devel-
opment of rltenaativrs requlros (1) idontitying remedial action objectives;
(2) identifying potential treatment, resourco racovuy, and containment tech-
nologies that will satisfy thoro objoctivost (3) scrooning the technologies
based on their offoctivenoss, lmpl~ntabillty, urd cost) and (4) assembling
tochnologles md tholr urociated contrimant or disposal requirements into
altunativos fox tho contadrutad media at tho site or for the operable unit.
Alt.rnAtiVOS can be devo1ap.d to address tontAmiMted medium (e.g., ground
watu),'a specific arm of tho sit. (o.q., a wasto lagoon or contuainated
hot spots), or the ontire site. Altornativer for rpocific media md site
areas either CUI bo carrid through the FS procoss srprately or combined
into ccwpr.honrioo alto~atitns for the entlre sit.. Tho approach is flex-
. .ible to allow altornativu to k d i n & at variow pointr in the process.
- .
AS pr8Ctk.bl8, 8 rang0 of troaflrnt altr~ativms should bo doveloped,
vayln9 prhrily in th. rxtant to which thy rmly on long-tom Ismagemrr.t
of rosjdu8ls urd untreated w8rtes.
a1tornativo'th.t VOUM oliminato, to th. extrnt feasible, the need tor any
long-tan ..1y9.l#nt (hcludinp Ipnitoring) at tho sit.. The lower bound
would consist of an rltunatlve that Inwolves troamnt as A principal
elonnnt (i.o., treatment Is wed to addross the principal throats at the
sit.) , but Sam long-tern management of portions of tho slu' that did not
COnStitUtO "prineipA1 threats" uould be required.
TRe uppor bound of tho range would be ar.
lower bounds of the treatment range, alternatives varyins in the type and
,
1-1 3
aetvoen tho upper ark
/D 5-
-

OSWER Diroctive 9355.3-01
One. potonti81 8ltorn8tiver h8ve boen dotnloped, it my be nocossrry to
screen out cortrin aptionr to roduco tho n a r of altorrutivor that will bo
8nrlyr.d in detril in order to minimize tho reaourcer dedic8t.d to evrlu-
ating options thrt 8ro lesa proairfng.
offort will depond on tho n-r of rltemrtivor initially dovolopod, which
vi11 depond partially on tho corploxity of tha 8ito 8nd/or the number of
8vrilrble, ruit8ble technologiO#. ?Or SftU8tionr in which it is necessary
to rduco the initial nrrrmb.r of 8lteZ!l8tiV*S bofore boqinning the detailed
8n8ly#iS, 8 rmg0 Of 8ltOrTl8tiVOS rhould k prmrewod, 88 prOCtiC8bl0, so
that tho deciriorriukor ern bo prerontod with 8 o8riety of distinct, virble
options from which to chooro.
Tho nocorrity of this rcrooning
Tho acrooning procorr involver evaluating
alternativor with mspct to thoir offeetioenorr, implomentrbility, rnd cost
It ir urumlly dono on a gonorrl basis and with lfmied effort (relrtivo to
tho det8il.6 On81pi8) hC8UaO tho inforrution !tOCOSS8y fo furry evrluat.
tho 81tern8tiv.a u y not bo eoaplote 8t thir point in the process.
developaont 8nd rcreening of rltorn8tlvor is dircurred in Chaptor 4.
1.4.4 Treat8bility Invertiq8tionr
Should existing sit0 8nd/or treatment d8t8 be insufficient to adoquitel!
*V8lU8t* 8ItOm8tiVO8, tXe8t8biUty toat8 U y b0 neC*S#8q to OV8lU8tO 8
p8rtfCUl8r t.cbnow 011 8pCifiC 8itO W8Sfe8. mner811y, tre8t8bility test!
involve knch-ac8le terting to g8ther informtion to 8aaerr the fe8sibility
of 8 technology. In 8 few situ8tionar pilot-scale rtudy my bo necossaty
to furnirh porfom8neo d8t8 and dovelop k ttor coat emtinutor 80 thrt a
det8il.d 8n8lySir C8I k PrfO& 8nb 8 rmU81 8CtiOn C8n k 8Ol*Ct@e.
To conduct 8 pilot-sc8le teat 8nd keop tho RIDS on schedule, it will utuall)
bo necorr8ry to identify 8nd initiate the test at an errly point in the
process. Trertrbility investiqations are dercribod in Chrpter 5.
1-14
The

1.4.5 Detailed Analysis
O ~ Diroctiw R 9355.3-01
Once sufficient data are Wailabhe alt8mativ8S 8re w8lwted in
detail with respct to nine evaluation criteria that the Agency has
developed to address the Statuto- rWit.anntS 8nd prrferrnces of CERCU.
The ~ltemrtiver are analyzed individually ag8inst each criterion and then
cumpared against one another to det8rmine their respective strengths and
waknerses and to identify th8 key tr8d8offS that must be balanced for that
site. The result8 Of the detailed an81ySis We auaauritd and presented to
the decisionmaker so th8t an 8ppropriate rowdy consistont with CERCLA can
be selectd.
Chiptor 6.
1.5 SPECIAL SITES
The detailed 8nrlysiS of 8ftem8tiVOS is described in
The use of treatment technologies and, therefor8,. the development of a
complete r8nqe of ~ptionr, my not be pr8CtiC8ble 8t 8- rites with large
volumes of lev concontration vrrtes (..go, 18rgo munioipal landfills or
mining sites). Rmedier involving trO8tPI.nt 8t such sites m8y be prohibi-
tively enponrive ot difficult to btplement. Thorefore, the rango of alter-
natives initially devoloped may bo fo~U8.C primarily on various containment
options. Although thir guidrnc8 door not rpcitic8lly state hou all such
Iit.8 should b. 8dbrOSrOd, factors 8re diSCUSS.6 that on be Used, 88 appro-
priate, to help guide tho dwolopswnt 8nd w81WtiOn of 8lternatives on 8
CII.-bY-C880 bSiS.
m f f y
r018tiOn8 i8 8 U8OfUl and **ant 88wCt Of tho RI/FS
prOCOS8. m i t y mlrtionr activities sene to koop -ittor informed
of the activitier rt tho site 8nd help the Agency rnticip8te and respond to
connaurrity concerns.
A w i t y
the wrk plan for tho RI/FS ts prepared.
based on interviws with interested
the guidelines for future comunity
relations plan is d.o.10p.d for 8 sfto as
1-15
Tho -1ty relation8 plan is
/of
-

OSWLR Directive 9355.3-01
mh-, tho plan must provide for 8 Site miling Urt, 8 conveniently
located place for acce~~ to all public infomation about tho sito, an oppop
tunity for a public mating when th. mport and propoaod plan are
issuedr 8nd a s-ry of public coamOntS on tho RfDS roport and proposed
plan and tho Agency's rosponso to thon c-nts.
Tho spocffic camunity rolations roquir-ntr for orch phso of the
RfRS aro intogrrtod throughout thi8 guidance doctmnt sheo thoy are parrl=
le1 to and rupport tho technical attfoitior. Wch chaptor of this guidance
has a aoction dircruring -ity r0htiOn8 roquirmnts appropriate to
that rpocific phso of tho rU/FS.
described in the draft of Connmrnity Relations in Suporfund: A Handbook
(U.S.EPA, Intorim, Juno 1988).
1.7 LEAD AIJD SUPPORT AGENCY
Additional program roquinmnts are
Throughout thfr guibrnco tho t O N "had 89ency' 8nd 'support agency"
aro u ~ to b roftoct tho f8ct that oithor to^ or a stat. or ~doral facility
can haw tho 108d napOn8ibility for conducting an AIRS. Tho rupport agenc
play8 a roviw and eon~~mnco rolo and prottid.8 rpocffic infomation, such
88 ARhR8.
Tho rOh8 of tho had and support agoncios in orch phase of the
RInS procors aro described at tho ond of each chaptor.
1.8 REMECIAL ORWE- MANAGER ROW AND RESPONSfBILfTIES
Tho Ramdial Frojoct H8n8gor'r (RPM's) tolo in ovorsooing an I?I/FS in-
ttolvos, to a largo oxtent, onruring that the uork progrorror accorhinp to
tho prioiitior 8nd objeetivos 08trblishod during sit. mnagomont and project
planning. Thfr relo roquiros planning project acopos aarly and doriving
COSt OSt-t.8 fOS the 8pCffiC t8Skr and rctiViti08 dorcribod in the State-
BOnt of Work (8QW).'
It ir tho RPn.8 rorponrUility to devolop r08liStiC
cost ortimtes, monitor and control contractor oxpnbituros, and nunage
1
OSh'ER is developing cost ertimatin~
by RPRS that uil: provide historical rver8g.s for tho cost of the vbrxxs
RI/FI tasks.
guides anC reforenee documcnt for use
1-16

WDR3 14/03 5
'. ,
1-17
OSWER Diroctivo 9355.3-01
/D s
I-

I
CHAPTER ;
SCOPING OF THE RI/F:
SCOPING
OF THE RUFS
, /
c
i

2.1
INTROOUCTI ON
CHAPTER 2
SCOPINC THE RIDS
Scoping is the initial planning pbse of site remediation and is beguz,
at least informally, by the lead agency's APH 88 part of the funding alloca-
tian. and planning process.
on the basis of av8118bh information, begin to (1) identify the types of
actions that may be required to address Site problems: (2) identify whethe:
interim actions are necessary or 8pptoPti8te to mitigate potential threats,
prevent further environmental dcqradation, or rapidly reduco risks
significantly, and (3) identify the optimal reonce of site actions and
invertigativo activities.
The lead and support agencies shoulO meet and,
Once the lead and support agencies initially agree on a general approach
for managing tho site, the next step is to scope the project(s1 and devalo?
specific project plans. Project planning is don. to:
o Determine the types of decisions to k nude
o Identify the typo and quality of data [&ta quality objectives '
(DQ0s)l needad to support those decisions
o Doscrlbe the mothds by which the required data will be obtain-l
and analyted
o Prepare project plans to document methods and procedures
The activities doscribed above relate directly to the establishment of
DQOS-Statel!m!ts thrt specify tho type and quality of the data needed to
support decisions regarding remedial response activities. 2%- astaSliskmer.:
'.
2- 1

OSWER Directive
The 8bility to rdOqU8tely SCOp 8 WCifiC pmjoct is cloaoly tied to
the 8sount and qu81ity Of 8V8il8blO iXbfOrPutiOn. Therefore, it is
to noto that tho @cop. of tho ptojOct 8ad, to .oy extant the spcific pro-
oct plans, 8ro dwolopod itorrtivoly (Lo., 8s new infomation is required
or new decisions rro mado, data roquirrwnts aro reevrfurted 8nd, if 8pprO-
prirto, project pl8ns are rodifid). In this wry, reoping holps to focus
8ctivitios and rtrorolino the R h , thereby prmvonthg noodlors oxponditur
8nd 1088 Of t- in UnnOC@SS8~ S8wling 8nd 8n81ySOS.
P i p 0 2-1 shows tho koy rtopr in tho scoping procoss. 1
2.2 PRaYzm PLANNING
On- 8 gonorrl sit0 lunrgomont rpproach hrs ken 8qr-d upon, planninq
ern bogin for tho scop. of r apociftc project.
conducted during projoct planning include: 2
Tho spocific activities
o hoting vith 108d 89encyl support 8gonql rnd Contraeto,r personne
to dircusr.rito irsuor and rrriqn rorponsibilities for RI/FS
8 C tiVi t i0 8
0 bllecting 8nd rnrlyzing oxirtirrg &t8 to dwolop 8 conceptual
8stO -01 tbt ern k urd to rrwss both tho naturo 8nd the
oxfrat Of cont8minrtion rnd to id8ntify potonti81 oxposure
pt?myr 8nd potontirl human horlth rnd/or onvironwnt81 rece?tor
'5.0 Appondix A for 8 delino8tion of rorpansibilitior betvoon the bat!
89ancy and tho PRps durin9 the rcopfn9 procoss.
'For 8 PRP-lord RInS tho PRPs are typically rasponsiblo for these activiti08
oxcopt for conducting comunity intorviows. Thir responsibility res:
with the lead agency. Specific activities porformed by the PWs durirc
rcopinc are determined during the negotiation poriod ant! shoult! be spec-fr
in the agreonent between the PRPs 8nC the le8d agency. I

L I
I
FlGURE 2-1
-NO

c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
\
OSWER Ditoetive !
Identifying the potenti81
8ction objectives 8nd likely
reawdirl 8ction rlternativos for the spocific project
Prelhinarily identifying the ARARl oxpocted to apply to rite
char8nerizrtion rnd site rmdi8tion 8ctivities
Determining brt8 noodr rnd the lwel of m8lyticrl 8nd sampling
cert8inty required for 8dditionrl be8 if cur?@nt1y 8V8ihbh data
are. h8d.qurte to conduct the FS
Identifying the ne.6 8nd tho 8Cb.aulO for trert8bility atudier to
botter screen 8nd define potonti81 m a l
8ltornatives
Dasigning 8 bt8 colloetion p-8~ to dorcribo tho aolrction of
tho sampling rppmaches 8nd 8nrlytic8l options. (Thir aolection
ir -ntd in tho SAO, which conrirts of the ?SP 8nd QWP
olomonts. 1
Darolopfng 8 uork plan that documents the scoping process 8nd pre-
sents 8nticipt.d future t8sks
fdontifying 8nd docurwnting health rnd s8foty protocols required
duriag field investigations and preparing rite hmlth rnd safety
plm
2-4

2.2.1
Conduct Ptoioct neotinp
P-g-
OSWER Diractive 9355.
io bogin projoct planning, 1 mooting should bo hold involving key man-
ag.a\ent from tho load axid SUPPrt aWnC1.S. Tho purpose of this meoting i s
to alio~ key potronnol to bocwm invo1v.d in initial plannihg docisions and
give them tho opportunity to discuss any spocial concorns that may bo asso-
ciatod with tho sit. ?~rthomor.~ this mooting should sot a procodont for
tho involvomont of key porSOnn01 p0raodiC8lly throughout tho project. Additional
attondoor should include contractor porsonnol who will bo condcctrr.7
tho RI/FS and porformfng tho risk 888OSannt, N8tUr81 Resource Trust00 reprc-
sontativos, d on applicable, and individu8ls w ith prior oxporianco at the
site [o.Q., tho fiold invortigrtion t om (FIT11 or othor similar sites who
may be &lo to provido additional insight Into offoctivo tochniquos for
8ddrossing potontirl sit0 probloms.
2.2.2 Colloct 8nd Analyze Existing Data
beforo tho activities nocesruy to conduet an RIDS CM bo plannod, It
is important to compile tho available d8ta that h8m prwiously boon col-
loctod for 8 site.
There data will bo ured to deteane the additional vork
that noods to bo eonductod both in the field and within tho -unity.
thorough soarch of existing d8ta rhould holp avoid duplication of provious
offortr and/or had to a romodi8l invertigation that ir mor0 focurod and,
fhoreforo, moro officiont in it8 oxp.nditut. of ro~~reer.
Intomation describing hazardour wart. a0urc.1, migration pathways, and
human and environnnkl rocoptors for 8 givut rito is avrilable fran many
rourcor. Sow of th. =re uwful soureor arm lirtd in Table 2-1. Site
1
invertigation (SI) data gatherod in the hazard rankin9 procrrs (tho process
by which a rite is lirtod on tho nL) may be locatod ln filer maintained by
'The exp8nd.d alto invortigrtion (tS1) conductad by the pre-romdial progrm
will provid~ Vahmblo data (0.9.~ g.ophyric8, runoyr, wll inventories)
rnd rhould SOrw a8 an -=ant source of information during tho scoprr.c
procars fcr ertablirhin~ the hypothoses to be teated concerning the natxe and oxtent OF contamination.
2-5
A

B;s
jor
I- a.
8
d
r)
i
i
3
H
11
I
n n
n
11
11 11 1
n w MW
1 111
8
f
1-6
3
::
1
1 M I
11 111 1 W 1 I
I n MUMMI
I n w 1 m m m ~ I
I1 11111

OSWER Direccivm 93S5.3
the EPA Regional offices, the FIT, the technical assistance team (TAT),
contractors, and the State-
Data relating to the varieties and quantitios of hazardous urates
disposed of at the site should be coaipil@d. The results from any previous
sampling events should bo suuawrizod in toms of physical and chemical char-
acteristics, cont8minants identified, and thoir nsp.etive concentrations.
Results of enviromntal sampling at tho sit0 should bo swrited, and .vi-
dence of soil, ground water, su?facO Witerr sodimont, air, or biotic cor.tar.:-
nation should bo documented.
8CCUrrCy of the data should bo included.
If W8ihbler intomtion on the precision an2
Records of disposal practices and OpOt8ting procedures at the site,
including historical photograpks, can bo r0vi0w.d to identify locations of
Wart. arterials OnSftO, w8StO haUIot8, 8nd -8tO qonorators. If spocific
waste records aro absont, waste products that m8y havo boon disposed of at
tho sit. can bo identified through 8 nvhw of tho manufacturing processes
of tho wasto generators.
A s-ry of existing sito-spcffic and togion81 infomution should Se
cc=pilod to holp idontify surface, mabmrf8~0, rtarorpheric, and biotic
migration pathways. Compi1.4 inforaution should includo gwloqy, hydro-
geology, hydrology, motoor01ogy, 8nd ocoloqy. Regional information car? help
to identify background roil, wator. and air quality characteristics.
Datr on human 8nd onvhonaontrl roerptors in tho aroa surrounding the
rito should bo corpil.6. krpgraphic and land us. inforaution will holp
idontify potontfal htrrun ncoptors. R.sidontia1, pwnicipol, or industrial
-11s should be located, 8nd surfaco water uses should bo identified for
surromdinq 8-88 and at088 bounstroam Of tho Sit..
Existing inforaution dorcrFbing tho CQanon ftOt8 and fauna of the site
and surrounding moas should bo collutod.
Tho locrtion of any threatened,
ondangord, or rliro spuios, sonsitivo onvironnmntrl areas, or critical
habitats on or near tho site should bo ident'ifiod. Available results frm
2-7

%
.
OFWER Directive 935
Once the rvailrble data have koa colloctod, thoy aro rnrlytod to
(1) establish tho phySiC81 chrrrCtOri8tiC8 of r sit. to holp dotormine the
8COp of fUtUa 88-1h9 effOa8t and (2) COnCOmD11y aOd.1 potOnti81 expo-
sur0 p8thv8yS 8nd rOCeptOr8 to 888i8t in tho pZOlirirury rs80srWnt of r isk
and tho initial idontifiation of potonti81 nudial tochnologies. Each of
thero wos ir dircurood bow.
2.2.2.1 trtablirh Physical Chrractorirticr of the Sit.
25. 8n8lyrir of OXi8tbg d8t8 Hnnl to ptovido 8 kttor undorrtrnding
of tho ruturo and oxtont of contraia8tion 8d rid8 in tho derign of remedial
invostigation trrkr. If quality aaruranco infoiution on oxirting rampling
drtr ir availrblo, it rhOU1d bo roviouad to 888.88 tho lovo1 of uncertainty
arrocirtod vith tho &tr. This is bp0rt8nt to 8rtrblirh uhothor sampling
will bo noodd to vorify or rmly mapplrsrnt .xistin9 data. Important fsc-
tor8 to conridor vhOn reviawing oxirting drtr 8ro the comp8r8biUty of the
,
data (*.go, timo of rampling), tho 8nrlytic8l methods, tho dotoction limits,
tho analytical ~aborrtorior
1
methods.
, rnd tho ramplo co~oction
an& handling
Lxisting d8tr rhould bo urod to dovolop 8 sit. doscription, vhich should
includo io~atfon~ ~~~~rrhip, topographyr qoology, land usor warto typo, esti-
-tOS Of -8- VOlw# 8nd 0tb.t portinont d.UU8* ThO 8it8 dorcription
rhould a180 includo 8 chronology of rignificant ooontr such a8 chomical stor-
ago and disposal practicer, proviow rito visitsr sampling ovontsr roqulrtory
violationsr logal rctionrr 8nd changer in wnorrbip. fn addition, informa-
tion concerning proviour clornup rctioa8, such as ?omoval of containerized
wrlto, is ofton valurblo for -dotormining tho Ch8r8CtOtiStiCS of any wastes
lRegrtdless of tho origin and quality of existing data, they typlcal?y are
useful i n constructing hypotheses to be tested concerning the nature ani
extant of contamrnation.
2-8

2.2.2.2 Dovelop a Concoptual Site Ilod.1
OSYER Directive 9355
Information on the w8Ste SoUrC*Sr pathw8ys, 8nd receptors at a site is
used to develop 8 conCOptUa1 understanding of the site to evalu8to potentla1
risks to huwn health 8nd the environment. The conceptual sit. modal shoui2
include knwn and suspected s0urt.s of contaarin8tion, typos of contaminants
and affectod lwdir, known 8nd potential routes of aigrntion, and known or
potential human 8nd environmental raCePtotS. This effort, in addition to
assisting in identifying locations where s8apling is necessary, will also
assist in the identification Of potential remadirl technologies. Additional
fnfoktion for .valuating exporuro WnCerns through tho use of a conceptual
model is provided in the DQO Guid8nCe.
provided in Figure 2-2.
An exrmph of 8 conceptual modal is
2.2.2.3 Dotamino the N o d for rnd Implamont L uted Additional
Stubias
If the concapturl understanding of 8 site is poor 8nd the collection of
site-spcific d8t8 would greatly enhance the scoping effort, 8 limited field
investfg8tion my bo undort8kan as 8n intarim rcoping task prior to develop-
'in9 the work p18n.l NoNlly, the investig8tion is limited to errily obtrin-
able d8t8, whero r@#UltS crn k achieved in 8 short tbe. tx8mples of tasks
are as follovr:
o Preliminary g.ophysic81 investigations
'The specific procedures for initiating limited field investigation will be
depondent on the lead aqeney's administrative and contractu81 requiramenzs.
2-9

I
4 m
ff
t t
1
0
0 -
0
m

s-
OS= Directiva 9255.
Limited sampling to deternine the noed for waste Weatability
studies .
o Air monitoring
o Site mapping
o Preliminary acologicrl raconnaissmca
2.2.3 Develog Preliminary Remedial Action Alternatives
Onca tho axisting sit. infOrPutiOn has kon analyzed urd a conceptual
undetstandinq of tho rite io obtained, pQtanth1 tamdial action objectives
should ba identitiad for aach contaminatad madim (Ch.ptor 4 ptrsentr exam-
plos of romadial action ObjaCtfVaS) m d a preliainay rage of renmdial
action ~lternrtivas rnd ASrWirtad tochnologiar should bo idantifird. This
idontificrtion is not mutt to bo a datailod invostigation of rltemativcs.
Rather, it i s intandad to ba r more ganarrl classification of potential
?astodial actions basad upon the initially idantitied potantial routes of
oxposure and associated receptors. Tha idontitication of potential tech-
nologiar at this raga vi11 holp an8uxa that data naodad to evaluatr them
. . . (a.g., Btu value of wastar to avrluata tharaul dartaction crpabi?ftiesl car:
bo collactad a8 auly a8 porriblo.
In addition, the o uly identification*of
tachnologias will allov ouliar detezminationr a8 to tho naod for
eraatability studio8.
Tochnologiar that MY be appropriato for trorting or disposing of wastes
should bo idantifiod along w ith soureas of lituatura on tho tachnologias'
atfectivonarr, applications, axid cost. huthar rrrist~nca in the investis-
tion of tachnologias i s providad in tha Tachnolow Scraoninu Guide for
2-11

0- Directive 935
Trea-nt of CERCLA Soils and Sludges (U.S. EPA, Septmbor 1988). Inno-
vative technologies and resource recovery options should be included if they
appau feasible.
To the extent practicable, a prelimbary list of broadly defined alter-
natives should k dovelopod that reflects the goal of prerenting range of
distinct, viable option8 to tho docisionmaker. This lirt would therefore
include a rango of alternatives in which troatmont that significantly
roducrs tho toxicity, mbility, or volume of vast. is a principal element:
one or more rlternativos that involvo contaimnt with little or no treat-
ment: and a no-action alternative. The list rkould bo 1imit.C to only those
alterbtivas that u. relevant and cury 8- significant potential for
king finplomonted at tho site. In this way, the ptelhinary identifieatior.
of remadial action8 will allw 8n initial identification of AluRs and will
hlp focus aubsaquent drta-gathering offort..
Invo1vamant of tho vuiour rgoncior 8t this tim vi11 help in identify-
in9 r8modi.l altorn8tivas md stopin9 fiald activities.
Tho dovelopent of
altesaatftn8Tr doscribed in .on datail b 0m-r 4 of this document.
2.2.4 fvrluate the nod for Treatability Studios
If redial actions involving trm?mont have h en identified for a
rite, thon tho M.8 for tZO8t8bflity 8tUdf.a Bhould b. 8valuated as early as
possible in the procors. This ir bocruse aury troatability studies,
oopacially pilot taitb9, MY tako ~ veral months or longer to complete. If
a lengthy rtodp lr rerod and is not inithtd early, completion of the FS
m y k dal8y.d.
Th. initial rctivitior of troatability testing include nseuching
other potantially applicablr data, dosigning tho study, urd procuring
vendors and equipnnt. As appropriate, the80 activities rhould occur coz-
currently w ith rito chuactmriration offorts 80 that if it is determined
that a potential technology is not feasible, md plannod treatability ac::v:-
ties for this technology can be terminated.
scoping trartability studies.
4 t-12
&
Chapter S provides guida:=e 0:

2.2.5
/65’
OSIER Directive 93Sf.
A preliminary identification Of potential ARARs urd T ~ c intornution in
the scoping phase CM assist in initially identifying remadial alternatives
and is useful for initiating CO~icationS with the support a9ency to faci-
litate the identification Of ARMS. mrthermore, euly identification of
potential MARS will aflw btter planning of field activities.’ Because of
the iterative nature of the RI/FS process, ARAR identification continues
throughout the RIPS U 8 batter unbrrstanding is gained of site conditions,
site contuninants, and remadial action alternatives.
ARARs may ba categorized as ch.nrical-spocific requirements that
define acceptable exposure levels and threfore be used in 8Stablishinq pre-
liminary temediAtlOn goalst as location-specific raquiraments that m y set
restrictions on activities within spocific locations such as floodplains or
wtlrndrr and as 8ction-sp.cific, which M y Set ~~ntrol8 or restrictions for
pbrtfCUl&? treataunt asid disposal activities rolated to the management of
huudau8 Wa8t.S. The writ, C-liUtCO With Other &WS ~ U a ~ ”
(U.S. EPA, Draft, May 19881, contains detailed infancation on identifying
and complying w ith m s .
Potentirl chmical- and loeation-sp6cific AIURs are idectified on the
basis of the compilation and wralu8tion of existing site dbta. A pte-
‘liminary evaluation of potential action-specific ARARs auy also be mace to
assess th0.fouibility of ramdial t.thnologioa king conriderod at this
tbo. In abbftion to ?odaral ARARs, mre ruingent State MARS anast also be
idontifiod. Other Fedoral 8nd State criteria, advisories, and guidance ant
local ord~nbnces should also ba considered, as appropriate, in the develof-
mmnt of d i a l action alternatives.
~~ ~
~
’In addition, caapliancr with certain enviromntal statutes (0.9. , the
National Historic Preservation Act) is simplified with early consultation
with the responsible Podera1 agency.
2-13
I/
-\
---

2.2.6 Idontify Oat8 Noeds
OSWER Directive 9
The identifiertion of data needs is the mst important part of the SCOF-
inq process. Data neods aro id.ntifi.6 by wrlwting the existing drtr ant
dotermrininq art addition81 d8t8 8rO n@cO#rrry to Ch8r8tteritO the site,
develop 8 kttor conceptual understrndihg of the sitec better define the
ARARs, nrrrw the rrnge of r@m~dirl 81ternrtitnS that hrve ken identifie

The possible US.% of tho data includo tho follwinq:
o Monitoring during implomentation
o Herlth rnd S8fOty planning
0 sit. ehrrrctorization
o Risk r ssos~nt
0 m8lWting 81tOmatiV.I
o Dotormining tho PRP
o Enginooring tho dosign of rltrrnrtivor
OSWEP. Directive 9355.
A mro comploto doscription Of tho d8t8 UIOS rnd thoir rpproprrate
analytical lovolr (Fiquro 2-31 can bo found in tho Cuidrncr .
Sotting prioritios for data US. helps to dotormino tho highort love: of
confidanco roquirod for arch type of data.
soil contrminrtion m y bo nocarsrry for a11 tho usor lirtoC abovo but may be
of hiqhort priority for risk 8rsormont and crvrlurtion altornativos. withi::
thoro two US. C8tOgOriOr, tho ova1uation of 8ltornrtivos may roquiro a much
groator 1.v.l of confidonco in tho contaminant typos and concentrations on-
sit. so th8t cost ostimtos for troatamnt can bo proparod to m ot or apFroach
tho goil of r +SO porcont/-30 porcont accuracy 1.~01. AS a rosult, data
noods rpocifying the lovol of allowrblo uncertrinty would bo sot for the
ovalurtton of 8~tornrtivos use crtogoy and would thorofora prwido an
accoptrblo lovol of confidonce for tho reining data ~8.8.
?Or oxrmpla, additional data on
Sonsitivity rnrlywr may bo usoful in ovrlwttng tho accoptrblo lovol
of uncortainty in data. Critical parawtors in any of tho US. eatogorios
can bo vrri.6 over 8 psobrblo rang. of vrluos a t
voro idontifiod in tho
concopturl sit. d o l 8nd that dotormino tho offoct on mooting tho RI/FS
objoctivor. ?or e-10, prolinrfnary tro#tmont costs for contaminrtod soar
can bo crlculrt.6 for orrious contan~inant typos and volmos. Tho sonsitivity
that contaminant volu6e and typo hrs on trortmont Cost crn bo rssosscd
so that sufficient site Ch8raetOrfZrtiOn data aro eollutod to allow costinq
of troatmont altornativor during tho PS using a go81 of +SO prcont/
-30 porcent cost accuracy.
2-15

@
fldURE 2-3
OSJWER Dirmivo Q3ss.).oi
, SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL LEVELS APPROPRIATE TO OATA USES
OATA USES ANALmCAL LEVEL TYPt OF ANALYSIS
UWLV
~~
I

Likovise, resource constraints such 8s the availability of a laboratory,
sampling and analysis OqUipmonto and prsonnel may ah0 influenco tho determination
of data roquitemonts. 8ecruSe of the high cost of samplinq at2 analysis for contaminants on the hazardous rubstances list, data acquisi::~:.
should be focused only on the data quality and quantity necossary and suffic-
ient to moot the RI/?S objectives. ft is a180 *runt to do any necossrry
logistical planning once data needs 8 rO identified. For examplo, if it w ill
be necessary to acquire aerial photographs to 8d.quately evaluate a site, it
should be noted e8rly the process So that the acquisition can bogin early.
2.2.7 Design a Data Collection Program
Once the level of confidence rquirod for the data'is established, rtrateqier
for rrmpling and rnrlyris can be dovelopod. The Identification of
sampling requirements involves spocifying tho ramplinq dosign; the sampli3a
method; ramplo numbers, types, and locrtionrt and the lwel of smplinq qurl-
ity coctrol. Data may be collected in nultlple sampling efforts to use re-
sources efficiently, and the hvel of 8Ctur8Cy m8y hlCre8SO as tho focus of
santpling is nrrrosnd.
The d.t8iPriMtlOn of 8arlytic81 toquirmentr involves
specifying the -st COrt-eff.Ctiv8 8nrlyticrl mothob that, together with the
Samplfng mthOblt d l1 Y.t th. won11 data noad# for tho Rf/FS. Data Curl-
ity nquiruwntr rpnifi.6 for rarplinq and rarlyrir include precision,
accuracy, reprerontativenerr, completmess, and mrability.
A description of tbe mthods to be OM in rnrlyting data obtained dur-
ing the RI ahould bo includod in a SAP. Tho 1-1 of &tail possible in
defining the data evalurtion tasks will dopond on the quality of tho site
conceptual modal.
should bo sp.ciffed 8nd describod.
if numerical modeling is anticipated.
If tbe rite is wall undorrtood, data W81WtfOn teehni7-s
This infornution is erpoeially importa?.t
available, the task doscriptions m y be very general, since it my not be
2-17
If little existing information is
-

2.2.8 Dovolop r Work Plrn
OSWER Directivc 93
Tark8 to k c8nduct.d durin9 tho U/FS rhould k identified rnd docu-
rwntod in r work plan. Although this work plan vi11 constitute the plrnr.it.4
through tho caplotion of tho RIIFS, tho lmml of dotail with which specific
trrkr t8n k d0rcr.ib.d during rcoping w ill d-nd on tho rmount rnd quality
of oxirting data. Tboroforor in ritwtionr in which rdditiOn81 d8t8 rre
noodod to 8d.qurtoly #cop. tho dovoloplP.nt and ov81uation of 8lternatives,
omplurir rhould bo plrcod on lhiting tho 1mw1 of dotril urod to dercribe
thoro rubroquont trrkr 8nd
will bo rofinod lator in tho procorr. Thir will reduco tho tiw neoded to
prop8ro 8nd roviw the initi81 work p&n. k tho RIRS pracoer progresses
and kttor undorrtrndisq of tho rito ir gained, thoro tark descriptions
c80 ba rofind. Tho prOlbh8y 6.8CriptiOn8 of t8rb noodod to complete
tho RIDS rhould bo docuaontod in tho work plrn md can bo urod 8s r basis
for rchoduling 8nb 08tim8ting the RIDS bu69.t.
2.2.9 tdontifp Hoalth 8nd Srfoty Protocols
.
nothg th8t tho #cop. of thoro activities
PrOtOCtinq tho horlth and rrfety of tho iavortig8tivo tern. and the qcn-
ora 1 public ir 8 ma)- concorn durlng -81 rorpanso 8ctionr. Workers
my bo expond to 8 rarkty of hatrrdr including toxic chamic81ar biological
rgmntr, mdioactivo matoriala, hort or othor pbyricrl ~tros~os, oquipment-
rolrt.6 8~~idonf8, and firor or oxplo~ionr. Th. rurrounding c-ity may
bo at incsara.4 riak f- unanticipatod chomicrl roloarorr firerr or explorionr
crortod by onrito activitior. In rocogaition of thoro concomr, OSHA
hm prblirhed regulations that atroar tho importrnco both of an underlyins
horlth and uftzy progrrm and of rito-rpocific rrfoty plrnnin9. The fO115u-
ing i8 8 lirt cf documntr that contain nqulrtions portlining to workers a t
h828rdOUS W StO Sites:
2-16

OSWER Directive 9355
meri=ac National Standards, Practicer for Respiratory ProteyiZn
(beriean National Standards Institute, 198C)
o weupstiom1 Hoalth Guidelines for Chotnical Hazards (National
Institute for Occupational Srfety and Herlth, 1981)
0 Safety Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Investiqations (U. S. E?h,
1979)
o Interim Stanbard Operating S8fety Guides. (U.S. EPA, 19621
o Occupational Safety rnd Health Guidance Manual far Ratardous Waste
Site kctivitier (NIOSH/OSHA/USCC/uSEPA, 19851
o NIOSH/OSHA Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazard8 (NltiOn81 Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, 1378)
o Kational Fire Codes (National Fire Protection Association, 19E:l
2.2.10 Conduct Conmunity Intowiews
The conmunity relations staff w r s , which can be either le& aqer.cy
or contractor personnel 8nd technical staff, should work together during the
scoping procers so that there is sufficient information to conduct cmunrty
interviews. Co-ity relations staff members then meet with the identifLed.
groups Or individuals to gain 8n understanding of the site's history and tF.e
cmity's involv.wnt with the site frm the community's perspective. Tke
le8d agency will determine on a site-specific basis the type and number of
interviews that need to be conducted to obtain sufficient informatiot. to
develop an effective caPlmvlity relations plan. The results of the internrevs
should be made 8vailabh to all technical staff members to assist it. idcr.tL-
fying potet.ti8: Walt@ types an6 disposal practicesl potential pathways of
ContaminatioEl an& potential receptors.
2-19
On the basis of aK underrtar.2::; =f

Q
0-R Dirmctivo 9
Thero are several points durfng the seeping process when corrmunicrtio~
$8 r.quir.6 ktviHn the lead ageney and its contr8ctor and/or the support
agency (80. Table 2-21, It is eSp.Ci81ly hportant th8t discussion and info1
mrtion exchange occur if interim actions or limited field investigations are
considerod necessary. For 811 RInSS, it i8 dosirable for the load 8nd sup
port agencies and their cOntr8CtOtS to reviw existing data and to agree OE
the major tasks to k conducted at 8 Site. Specific guidance for the timing
and nature of cosrmunications b0tVe.n the lead and support agencies is providc
in the 'Suprfund Momorandum of Aqroownt Guidance. (in preparation).
DdiVer8bhS requirod for all RIr7Ss in which field investigations are
plannod consist of .a work phn, an SAP, a health and rafety plan (HSP), anC
8 cammMity re18tiOnS pbn (CEIP).
together, each plan my be delivered separately.
described be1.0~:.
2.3.1 Work Plan
Although these plan8 usually 8re submitted
&ch of there plans is
Tho work pl8n documants the decision and waluatfon made during the
scopin9 m s s
mad presontr anticipat.6 future taaks.
It alw serves as a
valuablo toof for rrsignfn9 responsibilities and uttfng tho project's rehe-
dule 8nC Cost.
Inforevtion on planning work for lead 89eney staff may be
found in the Superfund hder81-kab Il.awdial Project )Ilnaq.annt HandSook
(U.S. DOCombor 1986); 8nd the Superfund State-Urd Remodia1 Project
U8naqemet.t Randbook W.S. EPA, Docomber 198€l.
2-2C

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2-21

Tho prhry user of tho RIPS wrk plan is the load 8goncy for the site
(uswily eitb.r zhe LPA Region or the appropriate rOde?al or State agency)
and the pmjoct team that will eXOCUt0 tho Uork. Socondory Users of the
work plan includo other gr-pr or agoncios SOnting in 8 roview capacity,
such 8s EPA fleadquartorr and local gotrommnt agoncior. me work plan is
usually rude 8vrilrblo for public -nt (often in conjunction with 8 public
weting) 8nd is plrcod in tho Mministrrtive -cord.
2.3.1.2 Proparation
The work plan prosentr the initial ovalwtion of oxirting d8t8 rnd back-
ground information porfonwd during the rcoping pr:~~oss, including the
following:
0 An rnrlyrir and a-ry of the sit0 background and the physical
sot t in9
o An rnelysia and ,wry of previous rorporrsos
o Prosontation of the concopturl rito -1, including an analysis
' and ~ r of tho y n8turo and oxtent of contamination: preliminary
arsesronnt of public health and environnwntrl impacts; anC the
additional &ta nod06 to conduct the basoline risk 8ssessmcf.t
o Proltrinary idontifieation of gonoral rosponre actions ant altcr-
nativor and ttm &tr nood.8 for tho ovrlwtion of alternatives
Th. uod plrn a180 dotinos tho rcop. and objoctivos of RIDS activities
to tho ost.nt posriblo.
The SCOpO of tho RI sit. cbaractorirrtion should bo documented in the
work plan, with detailed doacriptions prwided in tho SAO. Utor tasks vi11
USU811y ba #coped in 108s dotail, pnding the acquisition of more complete
d8t8 about the aft..
2-2:

OSWER Directive 9355
The initial plan is prepared prior to the RI site ehar8cter~z~t:0~. 1
Because the RI/FS ptocess is dynamic and iterative, the work plrr. or $UpFle-
mental plans, such as the Q up and the rsp, Can bo modified during the RI/FS
pr0c.s~ to ineorpot8te new informbtion and refined progect objeetivos. me
work plan should be revised, if neC*SSaIY, before (1) addiiional iterations
of sit. characterization activities, and (2) treatability investigations.
On Federal-Lad sites, a work plan revision r.qu@St (WPRR) is submitted for
approval of any significant changer to the budget schodule, or scope. EPA
has found technical directive mamorandumr (T'DHs) to bo usoful for decreasizq
administrative t im vhen the proposed work plan chrngos do not affect the
total budget or schodulo.
2.3.1.3 Work Plrn flomentr
Five elements (XntrodUCtiOnc Site B8ckgroufid 8nd Physical Setting,
Initial Evaluation, Work Plrn Rationale, and N/?S Talks) typically ore
included in a work plan. These elanent8 are doacribod in Appendix B.
Among tho olomnts to k includod is tho rp.cificrtion of RIDS tasks.
For Foderal-lead sites, 14 standard tasks h8ve boon defined to provide con-
sistent roperting rad allow mor. offoctlvo monitoring of RX/FS projects.
Figure 2-4 shows thoro trrkr 8nd thoir relationship to the phrses of ac
RI/FS, and dotriled task definitions are includod in Appendix E.
RI/FSs that 8ro not ?odoral-load projects aro not required to use these stan-
* d8rd tasks, thoir us0 provides a valwblo projoct srnagomont tool that allous
for compilation of hirtorical cost rnd schedulo data to holp estimate these
factors during projoet planning 8nd mrugamont.
hlthough
Projoct Manaqomont Consider8tions. Project ~nnrgoment consider8tions
m8y bo rp.eiflOd h th. work plan to &fino tOl8tfOMhipS and responribili-
tios for sohetd task 8nd project unrgmnt item#. This apocification is
particularly useful when the lead agency i s using extonlive contractor
'In enforcement c8loar PROS ora typically rosponsiblo tor the development of
the work plan (So. App.ndix A).
'.
2-23

8 I *
I
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1
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0
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i t
c
c
3
c 0 2

istance.
in the vork plan:
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
/b s-
OSWER Directive 9355.
The following Praj@ct UUnaqOmont Considerations may be discussci
Coordinrtion among the lard rgonq, the support a9ency, the PPPS
rnd tho tontrrctorr performing the vork
Coordinrtion with othor rgencier (Typically, the lerd agency's RPY
is the focus for the coordinrtion of r:l other agency and private
participation in sit. activities rnG docisionr.)
Coordinrtion of Nbcontractors, if any, rnd doscription of health
and rrfoty requiremontr rnd rorponsibilitios
Intorfree for F9deral-load projects with the Contract Laboratory
Program (CLP), if noedod, to miaiP320 S8mpling roquiremontr by use
of flold SCr@Oning, to schdulo rnalyses -11 rherd of rrmpling
trips, rnd to rccurrto1y C q h t e CLP papwork
Cost control (including a description of procoduror for contrac-
tors to report oxp.ndfturos)
Schodule control (including a doacription of schedule trackin?
mothodr and procodurns for contractors to roport activities to the
load 89Wty)
Identiffcrtion of potentirl problom8 10 that tho RPn 8nd site
unaqot can dovolop contingency plans for rorolutiorr of problem
during tho RInS
Evidentirry consider8tionrr if neodod. to onruro that project
staff mombotr are trained with rogrrd to roquir.ar.nrs for adt.is-
stbflitg cf tho vork in court
2-2 5

OSWER Directive 93
-st and Key bs\rmptiOnS. For F*d~rrl-lead Sites, tho RI/FS work plan
includes a detaihd 8-W of Proluted labor and OxWnS. colts,' brokon
do~n by tho 14 tasks listed in ?'tgurO 2-3 and described in Appendix e, and
description of the key 8SSwuptiOnS rOqUfr.4 to uke such a cost osti~ute.
During reopiag, mor0 detailed costs typiC8lly prwid.6 for the RI site
char8ct*rfZ8tiOn task8 than for later phrSeS Of the RtRS. The 18rr-d8tailed
costs u y k refined as field investigations progross and the naturo and
oxtent of sit. contamination is more fully understood.
RIDS costs vary groatly among Sites and are influenced by the
following :
o The size and coaqlexity of the sit.
o The level of prsonael protectfob -red for onsito wrkors
o
The numbor rnd dopth of wlls r.quir.4 and the typos of subsurface
conditions where wlls will bo fnstrlld
o The number an& typos of modi8 samplod
o The nunbet of samples required for each modi-
o Tho no& tor support of onforcement activities
o The nood for bench- or pilot-sea10 test8
-
Sch.dule. Tbo aaticipt.4 schodulo for tho RID'S is fornnrlatod on the
basis of the scope of the project, including the idontificrtion of k*y
1
The estinuted RIDS costs prepared by tho RPK during the scopinc process
will form the basis for evaluating costs propasod by tho ~onffbctof rr: the
work plan and ~~oulC helF facilitate the control of projoct cos:S as t3+
Rf/rS proceeds. Cost estimates nay not bo roquirod for State- an3 f?t-lQa-'
Ri/FSS.

activities and deliverable dates.
varies amsng rites.
2.3.1.4 f0-t
OSWER Drrective 9355
As with COSt, tho scheduling of tasks
The wrk plan should include the de81OntS dareribad in Appendix 8.
Table 2-3 provides a suggested format.
2.3.2 Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP)
2.3.2.1 Purposo
Tho SAP consists of two pbrtsr (1) a qu lity project plar.
(QAPP) that describes the policyr OrgUitbtiOn, functional activities, and
quality assurance urd quality control protocola nocossary to achieve 000s
dictated by tho intondod ume of the -88 8nd (2) the field sampling plan
(FSP) that provides guidance for all fiolbwork by doflning in detail the
rwling ad data-gathoring mathods to be urd on 8 project. Tho ISP should
be writton mo that a fiold sampling team unfamiliar with tho site would be
able to gathor tho Sm~plos and fiold infomation roquirod.
Cuidmce for the
soloct~on md definition of field mothds, mapling procedures, and custody
can bo rcquirod fram tho Compendium of Superfund Field Op.rrtionr Methods,
which is a ;ompilation of domonstratod fiold tochiquo8 Mat have been used
during remedial nrponw actfoitios at hazardour wart0 sites (U.S. EOA, Sep-
. tombor 1987, heroafter reforrod to as the Caupondid. To tho extent pos-
riblor procoduror f m
thir C-ndium should k incorp0rat.d by reference.
In addition, the PSP .nd OAOp rhould bo ruborittd u a mingle documont (al-
though thoy may k boaad ropuatoly to facilitrto UH of tho Is0 in the
fiold). Thoro offorts will rtraamline propuation of the document anC
roduce the time roquirod for roviw.
Tho purposo of the SAP ir to onsure that sampling dat. collection
activities will bo c wable to and compatible with prroiour data collec-
tion activities porformod at tho rito whilo providing 8 mehmirm for plan-
ning and approving fiold rctivitior.
Tbo plm also morvos as a basis for
ostfmating costs of fiold efforts for inclusion in tho work plar..
2-27

I
1.
2.
3.
4.
S.
6.
7.
0.
9.
In troduetion
Sit0 B8ckground rnd Setting
o
o
o
Q '
Typos 8nd voltrsrs of waste presont
Potontur pathw8yS of eontammant miqrrtion/preliminory
public he8ltri 8nd envirormontrl impacts
Praliarfruy identific8tion of op.rrbh units
Preliminary identific8tion of response objeetiver and
r.lrrCial action alternatives
work Plan Rational.
o DQO needs
o Work plan approach
Costs and Xay Assumptions
Schedule
Q Staffing
o Coordfn8tion
Rof orences
4 2-26

2.3.2.2 Plan Preparation and Responsibilities
Preparation and Review. =A, the Strtes, PRps, or the contractors pet-
forming the work should prepare SAPS for rll field activities performed.
The lead agency's project officer must 8ppr0~0 the SAP.
title page of the plan usually show cqletion of roviows and approvals.
Environnnntal sampling should not be initiated until the SAP has received
the necessary approvals.'
Table 2-4.
Signatures on the
A suggested fornut for a SAP is listed in
2.3.2.3 ?ield Srarpling Plan tlownts
The socond part of tho SAP is the ?SO. The ?SP consists of the six
elomants contained in Tablo 2-4. These elomoats aro dosc&bed -re fully in
Appendix 8.
2.z.2.4 Quality Arrurance Project Plan Elements
The QAPP should contrin 14 elamontr. Those olwnts are listed in Ta-
blo 2-4 rnd doseribod b~ Appondix B. The roquirod infomation for each of
the olomontr of a QAPP mod not bo generrtad ereh t h a QAPP is prepared.
Only thoso aspoets of QWP that aro specific to th. sit. king investigated
need to bo explicitly doscribod. If sito-rp.ciiic infomation is alreaCy
contained ia rnothor doctmont (e.g., tho k?) it mod only k roferenced.
Similarly, any infomation contrined in guidrnco documoats such as the
Cuidanco rhould only bo roforoncod rnd not ropmatd in the QAPP.
&
Approval to conduct limited sampling (sea Soction 2.2.2.3) may be qivcn as
part of the interim ruthoritation to prepare the' work plans.
2-29

PAP0 Tit10 Pago
Tale of Contontr
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
' 6.
7.
8.
9.
10 .
11 .
12 .
13.
14
2-30
0- Diroetivo !

2.3.3 Health and Safety Plan
2.3.3.1
/D f
O m 3 Directive 9355.
Each raPL.dial r@SPOnS@ plan Vi11 V8W 8I to degroe of planning, special
training, auprvirion, and PrOteCtfve equipment neoded. Tho health and
safety plan prepared to rupport the field effort must conform to the firm's
or agency's health 8nd safety program which must be in compliance with OSFA.
The site health and rafety plan should be prepared concurrently vith
the SAP to identify potenti81 problems early, mach 81 the availability of
adequately trained personnel 8nd equipment.
include maps 8nd a detailed Sit0 dercription, remalts of previour sampling
activities, and field reports.
mation, along vith propored activities, and U8e profesrional judgmnt to
identify potentially hazardous oporationr and exporures and prescribe appro-
priate protective marurer.
OS= requires that the plan
The plan preparer should review site infor-
Appondirt 8 Of the Occumtional Safety and Health
Cuibrnte U8nual for Hatardour Warte Sit0 Actioitier (NIOSH/OSHA,/TJSCG/vSrPA,
1985) provider an example of a gonoric fomat for a rite health and rsfety
plan that could be tailored to tho need8 of a rpocific employer or site.
2.3.3.2 Elements of the Health and Safety Plan
Each site hoalth and safety plan should include, at a minimum, the
' 11 elements describod in Appondix B. The @loment# required in a site health
and rrfety plan aro lirted in 29 Q11 1910.120.
Th. OSBA rwlation roquirer that safety briefing, k held .prior to
initiating any ritr activity and at such othor tL.8 a# necerray to ensure
that employees
-
are 8pprir.d of the rite ufety plan and that it is beinq
follwed.
The final component of site health and safaty planning or informational
programs is site auditing to evaluate compliance vith and effectiveness of

\9'
2.3.4.2 Connrnity k18thns Ol8n tlrwnts
forut included in
2-32

CHAPTER :
SITE CHARACTERIZATIOP

3.1 INT,RODUff XON
/d<
OSwER Directiva 9355.3-Cl
During site characterization, the Sampling and analysis plan (SAP),
dovelopod druing projoct planning, is bplemonted and field data are eoi-
lected and analyzod to dotonnine to what OXtOnt a rite poser a thrart to
human health or the environment. Tho major coapononts of rite eharacter-
ization are presented in Figure 3-1 and includo:
o conducting field invortigationr as appropriate
o Analyzing field samples in tho laboratory
o maluting rosults of data analysis to characterize the site and
dovolop a b8solino risk arsarmnt
o Determining if data are ~~ffiCiOnt for doveloping and evalurtina
pokential rommdial 81tOXlWtiVOS
b.cauS0 infOm8tiOn on a sit0 can bo 1kit.d prior to conducting an RI,
it may be dosirablo to conduct tw or mro itotative field investigations so
that sampling offotts can bo bettor focused. Thoroforo, roscoping may occur
at s.tter8l points ia tho U/?S p-ra.
scopinq and additional sampling my occur if the results of field screenirq
or l8bor8tom 8mlyws #hew that sit. conditions are significantly different
than originally kliov.6. In addition, on- tho malytical rorults of
sampler bvo boon rocoived (oithor f m a kboratory or a mbilo'lab) 8nd
tho &ta ~va1~af.b~ it 8ust k decided rhothor further sqling is needed to
8SSOSS Sit0 riSkS and r\rppott +ha ovalwtiaa of potonti81 -dl81 altema-
tives in tho ?S.
.
huin9 oito characterization, re-
At this tinre, it is USUallY apparent vhether the dbti
'.

f
Ib
FIGURE 3.1
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SITE CHARACTERIZAnON
I I I
h b
I
I I
I
OSWER Dtrmwo 935.3-01
t I

OSWER Directive 9355.3-01
This chaptor prwidor dotai1.d dorcriptionr of thoro activitte~ that
may k roquirod during tho RI Charretoritation. k d~rcurrod earlier,
tho complexity and oxtont of potonti81 risk8 pored by Suporfund rites is
Thoroforo, the lord rnd rupport 8goncior will have to
highly V8ti8blO.
duido on 8 sit-spociffc brrir which Of tho 8CtiVfti.8 dorcribod in this
chaptor must bo conduct06 to 8doquatOly char~ctoriro the problem(s1 and help
in tho .valuation of roamdial 81tomrtivor.
3.2 FIELD INVESTIGATION -ODs
?io16 invortigrtion uthodr ur.6 in Ur rro rolectod to met tho b t8
noodr ostablirhod in tho r~~ping p?OCeS8 rnd 0Utfin.d in tho uork plan 8nd
SAP.
This soctfon provib.8 an atnrviw Of tho typ8 of rito charaeteritrtion
drt8 that m8y b0 rOqUirOd 8Td tho bAVOStig8tiVO w-8 Urd h obtaining
thoro drtr. Tho fOll~ing ~ctionr doscribo mothodr for (11 implomonting
fiold activitior, (2) fmtortigrting 8itO phyricrl charrctotirticr, (31 defin-
in9 tho rourcor of cont8sirution, rnd (4) wrlwting tho mturo and extent
of contamination. Specific tnforwtion an tb. fiold inooatigatton awthods
* descrlbod k&u ir contab.d ia tha
ndim. -8.ctioaa of tho Cacllp.ndim
that apply to particular typos of field invostigrtionr rro rhovn in
Trblo 3-1.
3.2.1 Implomont Piold Actfvitior
3-3

tuk8

OSWER Directive 9355.3-01
o Procure equipment (prsonal protectivo onsombler, air mnitoring
devices, sampling oquis-nt, docontrmination apparatus) and
supplier (disposabl~r~ t8-r notobook, otc.)
o Coordinate with anrlyticrl lrboratorior , Fncluding rrmple sched-
uling, roportinq, chain-of-custody rOCOrdS, rnd sample bottle
acquisition and procuromont of C1080 support laboratories or other
in-fiold 8n81ytiC8l c8pbiliti.8
o Procuro onrito facilitios for offico rpaco, onrite hboratory,
docontrmination, .quipwnt and vohiclo m8intonance and repair, and
ramp10 8tor8g.8 as wll 88 onsite witor, oloetric, tolophone, and
mnitrry uti1iti.s
o Prwido for stor8ge ot disposal of contninatod utorial (o.g.,
docontaminrtion sdutions, dirpoublo .quipP.nt8 drilling muds and
cuttings, wll.d.vo&opnt fluidr, wll-purging vator, 8nd rpill-
contrminrtod mtOri818)
ShCO prOCUromont 8CtiVfti.8 can t8ko up to rWOr81 nmnths, thoy rhould
bo iaitfrtd 88 oarly as possLb10 w 8s not to atfoct tho worrll RIRS
.sch.dulo. Schmdulo rbould also bo avoided by stmcturing contracts,
rho?. -88ib108 -c)L th8t th.m f8 1# n0.d to w-0 wmic.8 for nrb80-
qwnt sit. cb.mctoriratioa activities. This wy bo actc3.plish.d using con-
tract options that aro oxorc~wb only in tho wmnt that additional sonticor
or facifitios aro roquirod (0.9.~ baric ordorinq aqroomonts for -11
drilling) .
nobilo labs or labs loeat.6 noat tho sieo can ofton reduce tho time
nocosury for caa~plOting ll1 activitior. If such quick-turnaround analysis --
is avrilab10, it o n k usd to dotormino tho loe8tion and typo of subso-
quent rampling that mt take placo to DD~O complot8ly ch8ractorizo the

3.2.2 Investigate Site Physical Chrrrcteristics
OSWER Direetivo 9 355.34
D1t8 on the physic81 chrr8cteristiC8 of the site 8nd surrounding areas
should bo collected to the extent necors8ry to doftne potantirl transport
p~thumys rnd recoptor populations 8nd to prwido rufficiont engineering data
fat dwelop#nt rnd scroeninq of romdirl retion alternatives. Infornutior.
normally mode6 can be c8tegorit.d 8s m~f8Ce fe8tores (including nature1
8rd 8aifiCi81 fO8ftU8S)r WlOgY, SOUS, &8CO W8t.r hydsolwp hydro-
g.ologyr Wt-rOloQYr h m n popuf8tiOnSr 8nd 18d US.# 8ad .cOlogy.
su?f8C8 fo8tut.r Uy bchdo facility dirnslons rnd locrtions (build-
ingr, tanks, piping, etc.), surface disposal areas, fencing, property lines
8nb Utility 1in.8, rO8bw8yB 8nd r8flW8y0, br8in89. ditches, 108Ch8t.
springs, rurfrce-u8ter bodies, vegetation , topogr8phy, residencos , and
cm?cial buildings.
possible contrrrin8nt 8igrrtian 8nd the locrtion of potentirlfy 8ffect.d
roeaptors.
that ara onsite, but aboulb facltlb. significant offsite features as well.
Othor frcilfties ia tha 811.8 that are potential contributor# to
contamination should also k identified.
Features such 8s these 8re usually identified for
Invertf9atlon of turfrce fe8turos should not bo limited to those
A history of -8Ce fo8turos 8t the site can k developed from
existing d8t8. As discussed in Chapter 1, tho data m y include historical
photographs, p8rt topogrrphic s umys , oprrtional records e 8nd informat ior.
obtain& during into~i.us with omera, operators, local roaidents, rnd
local regulatory agencior.
the =st valuable ot there mother.
Reviow of historic81 photographs is sometimes
~eria1 photographs are often avai1ak:e

3.2.2.2 Goology
OSWLR Directive 9355.3-c:
kology m y control or affect the following aspect8 of a site:
0
The dopths, locrtions, rnd oxtentr of water-baring units or
8qUiferS
o The rolorse of contanimntr an4 thoir subsaquent mvemant
o The engineering geologic 88PCtS of rite exploration 8nd
renmdir t ion
Tab10 3-2 sumariter detailed a8poets of site geology. The invertigr-
'tion of sit. gmology should bo tailorad to enrurro the i&ntiticrtiot of ,
thow ferturor that uiL1 affect t& fat. and tsansporlt of contaminants. For
0%8llph, 8n undetSundln9 Of Si- 9~blogY i8 meant 8t 8 rite bt
which t@lOaSO of contaminants occurs by oolrti1itation to th. rmsphere
than at a site at vhich coataminantr are loving tward th8 water t8ble.
TO understand the gmology of a site, on0 maat doterrrlru the 9.0logy of
b8dtock rnd Of unconrolidat.6 ovrzburden 8nb Soit dOpoOft8.
Trbh 3-2
includes spocific arpocts of overburden and bedrock geology.. The degrees :z
which worburden and bedrock geology must k understood &pond on tho
geolo~ic character of tho rite 8?@8, as wll 8s the physical characteristics
.
73

I 2
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ing 8tepS:
OSwER Diroctivo 9355.3-c1
In ganetrl, 8n investigrtion Of site gaology ahould lncluda the follow-
o mtamdnation of ragiorwl geology from rv8ihbh information
0 ~mconnaisrance mapping of the @ma, which may tncluda gwphysicdi
investigrtions onrite
o Subsurface explorations
Tha dagrea to vhich there 8tepS 8re undarrakan vi11 be deteaned by
the degree to which the naad to avrluate 900logic aspoets of the site
dictatar tha invastiqrtions M.6.8 in tho RV?S. Than invartigation
mtbodr are d0rcrib.d in dotail in Soction 8 of tho
rummrizd in Tab10 3-2.
3.2.2.3 Soils and the Vadose Zona
nditrr and
Proportirs of surface soils rid the &re zone influanca the typa and
'rata of contant rottmnt to tbr mbrortrca and Nbsoquantly to the water
tablr. Cont8min8nts t&t can w a through UU susfa~o mil and into the
vabqrra rono wy w o
dirutly to tha -tar table or thy my bo prrtirlly or
fully retairr.6 withirr r)ro vaQro tono to act as continual wrcas of qround-
vrtar contamination. Engineoting, physical, and chamical proportios of soil
and vrdoro zone utortals can bo wasurad in t& iiold or the 18bor8tO~.
Tabla 3-3 strsrriras typical DO- for omil and radoso sono invastiq8tiont.
3.2.2.4, Sutfaca-Water Bydroloqy
Surfaca-wator fartures suy include a mion pattams and rurface-~~t~:
bodies such as ditches, streams, ponds, and 18kW. Tho transport of
\
3-9

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chrrrctorizinq sit08 during an Iu.
/&
OSYER Directive 9355.341
If potontirl prthW8yS includo Sutf8CO W8tOrl nOCoSr8ry data about
inrpoundmonts my includo (1) phYSiC81 dilP.nrion8 such 88 dopth, aria, and
volumo; (21 rosidonco timor 8nd (3) cutront diroction 8nd r8t.s. AS with
impoundments, the diroction 8nd velocity of Irk. curronts rro often highly
vorirblo 8nd, os 0 rO.U1tr 8rO difficult to Yr8uro 8nd 8ccurrtoly prodict.
sit. mapping vi11 prwido much of this infoxmation. m8turomont tochniques,
which 8ro rpcifiod in Soction 10. Surf8co dydrology, of tho Campo ndiurn
includo tho uro of curront metors 8nd droguo tr8cking.
3.2.2.S Hydrogoology
'hydrrulic prPXti.S, 8nd mUd-8tOr we. 8s d0fin.d in T8b1.8 3-5 rnd 3-6
onb described in Saction 8 of the nbi-. Tho &tormination of sit.
goo1ogy 8nb hydrogeology can ofton k incorpor8t.d into 8 single invostiqs-
tive program. kgional hybrog.ologic conditions can k 6.torrin.d from oxist-
ing infomtiont s~to-rp.cific hydroqoologic conditions can bo determined
using S~bsurf8Ce oxp1or8tions, w ll in8t81l8tions. 8nd fiold tostinq of hy-
dr8UliC pr0prti.S. T8blo 3-7 nlaurizos th. typic81 dat8 tolloctod rnd
8V8flrblO 8n8lfliC81 ~thobO1OgiW us.6 during 8 hydr09001OqiC ~VOStigatlOR.
3.7.2.6 Hot.orofogy
~Otooro~ogic81 d8t8 8ro ofton nquirod to Ch8r8ctOritO tho rtmosphert:
trrnsport of eont8mhrntr for risk rssmsrawnt dotoinrfrrrtionr 8nd provide
3-11

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OSWEEC Directive 9355.3-01
- ~yp. of water-bearing unit or aquifer (overburden, bedrock)
- Thickness, areal extent of water-baring units and aquifers
- ~ypa of porosity (primary, such as intergranular pore space, or
secondary, such as kdtock discontinuities or rolutron cavrties)
- ~rlsence or rbrenco of impOrm8Abh units or confining layers
- Depths to uater t&bl8; thickness 0PV.QSO zone
0 Hydraulic asp8ets
- Hydraulic prop8rti.s of Wat8t-karing unit or aquifer (hydraulic
conductivity, txantnrissivity, ~torattvity, porosity, disper8ivity)
- ~resrutr conditionr (confined, unconfined, lerky confined)
- Cround-u8ter flow diroctions (hydraulic 9rrbhnt8, both horizontal
and oorticbl), volumes (specific discharge), rate (average linear
volocity)
- Recharge and discharge atms
- Cround-water or scrface water intorrctionsr areas of ground-water
drscharge to surface water,
- Soaronal variations of ground-water Condition8
-
* 0 Crol~ld-w8fer US8 UpCtS
WDR2 4 3/037
Identify exirting or potential aquitors
Datormina misting near-rite ure of ground water
3-1 3

Componontr of tho ground-water ryttam
- Onconfind aquiforr
- Confirring kbr
- Continad aquiforr
- ~roronco md urangawnt of -oats
Waur-kuin9 oponin98 of tho doabrnt aquifor
- PrL.ry opening8
- Secondary oponin98
obwtk Diroctive 93SS. 3-01
Storrgo and trW86i88iOn chbraCtOti8tiC8 of th. daainant aquifer

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3.2.2.7 Human Populations and k nd Usos
OSWER Dlrectivo 9355.3-C1
Information should bo collected to Identify, onumorate, and cbracterlze
human populations potentially exposod to contaminants roleasod from 8 site.
?or a potontially oxpored pop~18tfOnr hfOmtiOn should be collocted on
population site and 10~8tiOn.
SpeCi81 conridoration w y be given to identi-
fying potontially sansitfvo subpopulations (.go, proqnant w mn, infants)
to bottor facilit8te the Ch8r8CtOrit8tiOn Of risk8 prod by contaminants
axhibiting specific affocts bog., mut89.n~~ tarrtogons) in the b8SOlhO
risk 888@8Smmt.
COnSU8 and other 8-W d8t8 88y k Urd to identify and
dascriba the popubtion potantially 0xpOs.d to eoatrmhated mdia. Informa-
tion cry also be 8V8shb10 frat 13.5. G.aIogic8l Su*y YPI, land use plans,
roning maps, and regional planning 8UthOriti.S.
Data dorcribing the typo and extent of h w n contact with contaminated
modi8 also aro noadd,' including:
o Location and UH of nuface waters
- NP.kr of wolls
'fn 8- 8ituation8, infomution my bo avaifablo fIoe tho ATSDR if they
provaou81y h8ve conductod hoalth conmltation8.
3-17
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- Rmridontirl
- Comareial
- Recre8tional uaa
o Location of population with roapoct to sit.
- Proximity
- Orwailing wind diroction
3.2.2.8 kological Invortigationr
/of
O W R Dfractive 9355.3-01
Biologic81 8nb OCOlogiC81 hfoirvtion CO11oCt.6 for UH in tho brrolinc
risk aaaemmnt ai& in tb wrlwtion of ispaeta to tho omrironmont 8SrOCt-
8t.d With 8 h8%8?&W W8atO Sit0 8rd 8lSO blp8 t0 i&ntffy ptOnti81 OffOCtS
with m t d
to tha L.plomontatlon of m a l
rctlonr.
rad rround tho rite with particular empbrir pl8c.d on identifying sensitive
anvirommntr, oopocirlly vith ro9ard to .adrnqor.d apocios and thair h8bitstr
8nd thoro rpocior c o n d by hmar os found tn hPvn foob ch8inr. Examples
of sonaitivo onvironmnts inclob. ntlandr, flood gl8in8r rildlifo broodins
8ra88, wildlifo rafugor, 8nd rp.ci8lly dosign8t.d 8r.m ruch 81 wild and
rcanie rivorr or parks.
Tho information
Should irrclud~ 8 gOnOr81 idontific8tion of tho fb?8 rad f8Un8 8SSOCi8td in
3-19

mpondifig on tho 8pcific CU-tU3C.8, data Uy k noodd for spcior
that hrvo k~y OCOlogaC81 functions in pirticular ~eosystoms, ruch as primary
or rocondary producers, d.C-s.rs, SaV.aQ.?8, ?robtors, or spocios that
occupy k y psritions in tho food chain8 of h-as or othar rpocior.
bio-
8C-htiOtl d8t8 On food C)Wh OrQ80ilPu1 N Ch 8qlMfiC invortobrrtar and
fish, u y bo particularly mrtrnt to both ontriro~ntal rirk and hwn
rirk 18sos111~nt
(..go, bioarrayr and/or fiold monitoring) uy bo oroful in situations whore
thoro aro caplplox mixtures, hcamp1Oto toxicity informtion, and/or uniden-
tifiod or urrrwamr.6 -&a. Tho Natural kaourcor Trurtoos for the site
should bo eontactod to dotormino if othor oco1oqiul data aro availablo that
may bo rolovant to tho invortigrtion.
information that my bo no0406 and potonti81 col~oction moth&, is provided
in Tab10 3-9.
Lkta gathorod throu9h biological assoramont tochniquor
A rry of .noixonmontal
Prudent jud-nt on tho part of tho sit0 unagorr ir nqulrod to onrure
that only rolovant bta that 611 aid in walwtkrg potential oeologieal
rirk and/or potoatla1 ramodial actbar am oo11oct.d. Docmu0 hwn hoalth
riakr may bo wro mbrtantial than eoological rimks, and the mitigative ac-
tionr takon to a118viato rhk8 to buwn hoalth azo ofton Sufficiont to miti-
qat. potontial ocological riska as wll, oxtonrivo ocological invortigationr
my not bo nquired for m8ny rites. Tho un of a ntriu -ittoo comprised
of individuris oxporioncod in conductin9 .cological invortigations is oncour-
8g.d to prwido doaign, planning, md worright for thoro invortigations and
*o follow through to the mlection of an onvirorrsratally round remedy. Soc-
tion 12 of tho Cog.nbim and Tab10 3-9 piottid. a mamazy of both onvironmen-
tal informtion that MY k M.6.d and potontial collection mthods:
3.2*3 Dofino Soureor of Contamination
Sourcos of contmbation are ofton hatardous mbstancor tontrinod in
d m , tanka, surface LpOUndlYntr, warto pilea, and lanbfillr. In 8
1
Eco1ogical infomtion colloctod to aid in tho ~ssos~nt of risk to humars
~xposod through food chain contamination should be us06 in accorCance wrtk
tho Suwrfund Public Hoalth Evaluation nanual (U.S. EPA, October 1986).
3-20 , I

3-21
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OIVLR Dinetive 93SS.3-01
Sour- charactorirrtion involvor tho colloction of data doscribing
(1) facility cil8r8ctOri8tica tbt holp to ibatify tho oource hcation,
potmtial roloanr, 8nd ongiaooring charaetorirticr that aro important in
tho ovalurtion of rowdial actionrr (2) t& Waf0 chrractorirticr, ruck as
tho typo and quantity of cont8ainrntr th8t u y bo containod in or rOl88Sed
to +bo onvirorrwntr and (3) tho phyricrf or chaic81 charactorirticr of
brardour wart08 preaont in tho Iourc.. ku oeurco cbractoritrtion bt8
aro 8unmarir.6 in Tab10 3-10.
Tho location and typo of oxirtiag conairrrwnt ohould k d otoaeC for
all lrnovn wurcoa. In addltion. vhoro tho b.28rdouS substance romainr in
cont8lrr#nt voarola, t& intogrity of tho containwant rtnxture should be
dotoxminod ao that tho potonti81 for roloaro and ita ugnitudo can bo
w8lurt.d. T&ia dotorrirution t. ..p.cially w e a n t for buriod drum or
f8nka..kC8US@ to~O8iOn Wy b. rapid. -80 &tap 8I -11 88 tho data
idontifi.6 in Tablo 3-10t u y k obtainod 18rgOly through rite inrpoctions,
mapping. romoto nnaing, and rampling and arulyair.
~~
'Guid8ncr on dotormining uhother wartor are RCRA-list06 or characteristic
Walter can bo found in the CZRCU C~rnplianco with Othor kvs Manual (C.E.
EPh, my 1988)
3-22

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OSwLR Dirrctlvr 93SS. 3-01
zt may bo possiblo to dotamino tho location and axtant of soucrs and
tho variation of matorials within 8 vasto doposit by nonchdeal analysis.
Mothodoloqios for this dotam~ination, which aro doscribed in Section 8 of
tho Comportdim, includo goophysical 8WoyS. A variety of survoy tachniq-des
(o.g., ground-ponotrrttng radarr olrctrical r08iStiVityr olectromagnat~e
induction, auqnotomotry, and saismic profiling), can offoctivaly detact a d
map tho location and uctent of buriad vasto deposits.
and infrared hagory can aid in defining soureas through intarprotation of
tho ~cological offactr that rorult fraar strrssod biota. R~~.var, a11 of
th.8. goophysical wthods are nonspecific, and subsequent supling of the
IOU~COS will probably bo roquirod to provido tho data for ovaluation of
rourco control moasuros at tho site.
3*2*4 Dotomino tho Natura urd m ont of Contamination
Amrial photography
Tho final ebjoctiva of tho fiold invortigations is to charrctoriro t3e
nature and o%tont of contamination such that informod doeisions can bo made
a8 to tho loo01 Of ?is& pr08Ont.d by tho 8itO and tho appropriate typo(s) of
d i a l rorpanro. Thir procosr inoolvor tub9 tho infomation on sourer
location and p)ryriC81 rim data bag., groMa-uator f l ~ dinetioar, l
ovarrurd
flow p~ttomu) to gin a pmliaimy artluto oi tho locations of contaminant8
that MY b.rr migrated. & itoratitn .onitorin9 program ir ther.
imp1-t.d ao that, by -in9 incraasingly accurate analytical techniques,
tho 10~8tloru and cormntrationr of contui~ntr tht hmo migrated into the
.nvi-t can bo Qcrrwnt.6.
Tho amling &nd uralyris approach that rhdd bo urd is direussad 13
In ohort, tho approach consists of,
Soction 4.S.l of tho wo Guid~nco.
vhoro apprOpriat0, initially Wing a lam ntrrb.r oi smplos using fiold
scrooning typo tochniquos urd thon, basad on tho rorults of theso srmples,

G
OSWLR Diroctivo 93SS. 3-01
At h828dOuS vasto ritos, tho ruturo rnd oxtont of contrmination my be
of concorn in fivo -8: ground ~8f.r~ mil0 surfrco uator, sodimonts, and
air. Tho mathoQlogior for conducting 88rpling and analysis for oach of
thoso modi8 or0 discussod klou. ?lor0 d.t.ihd brcriptionr of the investi-
grtion process can bo found in tho DQO Guid8nco rnd tho Compondim.
3.2.4.1 Ground Wrtor
The nrturo rnd oxfont Of gP0~nd-~8tOr cont8-8tion Shard bo OV81Urt.6
both hOtiZOnt8lly rad Vorticrlly. tho basis of 9.0logic rnd hydrogoologic
iny~stigrtionr~ it should ba dotormined if contrainrtion of an
rquifor(8) is posrLbl0 rad if such contamination could potontirlly affect
human or onvirorimontrl rocoptors.
?olloVing this0 a ground-urter m0nitorir.g
program amy mod to bo iraplmnt.6, eoncontrrting tho plrcoment of wells ir.
tho diroetion of ground-water flow, in rquiforr aubjoct to contrnrination,
rnd in plrcor whoro they would indicrto rn oxirting or future threat to
?OCOptOr populrtionr. fWu.90r0 bocruro of tho uncortrinties associ8ted with
rubrurfrco a9?8tUn# identifying background lwolsO and dotoxmininq if
thoro is 8 contribution f?a other ~~\L~COS~ sampling should 8180 bo con-
ducted in th. am8 porrcei0.6 to k upgrrdiont tra tha contrminrnt source.
of tbo significant invostnnt nocossry to drill nov wells and
tho rOsulting lLit.4 n wor of srplor, noittior -1 I nor fiold-screenins
tochniquor rro rpproprirto for rnrlysis of ground rrtor, othor th8n to pos-
sibly bottor &fUo Chamlcrl rnrlysis prrmtora.
c8n bo usoful in identifying tho locrtion of pl-s rad thoroby rssisting ir.
tho locrtion of mitoring wlls.
GoOphyricr1 techniques
?IOY.Y.~~ goophysic81 tochniquos are sub-
joct to influoncos from oxtornrl factors rnd rro not appropriate at all size
3-26

OSWLR Directive 93S5. loci
As with qround-uater raatplfng, the intent Of aoil sampling Fs to charac-
terize and ertim8te the ruts Of @Xhting eont8ainrtion. Field-screec::.;
tochnlquer (0.9.~ roil gas 8nrlySi8, -bile l~bor8totier for target compounis:
can be ureful for directing roil sampling into areas of groatart contamlnatiap.
or "hot spts." If eacirtfng info-tion provides no bash for predicting
where hot spots might OCtltrr SauIplinq 10Cationr can be chosen in a grid pat-
tern of appropriate size such that investiqators can be confident that 8Za8S
of high concentration hvo ken located. Often, especially if mil has been
contaminated aa a roault OF overland flaw of contaailungr fra defined sources.
sampling can bo concentrated in thoro area) tbat, either through topography
01 evidence such aa dr8h89e cha~ela, it fa mat likely that contreinents
have been deporit.4.
Aa with ground water, roil contamination ahould be docrnwntrd in both
vert&cal and boriaOnt8l dir.ctLona. Tbir 8pProaCh will help datemine both
a1coas of contamination and baekqround csncontxationr. mila to be analyzed
a .
~8Wlly can bo abt8irr.a by bad, 8llouiag ray -loa to bo taken and
initially analysd rith -nta aueh a8 a p)rotoionitation detector.
krtrlU of field se?aonln9 can then k uad to dotemine which sampler
should bo m o r a~ulyr.6 wing more rigorous m o w .
3.3.4.3 Surface Water
kacbte fraa contuinant aourcea or diacbrqo of eontminated ground
water can result in the csntaaination of aurfaco waters. Surface-uater
88mlin9 locations rhould be choron at the perceivd location(s) of contrrnr-
nant entry to the surface water 8nd dovnstreaa, ar far as necessary, to
3-21
q3

OSUER Diroct ivo 93S5.3-01
ont tam in at ion of rurfaco water is watimos tho rorult of an incident81
roloaso of contarfnantr such as tho otnrflouing or broach of 8 Surf8CO
-nt .
In thoro caros, it ir not llkoly that routine rurfaco V8tOT
sapling will rhov contaoirution that har or way ocmr. Thoroforo, to docu-
mont uhothor ruch roloasos occur, a8mplin9 should bo conbuctod during or
follouing periods of horvy rainfall whoa porriblo.
-
3.2.4.4 Sodimontr
A potontially mor. roriour and problam arsociatod vith rurfaco
wator is tho contamination of rodimntr. wh.roas eontarination in rurfaco
wator tonda to bo- dflutod or t?rnrfoznd 88 it tr8tt.fr daunstroam, contaminaata
doporited in a.diwntr tond to nuin in placo. It ia thorefor.
ooy Wrtant to monitor for s-nt coatamhation if ft ia surpoctod that
surfaco wator b r boon contarinatod.
Tho choico of srmplin9 locations for sodinwnts is similar to the
critoria appliod to surfaco-rrtor rampling.
bo uuful in dofining rroaa of tontaaination.
that ndinwnt contamination ofton conrirtr of if~orgrnics and/or nonvolatile
organics, for which fiold rcromin9 t.Cbniqum aro not 81 8ppliC8blO.
Thorofom, b bmfgaing a sampling program, consi&ration of tho contami-
nants of CO~ICOS~ is vow irpsrtant.
3.2.4.5 Air
Piold-rcrooning tectiniquos can
Rffovor, it should be notod
Volatilization of organics and omirriom of airborn. particulates caE
bo 8 COnCOrn at h8S8rdO~r Wart0 ritor. Po? ritor at which it 8 W 8 t S that
air omissionr aro a problom (0.9., wfaco wunbanta containing volatile
OtglniCS, landfills at which thore is ovidonco of mothano gas produetior. rr.5
migration), an air omissions monitoring program should be undort8k.r. A
& 3-20

3.2.5 Additional Site Chrt8ctarization
In soma siturtions, additional Site info-tion my be required to
tefina our undetrtrnding of the site and botter evalurte specific remdial
rlternrtives. LxamphS include:
o Batter delinartion Of contamhatad areas and dapths of contamina-
tion so that quantities Of contarhated media to be processed car.
bo calculated more accurately
o Charret~rirtic8 Of the aOdi8 thrt -1d 8ffeet the fa8Sibility of
the remadial 81tematiVe, 8Uch a8 Soil p.r#rbfUty for soil-vapor
extraction
o Portinant site ch8racteristic8 not dl8cooar.d earlier in the
initial rite chrr~eteriration effort
3.3 LAWRATORY MuLYStS
Oat8 that vi11 be urod 8s the basis for decirioaaakinq toquires that
the analpis of sautples in laboratories moots specific QWQC raquireanntr.
3-29

OSWLR Dlractivo 9355.3-0
The cto providar analytical serPiCOS through a nationwid. notwork of
laboratorior under contsact to -A. Tho 10.6 8geacy chooser whethet or not
to use a CL? laboratory en tho barfs of available 69 capacity rnd tho
an~lytical roquirommtr that met the oQos. Xf the is not usod, a
laboratory may bo procurd using standard bidding proc.dulos.
Undor the CL?, the majority of malytical nOd8 are mot through rtan-
d.rdir.6 laboratory somites prwidod by lhtine Analytical Sewices (RAS).
The $AS program currently provides laboratory se~icos for the analysis of
organics and inoruanics in w8tor or solid simples. Other specialirod typos
of analysis not yot prwidad by stan&rditod laboratory contracts may bo
8chodulod on an u-noodod b88h undet tho SpoCi81 rrUlytic&l rorvicos (SASI
pro~tam. The $A$ pzogrram is dorignd fo cuaplmont tho 1u8 program by pro-
viding tho capability for spocialitod or cww uulytical roquiramonts. ff
an umlytica1.nood is not ordinarily prooidd by routino analytical rorvicos
(-)e a rpociffc mbcontract c8n bo awarded under the SAS pro9rm to moct a
particular roquirrawnt.
Tho dOci8iOn uh0th.r to US. =bile faborrtorior or a CLP or non-CLP
laboratory should bo bard on sovoral factors includ'ing tho analytical ser-
vicos required, tho rrprkr of ramplor to bo analyrd, the dasirod turnaround
tin, and tho anticiprt.6 turnamand timm of th. laboratory a t the tAme ram-
plor U. to k rant. milo or non-Ct9 lrboratorhs 1ocat.d closo to tho
sit. u y bo the k rt cboico whon fast'turnarrounb of malyticaf rosults is
roquirod to not specific r.llplfn9 objectiver or waulb romlt in a signifi-
cant toduction of tho worall R:/FS schodufe. ?e facilitate the most offi-
cimt coarpletion of th. Me -bile or non-cLP lrboratories can bo urid to
initially document the future and oxtent of contamination.
Selected dupli-
cate samples can bo sont to CLP lrboratorias to confirm and validrtr the
1
tyP. Of 1rbor8tOW UlAlySOr that will bo utilirod for a PRP-lord Rf/FS
may also includo any of thoro listed abovo, if approved by the RPI? (See
Appondix A).
3-30

Section 5 of tho Compendium prorontr tho dotrih of procoduros for the
US. of cLo laboratorios and non-CtP lrboratorior. Tho Usor's Guide to the
Contract bboratory Oroqr8m (U.3. tPA, Docombor 19861 also prosonts
protoduror for US. of tho CLP.
&WfyaOS O f th. &t8 COllOCt.6 rhoufd f a 8 OII tho dovolopnt or refi5e-
mont of tho concopturl rite .ob01 by promntfnq rad anafyting data on source
Tho ovrlwtion of site cbractorirtier should focur on tho current
Oxtent Of COnt8-8tiOll 8nd ortlmtinq tho tr8VOl ti# to, 8nb pr@diCtfnq
contrainrnt concontrationr at, potential oxponuo pointr. ~rta should be
3-31

3.4.1.1 Sit. Physical Chuaetorfsticr
0- Diroetive 9355.3-01
Data on sit0 phyrical chbr8ctOrirticr rhould ba analyzod to dorcribe
tho onvirormontrl rotting at tho sit., lncludlnq -runt surfrce foatures,
roll#, geology, hydrology, WtOOrOlogyr and ocology.
ompharito faetorr iaporunt in dotomining contaminant fat. a d transport
for thoro orrpoauro,p.thvryr of concorn.
tamination in ground watu is of concorn, thoro factorr may includo the
propertier of the ~i88turatOd tono, tho rat. ud diroction of flow i.? the
rquifor(r), urd tho ortont of 8ub#Urf8CO ry8tw.
3.4.1.2 Sourco Charrctorirticr
This analysis should
?or -10, If migration of con-
Data on aourco chuactorirticr rhould bo um1yt.d to dorcribo the sourea
10CatiOnt tho typa 8nd ht.grlty of any Oxirting warto containmont: and the
type#, qu8ntitlorr chacal and phyrical propertior, and concontrrtions of
huudour rubrtancos found.
Tho actual and potontial auqnitudo of releases
from tho sourc. urd tha mobility and parrirtonco of aourco contminants
Should bo ~~altlatd.
3.4.1.3 Tho Wrhrro and Extont of Contamination
An malm18 of data colloct.6 conearning tho study arm rhould bo pet-
formod to contaminant concontration lovolr found in onvironmontal
wdir h tln Study ma. Analyror that at0 iaporturt to tho aubsoquont risk
arrorraont md rubs.quant dooolopnnt of mi.1 altornativor includo the
horizontal rnd vortical ortont of contamhation in roil, ground wrtor, sur-
face vator, s.dbOnt, 8ir, biota, urd frcfliti~s.~ Spatial and tOmPOta1
'Crors-media contamination should be considerod (0.g. , potontial for
contaminrtod soils to act as I SOU~CO
loaching from tho roil).
for ground-wator contarr.inatioc ds:e t3

3.4.1.4 Contaminant ?ita md Trrnrpott
OswLR Diractiva 9355.341
ROSult8 Of tho Sfta physical CharaeariatACS, IOUXCa charrcterrst~cs,
and axtont of eontadnation .nalyrOS arm corrbinad in tha .nalyros of contami-
nant fato and transport. If infomation on tho eontaminant roloaso is avail-
abh, tha obrarvod oxtont of contamination may bo urod in a~sossing the
transport pathway's rata of aUgratiOn and tha fato of contaminants over the
pariod bohnon nlorsa and lloaitoring. Contaainurt fat. md transport may
afro b. artlrutod on tha hair of rim physical charactaristio and source
ch.ractarirticr.
tithor rarlyrir m y 1u. umlytical or nuaorlcal modalfnq. mile field
data gonorrlly krt bib. tho umnt of contamination, modols CUI inter-
polato among and o%t~a@~f.to fra 1rolrt.d fiold ruplar and can inteqret
fiold drtr to crorta r m?o dot~ihd deacription. Malr 4180 can aid the
drta raductioa p?OCorr by prrooiding the u8u With a rtru~turo for orpanrzrna
urd r ~ l y tfhld i ~
nOro detailad ntrwricrl wdals (0.9.~ numuicrl -tar codos) provide
qrertar rccutry uad nrolutfon bocausa they aro crprblo of raprorontin~
spatial vrrirtionr in sit. ehrrrctarirticr and irzagular qeomatries commcr.:y
3-33

FIGURE 3-2
REPRESENlATlON OF THE AREAL EXTENT Of CONTAMINATION
LEGEND'
oi
WAE a FL

OSWER Oiroctrvo 9355.341
Models arm also usoful for sctooninq alternative remdirl actions and
may bo usod for a dotailod Walysfs of b~tOmativos. Deciding whether w,a-
lytical or numoric.1 modoh should bo usad and rolocting appropriate models
for oithor tho romodial invortigation or tho foaribility study can bo diffr-
cult. Woling may not be neadod if rito condition# azo nll understood ar.2
if tho potontial offoetivenoss of difforont ruuodial actions can be eari?y
In selocting and applying models, it is bprtant to rmembor
OV81Uat.d.
that a modo1 is an artificial rOptOSOntatiOn of a physical system ar.d is
only ono wry of chU8CtOriting 8nd rSS.SSing Sfto.
A model cannot replace,
nor can it bo mor. 8CCUr8tO than, the actual Site d8ta. Additional informa-
tion on dotormining conWnant fate and transport ir providod in tho
"Suporfund txporuro Arroswont MMual. (0.1. t?Ar Draft, Much 1988).
1
3.4.2 Darolino Rlrk Arsosmnnt
3.4 2.1 Conoral Infornution
This guldurco is eurrontly undorgofng revirion to batter rofloct Sup8rfur.C
policies and procoduroa.
3-3s

O m R Directive 9355.3-01
In gonoral, tho objoctivos of 8 basolfno risk 8SSossawnt puy b.
8ttrin.d by idontifying and charactoriring tho following:
0
0
0
0
0
0
tnvironmantrl fat. 8nd transport mochanignu within spocific envi-
ronrwntrl wdir such as physk81, choskrl, rnd biological deqrsda-
tion procossos and hydrog.010qi~81 conditions
Ootontirl human and onvironaantrl rocogtors
~otontial oxposuro routes and oxtent of actual or oxpoctod oxporure
fxtont of oxpoctod imp8ct or thrortt 8nd tho lik01ihood of such
ispact or throat occurrring (io.., risk eharrctmritation)
Tho lovol of offott required to conduct a b8solino risk assessment
doponds f8r9.1~ 03 tho collploxity of tho sit.. Tho go81 is to gather suffi-
ciont inforaution to 8d.qurtoly and rccurrtoly chrractorize tho potential
risk from 8 sit., vhih 8t tho )()I# timi conduct this 8ssossmont as effi-
ciontly 8s posstblo.
0s. of tho conco3tual sit. d o l dovolopod and refined
previously vi11 holp focrrr invortigation offoes and, thoroforo, streamlino
this offort. ?acton tbt my rffoct tho 18~01 of offort roquirod includo:
o %bo rrmkr, cancontration, and typos of chratcr1s prosont
0 koa1 Oxtont of contnh8tiOn
0 Tho QMlity and qU8ntity of 8V8ihb10 ronitotinq d8t8
o Tho numbor and complexity of oxposuro pathways (includins the
complexity of rolease sources and transport, modi8 1
3-36

oc
OSVLP Diroefivo 93S5.3-Cl
availability of rppropriato rtandards and/or toxicity data
3.4.2.2 Coapononts of tho Brsalina Risk Asrorsmont
The risk asaosamant procosr can bo divided into four componontr:
'0 Contaminant idontification
o Expoauro aaaoaamont
o Toxicity asaoaamont
o Rirk charactarization
riguro 3-3 illustrator tho risk rrsaamnt proeorr and its four compo-
nents. Tha forlowing providor 8 briof wanrfw of orch cmnont.
Contaminant Idontificrtion. Tho objoetiva of contrainant idantifics-
tion i s to rcraon tho inforution that i s avaihbh on bzardoua aubrtrncos
or wartor prasant at tho Sit. and to idontify tontrrinants of concorn to
focus lubsquont offortr in tho risk aaroaawnt procors. Contaminants of
concorn u y bo aoloetod k cauu of thoir intrinsic toxicological proprtior,
kcauro they aro prorant in large qwntitiar, ot boeausa thy aro proaontly
in or potontially u p -0 into crcitical oxpoauro pathwryr (o.q.# drinking
vator mapply) .
It mmy bo unful for )ow ritor to roloct .indicator chomicalr" as part
of this ~?acor#.l Indicator chaiealr rro cboron to roproront the mort
toxicr prrirtont, and/or milo aubmt8ncoa m ng thore idontifiod that are
' The -thodology for identifying indicator ChaiC8h for 8rrorsing hunun
h08lth risks is dorcrikd in th. Suporfund public 8081th Ev8lwtion Manual
(U.S. EPA, Octobor 1986).
3-37

I
FIGURE 3-3
COMPONENTS OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS
I
I
c
Toxlclty As8arsmant
Evrtuata Unceflrintitu
Wmght of Evidence

OSwlR Oitec:,rvr 93fS.3-Ci
idontify actual or potontial 8xpaSur8 p8thwrySr to chuactrrite the poten-
tially exposed populations, and to dotomino tho oxtont of th8 exporuro.
Datriled guidmco on conducting OxpoSUr8 bSSOSsments is providob in the
Suporfund rXp0 sur. Assosr~~.nt nMWl (U.3. =A, Fall 19881, and is briefly
d i 8 ~ ~ b01-m ~ ~ 8 d
Identifying poturtial 0 ~8uro pathway8 hdpr to concoptualirr how
contminantr MY rigzato ita 8 aoarco to an ui8ting or potential point of
contact. An o x p o pathway ~ my k rimmd b8 ooarirting of four elanenti:
(1) A rourco and nchmla oi chdcd ?olo&so to tho onviromnt; (2) An
environorontal transport wdiu (0.9.~ ais, Qround vator) for tha r8loas.d
One8 tho rou?co(r) and r Oh8SO rchuriru hrvo boon idontifiod, an
analysis of tho onvlronmnul fat. and transport of tho contaminants is
conduct&.
Thlr umlpslr COnSid8~8 tho potonti81 onv~roMtonta1 transport
(0.9., grO~nd-v8tO? migration, airborno transport1 t transfomtion
3-39

a
6
d
I
d

(e.g., biodogtrdrtion, hYdrolY8lS , and ~hotol~ris) : and trmrfor mechan1,rms
h.g. , Sorption, volrti~iZ~ti0~) to ptOvid0 Anfomation on the potentral
mqnftude and extent of onvircrmwntal eontadnation.
potrntirl exposurr points for rocoptors are idontiffod. Tho focus of th:s
offort should bo on thoro loertionr where actual contact vi& tho conta-
nrnts of concern will occur or is likely to occur. hat, potential exposure
router that dorcrfk tho potmtial Upt8kO mechanism fe.g., ingostion, rn,L..a:ation,
otc.) onco r rocoptor e01yr into contact with contrainants ir! a rpoc:fie
onvironnwntal mdiw aro Idontifad and dorcrikd. Pnviromntal media
that m y nood to bo conriderod includo air, ground vator, rurfaeo wator,
roil and sod-ntr md food rourcor. DOtrihd proc.duror for ostimtr~q ar.d
calculating rator of oxpcruro aro doscribed in douil in the SuporiurC spc-
sur0 A~sosrmtnt mnur? (EOA, Draft, Fall 1988).
Next, the actual or
Aitor tho oxporuro prthW4y Ut&lYSi8 ~08iplofod, the potontiel for
oxporure should k rrrorrod. Infomation on tho frmquoney, mode, and aupnrtudo
of oxporuro(r) should bo pathorod. Thoro data rro thon aSS8SS.d to
yield r vrluo that nprorontr tho mount of contaminrted wCia contactod per
day. This .rrrlysir should include not only idontlfic8tioa of current expo-
suros but rlro acporuror that u y occur b tho Cuturn if no action is taker,
at tho rito. keruro tho froquoncy 11060 md wgnitudo of bumn exporures
will vary bard on tho prinay US. of tho moa (o.g., roridmtial, intcs-
tzf.1, or rocrortianal)r tho 8xpoct.d use of tho arm in tho futuro rhou!d
ba 0valu8t.6.~ Tho p~rpou of this rnrfyslr is to prooid. doeirionInakrrr
wtth m undorrubding oi both tho currant risk8 and potrntirl futuro risks
- ~~
~
ITUS ovrlurtion doer not require an oxtonrivo mrlyrir of dowgrrphic trcf.*s
&ad r rtrtirtlcrlly wrrurablo csniidonco lwol fox tho prodletion of
futuro dovologunt, only that tbe llkoly uso (ad on part md current
tnndr, toninq tastrictions, otc.) k ovrlutd.
zAddltional gufbmco on dovoloping rorronrblo maxims oxpcauro acer.arios
will be FtoVidOd in tho upc-cg rovlrion of tho SO=.
3-41

0- Direetivo 93SS.3-01
exposure scenario should be prasented to the dOci8ioaer so that possibl.
implications of decisions regarding h W to best -nag. uncertainties can bo
frctorod into tho risk mag.m.nt rrsrdy solection.
Tha final stop in the .xposure usessmont is to integrato tho infornu-
tion and develop a qualitative and/or quantitative estiPYto of tho expectod
exposure lrvol(s) rosulting from tho actual or potential release of
contaninants froo tho site.
Toxicity Assessment. Toxicity uses~ntr u part of the Superfund
baseline risk usrst~~nt pr~~oss, conriders (1) tho typos of adverse health
or mnvironmontal effects associated with individual and multiple chomical
exposures; (2) the rolationship betwoon ugnitude of exposures and rdvorse
offects~ urd (3) rolatod unceruintios ruch as the weight of evidenco for a
chemical's potential cucinogonicity in h w . Dot8il.d guidance for
conducting toxicity usossmonts is prwidod in tho SP-.
Typically8 tho Suporfund risk usos~~nt pmss rolies hoavily on
.xisting toxicity infofiution and door not involvo tho 6.trelopa.nt of now
daU on toxicity or doso-rosponso relationships. Available infornution on
8any cbanicals is alroady ovalu8tod and srrrmrrit.6 by various EOA program
offices or cross-Agoncy work groups in hralth and envirorimontal effoctr
assessment d-nts. Theso documnu or profilos will generally provide
sufficient toxicity and doso-rrsponso infornution to allow both qualitative
and quurtitativo ostbatos of risks as8ociat.d with m8ny chemicals found at
Suporfund sites* -80 Qc\nwnts often .sthato cucinogen exposures asso-
ciatod uith specific lifotin caneor risks (o.g*# risk-spocific doses or
and rystuic toxicant oxparutrs that aro not likely to present appro-
ciablo tiak of significant adverse effects to htmm populations mer a life-
tiam (e.gO8 Ilrforonco Dosos or RIDS).
Risk Churctorizrtion. In tho final com$onont of the risk assessment
prOmss, a chuactorization of tho pountial risks of &err. health or
envirotmntal effrets for each of tho exporurr scenarios derived in the
exposure assesrment, is developed and s\raauriz.d. Estimates of risks arc
obtainod by integratiaq icforrrutian developod during the oxposuro ar.2
toxicity assessments to charrctarize the potential or actual risk, 1r.ClUdLr.C
3-4 2

Chrrretorirrtion of tho onviromontal risks inoolvor idontifyinq tke
potential ~xparuror to tho nrrrounding oeologicrl rocoptorr and wa1uatir.g
tho potontirl offoets arrocirt~d with such ~xponuo(r). Important factors
to conridor includo dirruptivo off0CtS to populations (both plant and
animal) and tho oxtont of porturbationr to tho oco1ogical coamunity.
Tho rorultr of tho brrolino ria rrrossmont m y indicato that tho site
poror littlo or no throat to human health or tho onviromont.
In such
aiturtionr, tho ts should bo aithor rcri.6 dwn u rppmprirto to that site
and ita potontirl hrrrrd or 01iainrt.d rltogothot. Tho rorultr of tho RI
and tho brrolino ride rrao#aa~ont will ehO?.fotO SONO ra tho primary moans
of documenting r no-action docision. If it is docidod that tho rcopo of the
FS will bo losr than that is prorontod ln thir guidrnco or oliminatod altn-
gothor, tho load rqony should doeumnt this docision and rocoivo the ccn-
curronco’ of tho support r9.lrcy.
A. d4.U c0Uwtod and r kttor Wamrstanding of thm rito and tha
riakr that itpoaoa m abtainod, tho proliiinuy ?dial action
rlt~~tA~mr 6.trolOPOd -in9 rcopinq should bo n v i d md rofinod. The
rvrilrb10 d8.U 8bUU bo ovrlurted to detorrirt. if they rro nrffieiant to
dw@lop m i r l rlt.rrutiver. If thoy uo not, additional data gathortng
will bo roquirod. WWI nrfiiciont drtr A- rvri1a~0, prolisirury romodial
rorponro objoctivor with rorpoct to tho e~nc’rirrrata of cancorn, tho arms
urd ttolumor of contrrinrtod modir, and oxirting and potontirl oxposur@
routor and rocoptors of concorn ern hgin to bo dov01op.d rr part of tho FS
3-43

4
3.5 DATA CiANACPaJT PROCEDURES
OSweR Diroctivo 9355.3-01
RI m y g.n.rrto 8n extonSiV@ 8llrount Of infOm8tiOn, tho quality and
validity of which mst bo COnSiStently w.11 documontad boc8uso this informa-
tion will bo usod to support roam* selection docisions 8nd 8ny 10981 or
cost rocovory 8ctiOnS. Thorefor?, field S8mpling rnd 8nalytical procduros
for the 8Cq~fSitiOn and Compil8tiOn of field and 18bor8tory data 8ro tubjoct
to data runagomont proced~ros.~ Tho discussion on data lunaqomont
procedures is divided into three catogorios: field activitios, sample
wnagemont 8nd trrcking, rnd docrrPwnt control and invontory.
3. s. 1 Field Activitios
~uring site characterization and sampling, eonsistont docwontation and
accurate recordkeeping procoduros aro critical boemro rubsoquont docisions
will bo mado on tho basis Of infomation g8thor.d during those tasks.
Aoputs of d8t8 arnagouwnt for sampling activitios during sit.
characterization includot
0 Quality usur8nC@/@81fty Control tQA/QC) Pl8nS-ThOSe documents
provido rocords of rosponsibility, adhoronco to proscribod proto-
cols, nonconformity evonts, corroctivo measures, and data defici-
encies.
0 A Dit8 SO~~rity Systam-This systn outlinor the mo8suros that
will bo taken in tho field to srfqu8rd chain-of-custody recorts'
8nb ptWOnt ft.0 8CCOSS to $?Oj.ct t.CoSdS, theroby gurrdinq
agaiaot rccidontal or intontionrl boo, damago, or altoration.
o ?&old r(0gS"Th. daily field 1090 aro tho primary rocord for Fir12
.
irrtnOtig8tiorr 8ctiViti.S rad should iacludo a dascription of 4r.y
wdific8tions to tho procedures outlinod in tho work plan, field
S8wling plan, Or hO8lth 8nd Safety plan, With justificrtions for
'DQOS will qovarn the d8t8 mnagement procedures usod, 8nd the QAPP/FS? w~ll
rdor.tify batt field-collected and ar.alyticrl data. Infonnat&on to be
recordod should include S8eplinq infomation, recording procoduros, sarrle
mrnagement, and QC conc*rns.
3-44

such modif ications.
r0cord.d ditoctlY into tho Project loq books.
meagurementS include PHI t.arp.ratUr@ conductivity water f h u,
air pality plram@t@tSt and SOL1 char8cteristicr.
rafoty monitoring, Samplbq loertions, sampling tethniques, and
gonoral description of daily activity are typically ineludod ir.
the drily log. kry unusual occurroncer or cirastanees Should 5.
docuamnted in theso 1-8 wid can be used for reference in detem:t.-
in9 tho posrible CIUIOS for data 8nomalies discovered during data
analysis. Data must bo recorded directly 8nd legibly in field ?as
books with entries signed and &td. Qlan9eS aude to oriqiml
notes should not obliterate the original infornution and shoulC be
dated and signod.
usad whenever rpprOptf8te 8nd Should be rrtained in permanent
files.
Field measuromonts and observations shoult be
fxamples of field
Health and
Standard fo-t information sheets rhoulC 5.
Documntrtion introlvod in mintrining fiold rampre inoontorier and
pr0p.r chain-of-curtedy rocorbs may include tho follewing':
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Additional inforution for each of tho80 itma, along with the
inrtructfons for thelr capletion, can bo found in Seetion 6.2 of tho
C-ondim.
'Sp.ct?ic requirements MY vary betveer. State- 8nC Federal-le8C sites.

p
P-
3.5.2 Sample mrq.annt and Trrckinq
0- Directive 935S.3-
A record of sample ~hi~.ntst nmipt of Malytical results, submittal
of pmlinrinary rorultr for QA/QC tavieYI Camphtion of QWQc roviev, md
evaluation of tho QC packago ahould be wintain.6 to onmro that only final
and approved uralytical dbU u m urd in tho sik uulysis. In SODY in-
StAncl.S, tho U8. Of m liainuy dbtb 18 #rXmtd fa preprre intoma1 review
documnts, begin data b ~lysis a10 minimiring lost tima for the turnaround
of QWQC -ntsr ud continue naming m a l action alternatives.
Preliminary data ara WnSidotd UnOffkibl, houavmr, and pnliminary data
und in ~ lrlyHS aut k Wbtd upon nceipt of official QA/QC coma.ntr MC
chrng.8. Sample results should not bo incorporated in tho rite charrctrriraa
tion report unless rccempaaid by QA/QC comonts.
Tho DQes rut& for erch task introlving ruple umlyris must specify
uheth8r tho iaforrastbn f8 tnlld w ith qubUfiu8 01 mt urd mart spocify
which qUUfiOr8 C.ll bWAU&tO tb. 90 Of C@if.AU ?Or hStmCO0
nproducfbility of plpr or anus 20 poreant may k recoptablo in a treat-
abiliry study but my not bo becoptabla Io? dotawing tho risk to human
health frola drinkinq -tor. Accoptrbility of data quality is not ostablished
until the reviewed QWQC package ac-nirs tho analytical &a.
The acceptable QA/QC p~ckago should bo doffnod in the approved site
QAPP for ea& discrete task. where US. of th8 CLP i8 lnvolvod, review by
the CRL QA Offfca is typic.1 but my vary fra one Roqion to the next and
may vuy fraPl om stat. to tho noxt h the cas0 of Stat.-lord rites. Never-
th.1888, tho DQOs aptlind for tho use of the drtr will dictate tho level of
r0vi.u -And.
3*S*3 Orrruwnt Care01 and Inventory
Simple result8 should b. auna9.d in sturbuditod form to promote easy
-portin9 of data in the site ch~trcterization report. ?recautions rhoul2
be taken in the umlysis’ud StOrrF of the data colleetd during site
3-4 6

OSWLR Direczivo 93S5.3-Cl
The &ocment inventory a d filing SYstUU can bo set up on the basas cf
sarialLy numbered dom.nts* Those SYStOEU b. manual or autonutad. A
suggested stmcture md r.mple contents of a file for Supatfund actrvittes
aro shown in Table 3-11. Tho rrlationrhlp of thls filing system to the Ad-
ministrrtrvo Record is discusred in tho "Intorfm Guldmce on Adminrszzactve
Roeordr for Solaction of CERCLA Rosponro Action#. (U.S. tPA, Draft,
June 19881.
3.6 .COFKUITY REUTIONS ACTIVITIES DURING SITE CHAU~RIZATION
--wry communication with intorortad wmbors of tho community shoulC
bo maintained throughout the RI. Tho randial projoct wnager 8nd coam~lty
Rolations Coordinator k0.p bcrl Official# mb ~~nCorn.d citizens apprised
of rito activitior and of tho Sch.duh of ownu by -1-nting soverrl
coamunity rolation actittiti@#. Thoro actioftr &so usually dolinoated in the
coanrrrity rolationr plan and typically iacluda, but u o not limited to,
public infomation noting# at tho beginning and ond of tho Rf: r series of
fact shoot# that will bo diatxibutod to tho c w t y during tho investrqation
and will dorcribo upto-dato progrorr and plans for rdlrl activrtres;
tolophono briofinqr for koy moabora of tho coanrrrity-public officials and
roprorontativor of coneornod citfzonrt and po~iodic now rolorsos that
dorcribo praqrorr at tho rito. ..
T& fif.8 coat.inbg tho AQlfnirtrativ, kcord ahould bo ertablrshed
O Z I th. ~ RI/n mrk plm is finalized ud kopt at or nou tho site. It is
r-nded that tho filor containing tho mnirtrrtivo Roeord be kept at
one of tho iafoNtion roporitorior for public fnforutim at or near the
sit. and nom avail.bl0 copying facilities. Copior of rito-rolrted infoma-
tion should bo oydo availablo to tho eommity urd ahauld typically include
tho RIDS work plan, a nnvy of ronitoring rasultr, fact rhoeta, mC the
c m i t y rolrtionr plan. Tho objoctivo of coounity rolrtionr aetivitres
during tho RI is to oducrte the public on tho r dirl proass and keep :F.e
ccwrmnity informed of pro!eet devolopmentr as they occur, thereby reduc:r.?
3 -4.7
/I3

OSh’ER Directive 9355.3-Cl
Table 3-11
OV?ZINE OF SUGGESTED FILE STRUCTURE FOR SUPERFUND SITES
Congressional Inquirios md Hraringsr
o Corrrspondence
o Trmscrrpts
o Testimony
o Publishod houing rrcords
Remodirl Rosponso:
D i 8 covey
- Initial investigation reports
- Preliminary asaossmont report
- Sit. inspection report
- Ilrjard Ranking dystam &ta
Remedial imploamtation
- Rondial dosign roports
- POrriU
- Contractor vork plans and progrrsa rrportr
- Corps of hginoors agrremnts, roports, and cGrrerpondencc .
- Compoadance
Suto md othor rgoncy coordination
- Coaprrrtiw a~~nt/Suporfwd Stat@ contrrct
- Stat. qputorly reports
- Status oi Stat0 assurances
- Intaragency rgr..rmu
- )H.Ormbu of Undorstmbing with tho auto
3-46

o Communrty rolationr
Inlagory :
Tabla 3-11 (continuad)
In ta~tmws
Corrorpondonco
Comunity rolrtionr plan
LAIC of pooplo to contact, 0.9.8 local offierrlr, cIvlc
loadrrs, onvrronmontal groups
HOOting rummarior
Prors rrlorror
Now8 clipping8
?act ShOOt8
Conm~ontr and rosponror
Trurcr apt8
Sunmrty of propo8.d plrn
Rorgonrivonrsr r-ry
o Photographs
o ~llurtrrtionr
0 Othrr gr8phiCS
tnf0rcamor.t:
o Status roporu
o Crorr-rrfrronco to m y confidontirl anforeomant filos and the
porron to contact
o Corrorpondonco
o AQinisurtivo ordots
Contracts t
o
o
o
Contractor coat rrporu
AudLt rmpozt8
Croar-rofaram to other financial fit08 md tho porron to contact
3-49

OSWLR Directive 93S5.3-0
the likelihood of conflict arising from a lack of infomation, misinforma-
tion, Or speculation.
AS directed in the conmunity relations plan, a il
activities should be tailored to the c m i t y and to the Site.
3.7 mPoRTmG AND COMJRI?~ICATION DURING SI'R QURACTZRIZATION
During rite characterization, communication is r.quir.6 between the
lead agency ud the support aqoney.' In addition to routine coamunieation
botween members of the lead agency m d their contractor on pro~oct progress,
written coarmunication is raquirod behreen tho lead agency and the support
agancy as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
S O
The lead agency should provide the draft work plan to the support
agency for review and comont (discussod ln Chapter 2.)
The led agency should provide information on contaminant typos a d
~ffoctad mdia to tho support agoney for AlWh idantifieation (chmicaland
loeation-spocific MAR deteminatioru uo f1Mliz.d once tho site
chuacterization is catplate) .
The lead agony should provido &ta ubtainid during rite
characterization to ATSDR. 2
The lead agency should provide a preliminary s-ry of site character-
ization to tho support rgerrcy (this m y sene as the mochrnism for A R~P
identification).
Tho 108d aq.rry rhould provide a draft RI npoa for review and comment
by tl# 8-e 8qUICy.
L
Reporting and co8imunicating during a PRP-lead RIRS is discussod in
Appndix A &nd in tho forthcamin9 "Draft Guidanco on Ovorright of
Potontfrlly Rosponrlblo Party Remodial Investigations and Feasibility
Studies. *
2
Guidance for eoordinatina remodirl and ATSDR health assessment activities
is providrd in OSEP. Directive 9265.4-02.
3-50

3.0-1 Infoation for ARAR fdontificrtion .
/& 5
OSwLR Dirretrve 93!f. 3 4 :
mo info-tion for tho support agoncy's us0 in idontifying ARMS Should
include a description of tho contuninants of concorn, the affectod medra,
and any physical foaturos that u y hrlp idontify location-spocific APARS.
This information !nay bo Supplfd by tho preliminary site charrctrt~zrtrcr.
sunmry (as discussod bolow) or by a lottor or other docuraont.
rqoncy shall provido location- md chemical-spacific ARARs to the lord
agency boforr proparation of tho dr8ft Rf roport.
3.7.2 Preliminary Sit@ Chax8ctorization Sunaury
The sugpcr:
A -y Of 8itO d8U fOl1Mnq tb0 mhtiOfh Of hiti81 fhld Smpl-
in9 md analysis rhould bo proparod.
ur8lytical rorultr of invertfgrtitn 8eCivttiOr to provido tho load agency
This 8- rhould briofly rrviev t5e
vith a roforonce for OV&lubting tho doVOlop.wnt md scrooning of remedial
altornativos. In addition, tho prollminuy rito charrcterftrtion rwmnary
may bo usod to arrirt tho rupport agony in idontiffcation of CLRARs and pto-
vid~ ATmR with tho d.ta (prior to i8-C. Of tho draft RI) to rsslst f.'l
thOir h~rlth U888-t OffOrn8.
3.7.3 Draft Rf Ro~ort
A d:ait RZ roport should be producod for review by tho supprt aqc::::
and submitted to ATSDR far its US. in proparing a hoalth assessmen:. Z:
3-51

\%
Information N-dod
Nod to rorcop. fi01d
rctivitior on
of roaultr of
ObSOW8tiOnS
Nod to rorcop. fiold
rnfvitioa oa th. barfs
of romltr of r.rp10
uulyri.
Proliminrry results of
fiold invortigrtion
t88kS (o.g.,
goophyr icrl
oxploratioas,
plorritosinlg -11
inrullatioa , otc 1
Doreripti+. rab
8n81ytial rmsultr
of initial rito char=
retoriaation nsultr
(oxclubing rirk
rrrorsmont I
Potential Methoes
of Infornution
Rupoao Prwir ion
Noodod only if scrooning nooting
indfC8tOS th8t fi01d
8CtiVitiar nood to b.
rorcopodt for load rgoney
Toch mom0
mor
and ~~ntrrctor
to idontify
wthodr to *roo. offoc-
tfvonors of site churc-
torirrtion rctivitior; for
lord rgonty to obtain
support r9oncy roviow and
COLLCUIE~O~CO
Noodd only if 8n8lyair of Hooting
laboratey 6.- inaieaus
fiold utivitioa nad to
Tech mmmo
Othor
ba nrcop.dt for: load
agmy utd contractor to
idontify mathods to w-0
offoctlvonorr of rite ehu-
actorization activities:
for lord rqoncy to obtain
aupport rqoncy roviow and
con~~tronco
Orwidod by tho contractor
to tho lord agoncyr nood
8nd wthod of
-iCation 8t lead
agoncy'r d&rcrotion
Prwidoa lord rqoncy with
euly n r y of sit.
&tat urirtr in rupport-
in9 r9oncy with idontifi=
cation of lrlURsr m8y also
bo aubrfttod to ATSDR for
US. in proparing horlth
asrorsmont.
3-52
Toch memos
Other
Proliminrry
sit. chrrrctori-
ration sunmary

Tablo 3-12 (eontinuod)
OSVLR Directive 93S3.3-01
Potential nathod~
of Information
Information Noodod Purpoao Ptov is ion
Liating of For wony'r us. Ptolisinary
centaaWmntsr affeetod in identifying chemical- sit. charactor-
madial location of and location-mitic itation sumwry
wthnb8, hirtoric Alulu.
8it.ar OtC.
-nutiOlt Of 8 itO n.qUi?Od for -?8 Of Draft RI roport
ch.rrcta~isation tiold load agency and tboir
rcticitier and analyn8 contractor to pnp.ro for
including any troata- public eornnt utd ?S
bility tortin9 mpport domnntrtion
3-5 3
// 4

Table 3-13
SUGGESTED RI REPOR’: TOWT
1. Introduction
1.1 him80 Of
1.2 Site Background
1.2.1 Site DOSCripti~
1.2.2 Site Xistory
1.2.3 Previous Invortigations
1.3 Report Organization
2. Study Area Investigation
2.1 Include8 field activities arrcciated vith rite
characterization. There may include physical and chemical
monitoring of some, but not nocerrarily all, of the follovinq:
2.1.1 Surface ~O.~UX~S (topographic mapping, ate.) (natural
and -de features)
2.1.2 Contaminant Source Investigationr
2.1.3 Matoorological Investigations
2.1.4 Surface-Wator and Sodiownt Invartigationr
2.1.S Geolog$cal Invartigationr
2.1.6
2.1.7
ail Utd v.boS8 &nO hVO8tfgationS
Gmd-Uat.r ~VaStig8tial8
2.2
2.1.8 Huaan Population Surveys
2.1.9 Ecological Investfgationr
If technical momorand. docrr#nting fiord activities were
prepared, thoy m y bo included in an appandix and rm.ariteC
in this report chapter.
3.
3-54

4.
S.
6.
7.
Tab10 3-13 (continuodl
Natura and -tent of Contamination
4.1 presents tho rorultr of sit0 churctorizrtion, both natural
ehemic~l componontr and contaminants in some, but not
noearrarily all, of tho following modi.:
4.1.1 Sourcos (1a900nr8 rludgor, tanks, otc.)
4.1.2 Soils rr?C Vadoro ton.
4.1.3 Ground Wator
4.1.4 Surface Ut.? urd Sediment8
4.1.5 Air
Contaminant Fato and Trmrport
s.1 Potential Routor of Migration (i.0.8 air, ground water, ate.)
5.2 Contrmrnrnt Porsirtanco
5.2.1 :f thoy u0 applicrblo (i*.o., for organic
contmrinants)
doreriba ostimatod porristonco Ln the
study arm onvhonmont mb physical, chwical, and/or
biological factor8 of fmportmeo for tho rndia of
interest.
S. 3 Contaminant Wgtation
S.3.1 Oircuar factorr aftocting contaainant migration for
.tho modfa of iaprt.r.eo fo.g., sorption ontc roils,
rolubility in wator8 movommt of ground wator, etc.)
J.3.2 Di8-8 modding mthodr Urd -.at88 if appficrbla.
Barrlino U ak Alrorament
6.1 Public Roalth Wrlwtion
6.1.1 aporuro Aar08raont
6.1.2 Toxicity Amorsarmnt
6.1.3 Rl8k OUaCtOriZatiOn
6.2 tnvirormonf.1 Aluasm8nt
Centamination .
kcoemendationr for Futuro Wrk
Action Objoctivaa
A. Technical -ran& on Tiold AetiVfti.8 (if avaAhblol
1. Analytical Data urd QWQC Evaluation krUlt8
C. Rlrk krosrr#at mthodr
wOR2 4 3,’C20
3-SS

OWER Direttivo 9355.3-01
also sewos as decumentation of data collection and analysis in support of
the ps.
The drrft R! report can bo Prepared any ti- botwoen the completion
of the baseline risk ass0Smnt and tho cozapletion of tho draft Fs.
Therefor., the draft Rf report should not d8hY the initiation or execution
of the ?S.
Tablo 3-13 giv.8 a ruggosted format for tho &aft Rf roport. The
report should focus On tho modfa of conce~ and, therefore, does not need to
addross all tho rite charrcterirticr lfrtod in Table 3-13; only those
appropriate at th8t spocific sit..
WDR2 4 3/0 16

CHAPTER 4
DEVELOPMENT AN[:
SCREENING OF ALT.ERNATlVE5
DEVELOPMENT AND
SCREENING
Of ALteRNATlVES

4.1 XNTRODUCrIOK
4.1.1 Puiporo of Altomrtiv8 Dw8lopwnt and Serooninq
Tho primary objOctiv0 Of this phase of tho FS is to dovelop an
rpproprirta rrngo of Walt0 aWiagOmont Options that will bo rnrlyrod more
fully in th8 dotai1.6 8n81ySiS phase Of tho ?So Appropriate wasto managamont
options tbt 8nlllfO tho ptotUtiOn Of h\un h~rlth and the
onvironwnt lary in~~fvo, drponding on rite-rpocific cirm~srtrncor, tho
caploto 01Unation or dostnrctfm of h8r8sdour rubrtancor at tho ritr,
tho roduction of concontr8tionr of hatardous aubrtrncor to. rceaptrbi~
hOaIth-88S.6 1W.18c 8nd prOVOntiOn Of Omr\uO tO h8ZrrdoUS rubrtrncor
vir anginoaring or in8titUtiOn81 contro1r, or saa &ination of the
rbovo. AltornativOr It0 typic8lfy dwolop.6 ~~n~~?rOntly with th8 Rf
rito chrtrctoriirtion, with tho rorultr of on. influencing the other in
an itorrtivo fashion ( i . 0 . b RI rito ~r~ctorirrtion data aro urod to
dwolop altorrutitns and #croon toc!moloqios, u&reas tho range of
r ltomr tivos ~ olopd g\ridor mbwquont sit. chrraetorira t ion and/or
troat8bility StUdb8). An 0tr.iViW Of t b Ont&ZO ?s prOCOSS iS
proaoat.6 in tho iollmSaq subsections.
Tho ?S u y k vi& (for oxgknato~ -8OS) 8s occurring in
throe pharos: tho &volop#nt of altrm8tivo8, tho rcrooning of the
8lt.matfv.8, 8 b &t8i10d Imly8i8 O f 81t@XTUtiVO8. Rowovor, in
rctu81 pr8ctico tho 8pocific point at vtrich tho first phrro'ondr and the
suond begins is not 80 distinct. Theroforo, tho dwolopnt and serow.-
ing Of rltOmrtiV8S 8s. ~~SCUSSO~ tqothmr to kttOS rOf1OCt the
intorrolrtodnorr of thoro offortr. Furtho-to, in. thoro instrneor i:
4-1
I

OSWER Direetivo 93SS.3-01
which cirwtancor limit the number Of 8vaihblO options, and thetoforr
the numbor of altom8tiveS that are dev.lop.d, it my not bo necessary
to screen alternatives prior to the detailre analysis.
4.1.2.1 Dovalogannt and Screening of Altem8tiVeS
Altomativos for rrmdiation are dovelopod by asr.nrbling combina-
tions of t~chnologios, and tho mdia to which thoy uould bo appliod,
into altorn8tivos that addross contamin8tion on a sitwide buis or for
an idontifid oporablo unit. This procoss consists of six gonoral steps,
0
0
0
shown in liguro 4-1 md briofly discussed bolowt
Dwolop gonoral rosponso actions for oach medim of interest
definfnq conuinmant, treatment, atcavation, pumping, or other
actions, singly or in dination, that may bo takon to tat-
isfy the randial action objo~tivos for site.
Identify vol\rws or uoas of wdi8 to which gonoral rorponro
actiona J*t bo applied, taking into acCOUnt tha roquiremontr
fo? p~toctivonoss as idontifiod in tho remedial action objec-
ti-s 8nd tho chomical md physical charactoriration of the
sit..
Sdontffy and scsoon tho tochnologios applicrblo to oach
gonoral rorponso action to 01Lminato thoro that cannot be

FlOURE 4-1

OSUZR Diroctivo 9335.3-01
1
implemented trchnicrlly at the Site. The qeneral rrrpon$.
actions are furthor defined to spocify reladial technology
typ.8 (..g., the general response actfor. of traatnont can bo
furtho? dotinod to includo chamical or biolopic81 technology
typ.8).
o Identify md OV8lUatO technology process options to roloct a
nprorentative process for each technology typo retainod for
conrideration. Although specific processes are releetod for
altomrtfve developmnt and avrluation, these procesros aro
intandod to represent the brordor rmgo of process options
within i general techrtology typo.
o AIsmble the seleeted ropresentativo technologies into altoma-
tfmr reprerenting 4 range of troatmont urd containmnt cdi-
nationr, u appropriate.
?fquro 4-2 prrovidos a gonoric nprorenktion of this process.
Soction 4.2 mbtainr 8 mom detailod dorcrfption and specific examplor
of rlternrtitn developlll.nt.
For those situations in which nuwrour waste aunagmont options
are appropriato and developed, the aS8ambl.d altornatfves may neoC tc be
refind md rcreonod to rmco the n-r of alternativms that will be
mrlyted in douil. This screening 8idr in rtnunlining tho feasibility
study procerr while onruring that the mat prolairing alternatives aro
ah9 COlWib.mb*
A8 biSCU88.6 earlier, in other situtionr the nurabor of viab10 or
appropriate altunativor for addrearing rite pr0bl.a~ may bo limit&;
thu88 the scrooning effort may bo minimirod if unn.~ossrry~ The scopo
.
i
It is hportant to distinguish betwoen this medium-spocifie technology
screeninq step during devolopont of altarnatives ar.d the alternative
screoninq that may br conducted subsequently to reduce tho number Of
alternatives Fricr to the dotrllod analysis.
4-4

-
0
n
\

!,a"
I
As part of tho urooning process, altorcnrtt-• aro rnalyr.6 to
invostigato fntoractionr among modi8 in to- 05 both tho ovalurtion of
tochnologior (too., tho oxtont to which IOU~CO control influoncor tho
dogroo of graunb=wator or air-qwlity control) and 8it.vido protoctfvo-
noss (i.o.* uh.th.r tho rltom8ttvo provibor mtficiont reduction of
ria from oath ndir 8Wor pathway of c0ac.m for tho sit. or th8t p8rt
Of tb. 8itO bOh9 &d?OS#d by 8l3 0por8blO ttnit). UW 8t thi8 8t8g0,
tho 8r.88 8nd qU8ntiti.S Of COnt8minrt.6 -8 initi811y rpcffiod in
tho gonor81 rorponro 8ctions may rho bo ro8vrlrut.d with rorpoct to the
offocts of intorretion8 ktvoon #di8. Ofton* )OUTCO control actions
influonco tho dogroo to which ground-wrtor romodi8tion o n .bo accom-
plirhod or tho timo fr8mo in vhich it can k rchiovod. In such
inst8n~os, furthor rnrlyros my bo conductod to modify
--
oithor tho source
control or qtound-u8tor rorponro actions to achiovo groater offoctivonos8
in ritowido 8ltomtivor. Wring thoro refined altornative configur8tiorur
dotrilod inforrution 8bout tho toehnotogy' procoss
optima ug bo &volop.6. Thi8 informtion might includo d8tr on tho
rim and capocitior of troatnnt lyrtoms, tho qwntity of autorials
r0quit.a for coa8tmctione 8nd tho configurrtion 8nd doriqn r q~irOmORtS
for grotmd-wrtor colloction rymtoms.
1nfOm8tiOn rV8ilrblO at tho tfnw of rcroonhg should bo urod prim
4-6

OSWLR Directive 9355.34:
sites at which interactions among modi8 are not significant, the process
of sereoning altornativ~l, doscribod hore, amy be rppliod to modi--
spocific options to reduce tho n-r of options that will either be
combined into sitwide 8ftemativeS 8t tho conclusion of scrooninq or
will await furthor walwtion in the detailed analysos.
contains more detail about screoning alternatives.
4.1.2.2 Detailod Analysis of Alternrtivos
Soction 4.3
During tho dotailed analysis, the r~to~ativos brought through
screening aro furthor refined, a# appropriate, 8nd analytd in detail
with respect to the eva1uation critoria describ.4 in Chaptor 6. Altor-
nativor may bo furthor roilnod and/or mdiFiu3 based on additioml sit.
charactoritation or troatrbility studier conducted as part of tho RI.
The detailed a~alyala should be conducted so thrt duisio~kors are
provided VLth SufficiOnt inforravtion to -re alternatives with
rerpect to tho evahation criteria and to select an appropriato remcdy.
-81yriS 8CtiV%tiO# age dercribod in gre8t.r &mil b a8pt.r 6.
'A# With the use of reptesentativo technologies, 81tem8tiVeS my bo
selected to toprosent sufficiently similar wnagemont strateaies: thus,
in effoct, a separate analysis for 08eh alternative is not always war-
r8nted.
4-7

\3'
4.1.3.1 Source Control Actions
OSWLR Directive 93S5.3-01
o A n e r of treatmont alternatfvos ranging from one that would
olbhate or minute to tho extent feasible the need for long-
tom urugomont (including wnitoring) at a site to one that
would US. troatmont ar a primary compnont of an alternative
to adbtesr tho principal throats at tho sit.' ~lternatives
within this range typically Vi11 differ in tho type 8nd extent
of treatment used and the larnrgemnt requirements of treatment
residuals or untreated wastes.
o On0 or mor. alternatives that inoolvo tontainmnt of waste
with little or 110 treatment but.protoct h-n hoalth and the
enviroamont by prcwonting potential .xpomro and/or roducing
tho mility of contaminants.
2
o A no-action altornativo
Figure 4-3 concopturlly illustrates this range for source control
8lfem8fiVOS
Devolo~nt of a complete rango of treatmont alternatives will not
bo practical in IOW sitwtionr. ?or .mwh# for ritor with large vol-
-S Of 1- csaCOfbtlcat.6 V88tOS Such 88 M aUrriCiP1 hndfil1S 8nd
'AltOrartiorr fo? vhicb troatmont i s a principal 010mont could include
conuirrwnt olomontr for untreat.6 wasto or tzmawnt rosiduals as
-11.
'Although a no-action alternative my include sQw typ. of environmental
wnitoring, actions trkon to reduce the potential for exposure
(e.g.8 site fencing, deed restrictions) ahould net be included 8s 8
caslponent of tho no-action 8ltetn8tiVeS. Such minim81 actions should
constitute 8 separate 'limited" action alternative.
4-8

1. No action FgHota7wts \ Soil
Exceeds
1 xlO -' Risk
Soil
Exceeds
1 x l OS6 Risk
Background
2. Treatment which eliminates or minimizes to the extent feasible the need for long-term
management.
2A. All Contaminated Soil 28. AII soil mve 1x10 .
Excavated 8d TnrtOd
n
ficavated & Treated
(Continued)
/sa

I. No action
FlGURE 63
CONCEPTUAL fftEIrnEHT RANGE FOR SOURCE CONTROL
/="Or YtS
\
Soil
Exceeds
1 XI 0 -4 Risk
Soil
Exceeds
1 xl 0' 6 Risll ' :
Backg rou nd
2. Treatment which eliminates or minimizes to the extent feasible the need for long-term
management.
2A. All Contaminated Soil 28. All Soil Above 1 x10 .
Excavated and Tnttod Excavated & Treated
(Continued)

4.1.3.2 Ground-wator Rosponse Actions
OSWER Diroet ivo 9 3 5 5.3-0 1 /5<
For gro~nd-w8ter responso 8CtiOnS, 81tonutives should address not
only cleanup lovels but also tho time ft8W within which the rltrrnr-
tives might be achieved.
Depnding on specific rite conditions and the
aquifer characteriSticB, alternatives should bo dave1op.d that rehiwe
AWS or other health-bared lovels deterarfnod to be protective within
varying t he frames using difforent methodologies.
For aquifers
currently boing used as a drinking W8ter source, altetnatives should bo
configured that would rchiovo ARBRs or risk-bared lovols 81 rapidly as
porsible. -re detail06 infonoation on developing remedial alternatives
for ground-wator rerponso 8ctiOnS u y k tound in g'Gp1d8nco on Romedtal
Actions for bnt8min8tod Ground W8ter 8t Suporfund Sitos" (U.S. EPA,
Auqurt 1988).
4.2 AL'TERKATIVE DEtXLOPMENY PROCLSS
The altOm8tiVe develoglwnt ptocess my ba o iwd as consistinq of
a sorier of analytical st.31 that %nvolvas making mcterrively mor.
specific definitionr of potential ramdial activities. These steps are
doscribd in the folfawing wetionr.
402.1 Develop llrsrdirl Action objectivms
Renwdial retion objoctioes consist of adi-specific or oporabla
unit-specific g081S for protoctiaq h wn health and the environment.
The objectivor should bo as specific as possiblo but not so rpcific
4-11

OSWLR Directive 9355.3-01
Ro~bediAl action objOCtivOs shod at ptOtOCthq h-n hoalth and the
environment should rpocify:
o Tho contmrin.lrt(r) of concorn
o Exporuro routo(s) urd tocoptor(s)
0
kr accopt.blo contaminant lovol or rmqo of lovols for oach
uposuro rout. (io0.8 a proliminuy rdation 90.1)
Roamdial actian objoctivos for protoctinq htrur rocoptors rhould oxpross
both a contaminant lovol md an oxporuro souto, rathor than contaminant
10~018 alono, bocauso protoctivur.sr may k achiovod by roducinq oxpo-
sur0 (such 8s c~ppirr9 an area. limiting ACCWS, or providing an altor-
nato rator supply) u -11 as by roducinq contaeimnt 10~018, Eocausa
ramdial action objoctivos for protecting onvirorrrrntal roceptorr typrcally
soek to proso~o or rostero a rosou?~. (o.q., as ground water) ,
onvironmontrl objoctivo(8) should bo oxprrssod in tonus of tho medium of
intorost and t~rqot cloanup hV*h8 whenovor pasriblo.
Althou9h tho prolirairury tomdirtion goals rro ostablirhod on taad-
ily rvrilablo information [o.Q., nfor.nco dosor (ad81 and risk-spcific
dosos (R8Ds)I or fraqwntly usod standards (0.9., AMRs), tho final
recrpublo uporruo 10~01s should bo 40torrrin.d on tho basis of tho
rosulta of tho barolino risk assossmont utd tho ovaluation of tho
Con-
0rtp.Ct.d 0-0s rad uSOCiat.6 risks for 08ch bltornrtivo.
taminant l.tt.18
Ob& WdiA should k capu.6 vfth tho80 aCCOpt.ble
lovols rnd includo ur ovaluution of tho followin9 factors:
o mothor tho ronmdiation goals for all cucinogonr of concorn,
including those with goals sot at tho chemical-specific kRAR
4-12

B
31
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4-13
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?

OSWLR Diroctive 9355.3-01
10~01, providos protoetion within tho risk tango of to
Whotho? thr roamdirtion goah Sot for 811 non-crrcinogons of
,
concern, including tho80 with 90818 sot at tho Chomicrl-sp.eific
ARAR 10~01, aro rufficiontly protoctivo at tho sit..
o Whothor onvironnwntal offocts (in addition to hwn hoalth
oftoerr) aro ad.qurtoly rddrosrod.
o Whothor tho oxpruro analysis conductd as p8rt of tho risk
assoss81ont ad.quately addrossos arch significant pathway of
hman oxpsuro idontifiod in tho brrolino r%rk asros~~~.nt.
For oxamplor if tho oxpruro from tho ingostion of fish and
drinking vator aro both significant prtbvoyr of oxprurer
qwls sot by considorinq only on0 of thoso oxporuro pathways
may not bo adoqu8toly protoctivo.
Tho - S m prwidos additional dotail8 on ostrblishing 8CCOpt8blO
oxposuro lwols.
4.2.2 Dovolop anoral Rosponso Actions
Conoral rosponso rctions dorcribo thoro actions that will satisfy
the roamdial action abjoetivos.
troatmont, corrtaimont, .XC8Vafion# oxtraction, bl8p8al8 institutional
actionr, os a cabiaation of thoro. -0 d i a l action objoctivos,
gonoral rarponu actions aro arcrdium-specifie.
Gonor81 rosponso actions my include
undorstrnding of sit. conditions is gainod and action-rpcific ARARs are
idontifid.
In dovolopinq altotnrtiv08# corabinatioirr of gonoral tosponse
actions auy bo idontifid, particularly vhrn dirposal mothods primrily

OSWER Directive 93SS.3-01
During tho dovolopmont Of 8~tOrnativOS an initial dotorarination is
mado of rroas or volumes of modi8 to which gonoral rosponso actions
might bo rppliod.
This hiti81 dot~xmi~tion is audo for oach modfun of
intorost at a sit. To take intorrctions botwon modi8 into account,
rosponso actions for aroas or wluws of prdi8 rro otton rofind after
ritovido alto~at~vos h8VO b00n 888ombl.d.
tivor is discussod at groater longth in Soction 4.3.1.
Tho rofinomnt of rlternr-
Dofining tho aroas or volumes of nodi8 roquiros crroful jud-nt
and should includo a considoration of not only rccoptablo exposure lev-
olr m d potOnti81 OwporurO rOutoSr but ala0 Sit0 conditions rnd tho
naturo and oxtont of contamination. Pot oxamplor in an aror with con-
tamination that is ~on.ously dirtribut.6 in a #dim, discroto risk
10~018 (o.g., IO-’, 1 ~ or ~ corrorponding 5
contaminant l.vo1s may provide
tho atost rrtional basis fer dofining 8r.88 or voluamr of media to
which troatmont, containmntr or oxcwation actions auy be applid.
sitos with dircnto hot spots or arora of mor. concontrrtod contamina-
tion, hQYWor, it my be mro unful to &fk# moa8 and vel-s for
roumdiation on tho hsir of tho #ita-rpwific rOl8tiOMhip of volumo (or
aroa) to contaminant lmt. Tb.?oio?08 when atoar or vofu~~s of media
8rO 6.f- On th. bSi8 Of SiteSPOCifiC CO8#id@Z8tiOM SUCh 88 W1-e
vorsw csacentration n18tionshipsr tho v olw or aroa rd&osrod by tho
sltornativ. rhould bo rovieued with rospoct to tho romedial action
objoctivor to owuxo that rlfonutivor o n k raao~lod to reduco
oxposuro to protoctivo 10~01s.
4-19
For

OSZA D&rect&ve 9355.3-Cl
IC thrr atep, the univorre of potentially bpplrcabie technology
typea and process options is roduC.6 by ovaluating tho optrorbs wrth
respoct t6 technicbl implemantbbrlity. In this guidancr document, the
tom 'technology typs" rotors to 9onora1 cat.gorios of tochnologres,
Such bS chOUC.1 trOamnf, th6-f dOStNCtiOn8 mbflisbtion, Cbp-
ping, or dawatormg. Tho tam "t~chaoloqy procr~~ options" rofrto to
spocrfrc procrsoos vithin oach uchnology typo. For o ~ 1 0 the , cher3-
cal troamnt tochnology tup. would inchdo ruch procoss options as grc-
caprtataon, ion oxchango, md oxidation/roductron. As shown in coluau,r
four and five of Table 4-1, ~vorbl brobd tochnclogy typo8 m y bo rdon-
trfrod for oach gonoral responso betion, md numarour tochnology procrrs
options MY oxist withur oach technology typo.
Tochaoloqy typos u b proass options w y bo identified by drawins
on a vuioty of aourws bclubfng roforoncor dovo1op.d for applrcatror.
to Saporfund sit08 and -go rtutdud onghoorfag to~ts not 8pocifically
diroctod twud hazardous wasto sitor. Soar, of thoso marcor axe
ine1ub.d in App.n&i% 0 of this docrornt.
Durin9 this scrooning stop, process options an& ontrro tochnology
typos aro elioinrtod from furthor conridoration on tho basis ct techr.1c8l
implonztibility. This is ac-lirhod by using roba~ly available .
infomation f?a tha IU rito char8ctrrimtion on contaminant types and
c o n ~ t r .nd 8 ~ orr8ito c&rrcf~rinrcr to scrnn out tochaoloqier and
pZOCOS8 won8 Ut m o t k OffOttiVOly impl.mwntod at tho Sit..
TW f.ctoZ8 tbrt coaonly influohm tochnology scroonmg aro the
prosonco of bor9.aic contaminants, which 1-t tho rpplicabilrty of
many typb cf troafl~lnt procos~r, and tho nrbnufaco conditions, such
as dopa to upowaous fornutions or tho dqroo of fracture &n bodrock,
which can l a t many typos of containment and ground-wator collection
trchnoloqaer. Thrr sereorang step 1s rrto-spcific, howrver, ar.C 0tP.e:
4-2 0

OSWLR Ditoetive 9335.3-01
AS with all docisions during an RIflS, tho scrooning of
tochnologios should bo documontod. For =st studios, a figuro Similar
to Piguro 4-4 provides adoquato hfOm8tiOn for this purposo and can be
includod in tho FS roport.
4.2.5 Pvaluato Procoss Options
In tho fourth stop of 8ltOrnrtiVO dovolopmnt, tho tochnology
procorsor considorod to bo Farplomontablo aro ova~uatod in qroatrt dotall
boforo solocting on. procors to roprosont oach tochnology typo. 0n0
roprorontativo procors ir so~octod, if porsiblo, for oach tochnoloqy
typo to simplify tho rubr0q~Ont dovolopnt and ovaluation of altoma-
tivor without luting floxfbllity durinq rmmdial doriqn. Tho
roprorontativo procora providor a hair for dwoloplng porfo~nco
rpecificrtionr during prolim%nay &sign# hQY.90r, tho rpocific procors
actually urd to kpl-nt tb. e i a l action at a rite may not bo
roloct.4 until tho roamdial doalga phre. In soam caror mor. than on.
procosa option may bo aoloct.6 for a twhnology typo. TRis my bo don.
if two or mor. ptocorror aro aufficidntly diffonnt in thoir porformrnce
that on. would not 8daqwtoly ropnwnt tho other.
Procorr optionr arm mmlwtod win9 tho ~itoria~-offo~tivonoss,
4Iwnt8biUty, 8ba COOt--thrt U8.6 t0 K m
81tOn8tiV.S prior
to th. 6.trilod alUly#h. Aa irportant diSt-ion to wk~ is that
thfr tLr thoso ctitoria are apoli.6 only to technologior and tho gonoral
roaponsa actions thq aro intonded to rrtirfy and not to tho sit0 as a
wholo. Mhomro, tho ovrlurtion rbouad typically focpa on offoctivo-
norr factorr at thir rtago with lor# offort biroct.6 at tho iaplomonta-
bility and coat .oalwtlon.
BOC~WO of tho 1Ut.d data on innovativo tochnologios, it wy cot
bo possible to ovaluato thoro proerrs optionr on thr ram. basis as other
4-21

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4-24
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1 OSIER Directive 9255.3-01
c_ ~ _
wq
~ -
_
-
associated with their operution may be undertaken. Typically, however,
such analyses are conducted during the later phases of the FS when
aleQrnativos are refined and evaluated on a sitewide basis.
If mdaling of transport processes is undertrkan during the alter-
native devolopnt and acroening pbmes of the FS to evaluate removal or
collection teChnObqiQS, rnd if many contanninants are prosent at the
site, it may bo necesaary to identify indicrtor chemicrlr, 8s is often
done for the bssolino riak rnsem~amnt8, to simplify the analysis.
'Pypicelly, ixxlicator chemicals 8ro selected on tho brsir of their
uoafulnamr in evaluating potentirl effbcts on human health and the
environment. Comnonly solectod indicator chdcrls include those that
a n highly mobile and highly toxic.
\
4.2.5.2 Irnplomntobility Evaluation
Iraplementability eneompsbses both the technical and rbministrative
feasibility of bpl@menting a technology proceaa.
hr direusred in Sec-
tion 4.2.4, technical i.mplementsbility fa uaed 8s an initial screen of
technology types snd procmsn options to eliminste those that are clearly
ineffective or unworkable a t a site. Therefore, this subsequent, more
detailed evaluation of process options places greater emphasis OR the
institutional aspects of hplamentabilfty, such as the ability to obtain
necessary permits for offsits actions, the ~8il8bility ob treatment,
storage, and disposal oemiees (including capacity) , and the avaifebil-
ity of necessary aquipnt and ekilled wurkers to implement the
eSChnQlOgY.
4.2'.5.3 Cost Evaluation
Cost plays a limited role i n the screening of process options.
Relative capital and Os24 costs are used rather than detailed estimates.
At this stags in the process, the cost analysis is made on the basis of
engineering judgment, and each process is evaluated as to whether costs
are high, low, or medium ralative to other process options in the saFe
4-26

4.2.6 Asrambla Altarnrtivas
'I ' * OSWER Ditoctive 9355.34:
In assambling 8lt@m8tiVOS, gonoral rasponso actions and the
procass options choson to raprerant the various technology typos for
each medium or op.rrb1a Unit are combinad to form altarnatives for t5;e
site as a whole. AS di~euss~d in Saction 4.1.2.1, appropriato treatmen:
and contairunent options should be d@v*lopod. To assambla altornstivos,
general rarponso actions should bo cabinod using difforant tachnology
types and diffaront volrrnns of mdia 8nd/or areas of the site. Ofton
mora than on@ ganoral rasponso action is app1i.d to each modi-. For
axamph, altamotivas for t@1~di8ting soil contamhotion will dapnd on
tho typo and dirtribution of contaminants and u y inchdo fncinarrtion
of wil from IOQL. portions.of tho sit. and capping of others.
For sitar at eich intaractions amonq air are not significant
(i.a., wurca conttol actions will not aftact pround-vatar or surtrco-
wator rosponros) tho coobinrtion of mdium-spocific actions into site-
wid. altomrtivos ern bo u da latar in tho ?S procass, either after
altatrutivor hmo boon reroonod OS prior to co~ctin9 tho comparative
an81y8i8 Of OltOSlWtive8.
?oz .rumpfar if mdia iatorrctions ora not of
e~neosn~ an t3 Jqht doscrfk throo IOOTCO control options, thrao soil
r.#diation optionr, and four ground-uatar ramdirtion options, (instead
of dOVe%ophg nummus coeprahanrivo sitwida altornativosl . Although
thir approach permits grabtar flaxibility in dwolopinp altetnativas rnd
simplifier tho rnalysos of sitwid. altonutiv~ar it my involve greater
effort in dovoloping and analyzing medium-specific options.
4-27
I
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..

t> ;
OSwLR Directave 9355.3-01
Although not &own in this OXUQ~, 8 doscrlption of oach
rlternrtivo should bo inc1ud.d in tho ?S roport. ?or tho rltomrtive~
pnsmud in ?iguro 4-6, such descriptions would bctudo tho locations
of areas to bo oxcavrt.6 or con*.ained, tho 8ppzo%bate volumr of soil
and/or qramd U8-Z to k ueW8trd and eOfhct8d, th. approximate locb-
tfons of intorcoptot tronehos, tho locrtionr of potential city uator
supply hodr-ups, the locations of cuzmo&oar to tho -1 publicly
ouaod trortwnt work. (-1, .mrg.wnt optioa, for trutmnt rosidurlr,
and my ehor infomation neodod to adoqurtoly dorcribo tho rltornrtive
urd docuMnt tho loglc bomb tho rssably of gutoral rosponso rctiom
into spocific rrwdhl action rltomrtivw. In doscribing r~tomatives,
it my bo usrfu1 to -to thoro plrocoss OptiOrra that wro not scroened
out and tJmt are ra~osontod by thoro doscrlbod in tho rltornrtive.
Typfcrlly, fau dmtailr of tJbo indlvlburl proms8 options havo boon idontifiod,
urd tho siring roquir~ts of toehnologlos or roamdirtion time
,Q 4-28

FIGURE 4 4
ASSEMBUNG A RANGE OF ALTERNATIVE EXIIMPLES

4-30
OSVLR Ditoetivo 93SS.3-01

OSWLR Directive 9355.3-01
Alternatives should bo defined to provido aut ficient quantitative
infomation to allow difforentirtion rPlong a1temativ.r with rerpoct ts
offectivenesr, imp10mont8bility, 8nd cost. Prramotors that often
roquiro 8dditiOnrl rofin-at includo tho oxtont or volumo of contra-
nrtod nutorial rnd tho sit0 of Mjor tocbnology rnd protoss options.
Rofinemont of v0l-S Or 8rO8S of contrainrtod modi8 is important
at some sit08 rt which Ongoing r~1orsos fra tho sourco (or contaminated
roils) rignfficrntly rffoct contaminant lwols in othor modi) (o.g.,
ground water) bocruso such intorrctions wy not hrvo boen addressed when
8ltOm8tiVOS wore initially dovelopod by grouping madim-rpocific
rorponso actions.
If intorrctfons rmnq wdir rpporr to bo important at
a site, tho otfoct of source control 8CtbnS on tho romdirtion lovels
or tiam frrrws for other m04.h should k ov8lwt.d.
Figure 4-7 provides 8n .x80lplO Of SUCh 8n 8WlySiS which
volrtilo orgrnicr in roil azo rigratin9 fnto an andotlying aquifor em-
posd of unconmlldatod utorirh.
8t tho sit08 tho OffOcf Of biffOrmt Soil -81 rctions on ground-
wrtor remdirtion (uslng 8 8pocifi.d oa~trretion =homo) could bo
ost-t.6. In this 01~~10, dovol~at of 8ltonutioos thrt consider
grwnb uator rctionr indopondoat of mil -81 Lo., tho no-soilrwhovrl
scanagio) could result ia undorostlutia9 tho rchiovrb10 rowdi-
rtion lovol or mrorrrtfwting th. tin frm for ground-wrtor redia-
tion. TU8 could result in 8a otnnsth8tioa of tho oxtrrction and
trortmont roquiraontr for technology procossas for ground wrtor.
ovrlwtbtg roil rnd 9round wrtor 8ctions fogethor8 tho r8tos and vo1wes
of ground wrtor oxtrrction to achieve the targot romediation levols can
bo rofinod mro rccurrtoly.
Urbq 8 mod01 of trrnrport processes
Attar tho rltorn8tives h8vo kon rofin.6 with rospoct to volumes of
rnodir, tho tcrchnology ptocoss options no.6 to bo dofinod mor. fully with
rorpoct to thoir offoetivonors, lmplewntrbi1fty, rnd cost rueh that
4-31
By

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OSWER Directive 9355.34:
Size and confiqurrtion of onsite extraction and traamont rys-
terns or containment strUctures-?or d i a contrminatad with
sovoral hrzrr&us SubStrnCOS, it w y bo nocassrry to first
detormino which contrminrnt(s) impor. tho groatost trartmont
toquiromentr; thon sit. or configure accordingly. Similarly,
for gtound-w8tOr OXtZ8CtiOn tochnoloqior at sitor with ml-
tip10 ground-wrtor COnt8min8ntSr it my be nocessrry to evalu-
rto which compounds impore the grertost limits on oxtraction
tochnologios, oithor bocruro of thoir chomical/physical chsr-
a~toristics, concontration, or distribution in ground water.
o Tim fraw in which troatmont, contrinmont, or romovrl goals
crn be rchiovod--Tho roandirtion tino f?aw’is ofton intarde-
pendont on tho sit. of a troatmont rysta or configuration of
a qrourrd-vator oxtraction ryster. The tfisr frame may k
doterminod on the basis of spuific remodiation goals (o.q.,
attaining qround-uatar remodirtion goals in 10 years), in
which cas. tho technology is sirod and confiqurad to aehievo
thisr tho time frama may 81SO be influoncod by technological
limit8tiOn8 (such as maxiam rite eonsidorrtion, porfornrnca
c8pbiliti.8, 8nb/Or 8Vrihbility Of 86.qu8te trO8wnt SyS-
t m
Ot dieS81 C8prCityl.
0 ktor 01 flour of t?ortmont-Thoro will 8180 influonco tho
siting of technologies and time fraw within which rdiatior.
CILl k 8cht.V.d.
o Spatial roquiromontr for constructing trertmont or containment
tochnologioa or far staging conrtnretion materials or exca-
V8f.d 8Ofl Or Wart0
4-33

4'
ib
OSWtR Directivo 93SS.3-01
o ltoquirod pamAta for offsito actions and iorposod limitations-
Thoro includo N8tion81 Pollutant Dirchrrgo tlFPin8tion Syrtom
(mts) , protrortmont, and amirsion control rquiroments: coordination
with lOC81 890nCiOS 8fd tho publlct 8nd other legal
eonridorrtionr. Thoro uy also oncapass some @=ion-, location-,
8nd ch&C8l-rp.clfiC Aluk.
4.3.2 Screoninq tvaluation
win9 tho dOtrilod 8MlySiSr th. 8lterrutivos will bo ev81uated
8g8inSt nine specific criteria and thoir individu8l f8etorr rathor tha.?
4-34

It is also important to note that comparisons during screening are
usually made beturnan similar altamativer (the mat prmising of vhic3
is carried fonatd for further an8lyair); uheraa~, comparisons during
tho detailed analysis vi11 differentiate acroaa the entire r8nge of
alternatives. The criteria used for screening are described in the fol-
lowing rections.
4.3.2.1 Effoctiveness Evaluation
A key arpoct of tho Screening eV81WtfOn ir the effactivaneas of
each alternativo in protoeting husrn hoalth and tho onvironwnt. mch
altornative should bo ff8lwtod 81 to ita offutivenerr in providing
protection and tho roductions in toxicity, mbility, or volw that It
will achiovo. Both rhort- and long-tom companoatr of effectiveness
rhould be evaluatodr rhort-tom roferrfng to tho conrtruction and
Lmplemntation poriodr and long-tam roterring to the priod after the
roamdial action is cemplato. Reduction of toxicity, nobility, or volume
refetr to changos in on0 or =to c)ur8notirtics of tho haz8rdous sub
rtrncoa or contarinatad -8 by tho wo of troatmont that dacreases the
inhorent throats or rWu arrociatod with tho bararbour material.
4.3.2.2 I8plomantrbility Evaluation
fnplemntabflity, a8 a namro of both tho tochnical and
a&niniStrrtive fO8Sibility of conrtructingr operating, and mintaininq a
rowdial action altonmtive, is used during rereoning to evaluate the
combination# of procerr options with respct to conditionr at a specific
4-3s

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I
n

OSWER Directive 9355.3-01
The datodlution thrt rn 8'%rn8tiV* io not technically foasiblc
and is not 8V8ihblO will USU8lly proclude it from furthor consideratLon
unless steps can be trkon to ehango the conditions rosponrible for the
dotemination. Typically, this type Of "frtrl flrv" vould have been
identified during tachnology scraaning, 8nd tha inforsiljlo alternative
would not hrve been 8SS.arbhd. Nag8tiVa frctorr rffoetinq administram
tiva fersibi1ity vi11 nOm811y invo1va coordination stops to lerren tho
negrtive 8sp.ctS of the 81tanl8fiVa but will not necessrrily eliminate
an rltamrtiva from ton8fdar8tiOn.
TypiC8lly, 81tornrtivas will h8va been defined vel1 onough before
scraaning that somm astimates of cost am 8V8i18bh for wmprrirons
rllong 8ltarXl8tiVO8. bU8W. UCOrt8inti.S 8880Cirted with tke
dofinition of altornativos oftan rmin, it m y not be pr8ctiC8bh to
dofino tho corts of altorrutivor w ith tho 8ecurry derirod for the
detrilod analysis (La. , +SO percent to -30 percant).
ti8L.
Ab801ute 8ccurry of Cost estimtes during screening is not ossen-
The focus should bo to mak8 comparrtiva astim8tos for rltoma-
tives vith ralrtive accuracy 10 that cost docirionr mmng 8lternatives
W i l l be rustrined 81 the 8ccuracy of cost astiPYte8 iSp?WOS beyond the
scrooning procass. Tha procaduror urd to develop cost ertimtos for
4-37

,\Q
OSYLR Directive 93SS.3-01
altomative scrooning are similar to those usad for the detailed 8n81y-
sir# the only differences W ld bo in the 6.gr.O of alternativo refine-
ment and in the degree to Which COSt vnents 8re developed.
Coat eatfnut.8 for 8CroOning 8ltem8tict.S typfC8lly Vi11 be basad
on 8 varioty of cost-eatimatiag data. Bas01 for screoning coat estimmtes
u y include coat -ea, generic unit costs, oondor infomation,
COnOeUtiOn81 cost-ostiutinq guiderr and prior si.flar estisutea 81
wdifiod by site-specific inforvtion.
Prior estimates, SitWto8t experience, and Qood enqineering
judqmonts rre needed to identify thoso miquo itma in each alternative
that vi11 control these vt8tive estimates. Cost estimates for itmt
c w a to all alternativos or indirect costs (onginomring, ti~ntirl,
r\tp.rvision, outside cosrtrrctor ruppoe, csntiaqoncies) do not nomally
warraat substantial etfort dutin9 th. altemtitn streeninq'phaae.
kth capital and OLn costs should k cono%&rodr whore appropriate
during tho serooning of r1tor~uffp.r. Th. mlwtion should includo
than oLf4 costs that will bo incurrod for 8s long as no~essary~ .vet,
after the initial romdirl action is coaploto.
In addition, potential
future remadial action costs should bo considered during 8ltern8tivr
sczooning to the extent thoy can bo befind. ?resent wreh 8n8lyrer
shaald bo urd during rltorn8tivo screening to .valuate exp.nditures
thrt occur 011.r difforunt timo poriods. 8y di8counting all costs to a
colo~l baa yoat, the costs for Utferent r-81 action alternatives
CIII k 0s tb. b@i8 Of 8 SiWh fiq\m fO? e8Ch altem8tfvO.
A .DLy d.t@ilod dl8cuasion of evrlwtfng cost is presented in
4.3.2.4 Innovativo technologies
Technoloqies are classified as innovative if thoy are developed
fully but l8ck sufficient coat or performrnce drta for routine use a:
4-38

O m R Dir8ct~v8 9355.3-01
Innovative technologies would xiomally ba carried through the
rcreonmg pbro if th8re w8re r~aron to kliev8 that tho innovatrve
tochnoloqy would oftor rignificmt advmtagor.
in'thu fom Gf better treatmnt performance Or iPlplemont&ility, fewer
adverse imprctr than other available approaches, or lowor costs for sim-
ilar lrvolr of porforuuce. A mreasonab18 boli8f" exists if all indica-
tions from othor f~ll-8Cah appiiCatiOn8 md8r 8mlrr C&~CUPU~.~COI or
fro= b8nch-rcale Or pi10t-SC.h trratibility tO8thg supports th8
axpocted advantages.
4.3.3 Altornrtivo Scroonhq
4.3.3.1 Guidolinor for Screoning
Thore advantages m y be
Afurnativer with the mat favorable cooposito evaluation of all
factor# rhould bo r o t ~ i for ~ d furthor consider&tion during dotailed
uralyrir. Altornatitnr ulected for turthor evaluation should, where
practicable, pto~ma tha rango of troatnnt rad containsmt tochnolo-
91.8 initArlly doval0p.a. It as not r-t that th. ontire range
of rltanutivaa orriglaally &volopod bo prrwntod if a11 alternatives in
a portiorr of tho tm90 do not roproaont birtbnet viable optionr.
Th. targot nuakr of rltornativor to k curaod through rcrrening
should be 8 Ot by the projoct wager and th8 lord aqurcy on a rite-
rpacitic hrir.
It is oxp.cted that tho typic81 t&qot a-r cf alter-
nitivos cirraea through rcrooning (including containment and no-action
4-39

O W R Directive 93SS.3-03
4.3.3.2 SOhctiOn of ~torn8tiver for Detailed Analysis
Once the OV8lU8tim )US b..n conductod for O8Ch of tho altema-
tins, the lard a9eny a 4 its t~~tractor rhotrld met with the support
agency to discurs each of the 81tern8tiWS king conridorod.
This meet-
inq 69.8 not correrpond to a forul quality contsol rwiw stage but
prarrides the lead 89ency and its ~~at?actor Vith input fr- the support
agony and ronms as a to- for updating tbo mapprt r9eny with tho
curzent diroetion of tho ?So
Tho altematitnr te-d.6 for further considorrtion should be
agrnd upon at thir noting ao that &ammntation of the reaults of
altomative screening is corpletet any additional invortigations that
may be necessary are identifiedt and tho detailed analysis can coumnce.
Unselected alternatitns u y be ro~nsiderod at a lator step in the
dotailed mrlysir it stlilrr ntain.6 alteraativos continuo to bo ovalu-
ated f8~0r8b&y
or if information is develm that identifies an addi- '
ti-1 advantage not pmvis\uly amrent. lhls p?ovidor tho floxibility
fo daPbk &Uk WOViOrU bCiSi0ll Or fo Vlri8tiOaS Of 81tOma-
tivoa bin9 conaidozd (o.q., considoration of other sisilat procosr
optioar). Wove?, tt is 0rrp.ctod that &or mat cire\rutances, once
an altosnative is 8cseon.6 out it will not bo r.eonridorod for select
ion .
4.3.3.3 Post-acrooning Tasks
Ihe completion of the screening procesa lords directly into the
detailet ar.bIysi8 ant my servo to identify addition81 investiq8:icrs
4-40

,
Although tho considorrtion of action-spcific Mum bagins oarlior
as procors optionr rro combined, tho idontificrtion of action-specific
A W
will nood to bo mor0 dofinitive 8s tho rltornativos bocomo hotter
dofinod. At tho conclurion of rcrooning, sufficiont informtion should
.xist on tho tochnologior rnd tho -at probablo configurations of toeh-
nologios so that tho load agoncy and Support rgoncy can bettor dofine
and agroo on action-specific A m . Ai with ch.aricrl-sp.cific ARMS,
action-specific ARARs should includo all ?odor81 requirownts and any
stat. rq~iromonts that oithor 8- son stringont th8n Fodoral A m or
spocify roquiruuonts whoro no ?dorrl ARARm oxist.
3nco tho fiold of 81tornrtLvom har boon IU-, tho toehnology
procoraos of groatoat intorost can bo idontifiod. At this point, the
nood for treatability toats (if not idontifiad ortlior) can bo dotor-
minod for procorm optionr that will roquiro rddftionrl data for dotrilod
anrlyris. Although tho rorultr of tYoat8bifity tostinq will not bo used
Until tho d.tril.4 8n8lYSi8, t hy ShOUld b. iati8t.d 8S Oarly in tho
procorm ar poasiblo to mb-20 8ay pot.atirl &lay# on tho PS schodulc.
Tho typo and mcopo of trortability tosts doponda on tho oxpctod data
roquiromontr for dotail.6 analysis of rltarmtivor.
Factors involvod it.
dotormining tho d for rad #cop. of tn8trbiliw 8di.a 8rO ~~SCUSSO~
in Chaptor So
fa 1 9 CIIOS. ~ fh. nod for,additional rito Ch8Y8ttOr~r8tiOn w y
8180 k id8ntifi.d bur* tho rcsooning -80.
oxtont of contamhution ir usually -11 dafiaod at this tho, additional
fiold invortigations should bo conducted only to kttor dofine tho
offoct of mito conditionr on tho porforwnco of tho t.ehnal&y proeors~s
of groatoat intorost.
4-41
Bacauw the nrturo and

P
0S)CLR Dirmctivo 93SS.3-03
If a~tonutivos azo kin9 dovelopod cormarrently with the RI rite
chrractorisatioa, iaforution on t b rcrooning of tocm1oqior ane romc~-
dial rltonutivo dwolop.nt should be includod in public information
mtOti818 8ad 8CtidtimS p?OprOd during Sit0 chr?8C%OZiZ8tfOl. If
altosaativo8 arm &volopd aftor rite chrraetoriration, additional com-
munity robtioru rctivitios should bo oonduetod. In gonoral, -unity
rolatior~ actittitior during rltonutive dwologwnt and rcrwning aro '
QOIt 8Wm?ktO it CitiSOlU 8?0 siqnificant1y C O ~ C O ~ OVOr O ~ Site
condition8 and RVFS acrivitios that are kin9 i.plo8ont.d at the rite.
Th. love1 of offort for m i t y
doscribod in tho conaunity rolationr plan.
4 4-42
P
rolrtions at tbf8 phase should bo

4.5 FEPORTING AND COMMUNICATION
SCREES INC
QSWU Directive 93S5.3-01
DURING ALTERNATIVE D WELGPm AND
Althougk r.0 f0-l report PreP.ratrOn 1s required during tho dcvclop-
mnt and rcreenmg ot altern.tiveS (OxCORt whatov*r routrne rdmmrrtratrvc
and project fnanaqonwnt trackmg lrthodr have beon 6orrgnated for US. by
tho load agency md its contrrctortr))', soma fom ot vtrtten documanta-
tion of tho mothods, rationale, and rosultr of rltrrnat~vo rcr*oninq
(o.g., graphical rep?OSOntattOn 8Ul.r to fiquror 4-5 md 4-6 or a tech-
nrcal wmormdunr) noobr fc bo pr0vid.d to tho load and support agencras.
If a technical menrprandum is prepared, it cu. Beme a8 tho basis for
lator dovolopannt of tho chaptor(r) in tho FS report that dircurror the
devologaront md rcro0nir.g of altrrnativrs.
Coumnicrtion wng tho 1086 md Support agrncier urd thoir
contractor(o) is vory important to obtarn input md agreo~unt on the
tochnologrer or proeorros urd altarnativos conridorod for impl.3nltation
at the site. k ahoun in Tablo 4-2, comication should occur to
faCilit&tb tho udal #CrOUbg Of tOChnd~i08 md prOCOSS Options, to
agroo on what additional site data my bo noodod, md to grin input md
a9t08mat on tho ChsiCa of nprowntativo prOco8ror urC combinations to
be ured to assoeblo altormtrvos. In abbiuon, tho following key
coordinatron scrr.t8 u o required:
The load aad nrOpott rgoncios should agroe on tho set of
altonutivar nlocub tor deuilod analysin.
T& &ad and rupoort rgmcior must coordiluto ihtifiution
of .ction=rg.ciirc ARAR8.
Th. 10Ad 48nky urd it8 contractor uo to ovalurrto tho nood
for any additionrl u~tnatigations that may be neodrd kfore
they COnQCt tb dOtailrd UUly8iS.
'Tho W?: lr~y roquirr a uratferc Celivorablo fro= tho PRFv during
altrrrxtivr dev8lopent md scraaning fcr PRO-had RI/fS.
4-43
/65

\Q
Infonution Noodod
All potonti81 toch-
nologior includod
for conridor8tion
Nod for 8ddition81
fiold dat8 ot tro8t-
8bility rtudior
Idontificrtion of
action-apecif ie ARAR8
mod fos additional
investigation
0- Directive 9?fS. 3-0:
Potential
nothods for
Infornut ion
Purporo Provision
?or 1086 agony mnd contractor Meet inq
to ibnttfy potontirl tochnologloat
for had agony to abtrln Other
8gony roviw md
m n t
Toch Memo
?or h8d aqoncy rnd centric- Moef ing
tot t0 n i C 8 U 8& rO8Ch
rgr..wnt on altomtivo
aerooninq, for 108d rgony
to obtain atrpport 8wny ro-
Toch Homo
Othor
0i.v 8nd combant 2
rot load rqoncy to obtain
input fra tho rupport
Mooting
kttet
agony on action-specific
Anam
Othot
4-44

OSYLR Directive 93S5.3-01
Becauro tho finrl Rf/FS row- my ovontully be subjoct to judicial
roviow, tho proeodurrr for ovrlurting, dofining, rnd screening rlternativor
rhould bo -11 documontod, rhoving tho rrtionrlo for orch stop.
h o following typo8 of infornution rhould bo docuwntod in tho final
Rf/FS roport to tho extont po8siblo:
o Chomicrl- and/or risk-barod romodirl objoctivos associated
with tho rltornativo
o ModifiCrtiOn8 to my modir-specific 81tOm8tiVOS initially
dovolopod to onsuro thrt rirk from multiple-prthvry exposures
rnd intorrctionr r-ng aourco- and ground-v8tor-r~diation
rtrrtogior are 8ddrorrod
0 Dofinition of orch rltom8tivo including oxtont of romodia-
tion, volumo of contrainrtod matorial, rito of wjor technologior
, procoar prrrmetorr , clornup timo trrl~s , . trrnrporta t ion
diatrn~oa, and rpocirl conriderrtion8
o Notation of pzocorr option8 that woro not initially scroened
out rnd @ro king roprowntod by tho ptocoaros coPprising tho
81t@wti+.
o Scrooning oorlwtion sumarior of orch altornrtive
4-45

TREATABILITY
INVESna ATIONS
0 Pwbnn 8enc!l or Paot
' Tnarbitlry T8m 8s Nmurry
I
I
CHAPTER 5
TREATABILITY
I N V EST1 GAT IO N S
I ..

5.1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 5
TREATABILITY INVESTIGATIONS
OSWER Directrve 9355.341
AS discussed earlier, the phased RIDS process is intendrd to better
focus the site investigation so that Only those data necessary to suppot-,
the R,I/FS and the decisionmaking process are c0Uect.d. Data n8edr are
initially identified on the basis of the understanding of the site a t the
time the RIRS is initially scopd.
Therefore, initial sampling and testlz?
efforts may be limited until a more coaiplete understanding of the site
allows subsequent sampling efforts to be better focused. As site
infornution is collected during the RI and alteMatiVeS are boinq developel,
additional data needs neeossary to adequately evaluate alternatives during
the detailed analyris are often identified. There additional data needs may
involve tho collection of rite chrrrcteritation data, a8 described in
Chapter 3, or treatability studies to better .valuate technology
performance. This chapter ir intended to provide an overview of th8 types
of treatability studies (i.e., bench scale, pilot scale) that may b8 used,
their spocific pu~resr and ispo-t
when contemplating a i r urn.
factors that nod to be considered
S.l.1 Objectiwr of Treatability fnvostiqrtions
Treatability rtudior are conducted prinurily to achieve the fo1lovir.c:
o Drwide rufftcient data to allow treatmatit alternatives to be
fully developed m d evaluatd during the detailed analysis and
to SUpQort tho remadial design Of 8 ralOCt.6 alteMatiVe
o Reduce cost and porfornunce uncertaintier for treatment alterna-
tives fo acceptable levels so that a remedy can be selecte6
5-1
/Os’

,4
0-R Directive 935s. 3-Oi
moat&ility studio8 to COllOCt data On tOChologios idontifiod during
the rltom.ti~~ d~volopwnt process arm conducted, as appropriate, to pro-
vide additional hforwtion for .valuating toehrwlogior. The RI/?s eontrrc-
tot and the lead 898ny'S must revimw tho misting rite d.tr and rvailab10
infomation on t8chnologior to detorrrtno if troatability fnvostigationr
u o nod.6.
An discusrod earlier, the nod for trratrbility trrtinp should
bo idantifid as orrly in tho RInS procors as porslblr. A docision to
conduct trO8trbility tO8ting my b. mdo drub9 projut scoping if
infomation inbic8tos mch t88tin9 i 8 6.ritablo. Bwwer. tho doeision to
conduct thoro rctioitirs art k -do by mighbg tha cost and tiPW toquircd
eo corploto tho invostfgation against tho potuatial valuo of the infomution
o Irrirrbq exArtin9 data on tln riu and avrilablo litorrturo on
utbaologteo to detorrrino if oxiating data am sufficient to oval-
PIU .lt.rart&wr
o Plrfomin9 trmubility tO8fl. as appreprirto, to dotomino por-
fo~cr. oporrting paramotrir, urd rofrtivo costs of potentia:
tsmodial tochnologier
0 Rta1uatit.g tho data to ensuro that DQOr are mot
s-2

t I
Evaluate Existing
TmrOayOeta
FIGURE $1
TR EATABI LTp/ INVESTIGATIONS
1

OSwLR Directive 93SS.34
To -0 ~xt~nt po~sibl., drta r-ired to .8S*8S the feasibility of
tochnologios 8hould k 98thOS.d during -0 Sit0 charretotizatton (o.g.,
m0i8tUrO md haat contont d~ta should be coll0ct.d if incineration of U!
orguiic w8ate i8 king conridorrd).
on tho ap.cific trortaont procO88 and tho coatrafnurtr md mtr'lcms boing
conridor.d, tho torults of tho #it0 charrctorhrtion will influence the
typos of dtOtnrti~08 dov01op.d md act..nod, vhich vi11 in tun influence
addition81 data nod#.
b.C8U80 data roquiromont8 will dopond
RIQYIWS, data c0lloct.d during #it. chuactetiratic:
W i l l not 8lW8y# k ad-rt~ for U8088inq the fU8fbiffty Of -dial tech-
nologies, and, in fret, the nod for d0uil.d data frolll trortrbility tosts
MY not bocamo 8pp8rOnt until tho hiti81 8C?8enin9 Of 8ItOZn&tfVOS has been
eomplet.6.
proamtad ia Tablo 5-1. Tho Tochnolo~ Screoninq mido for Troatolwnt of
A doacription of dat8 rmt...at8 for u1.ct.d tochnoloqios is
CflICu Soils and Slubqor (U.S. ZPA, S0pt-r 2906) ruaPYrlrer data noedr
fox 8 1- n e r of rvailablo and tnnott.titn tnhnologioa. Tho Suporfund
Innovrtivo Tochnolagy ntalwtion (SXTt) program ia urothor souice to assist
with tho idanttficrtion of data n..br md to 8bt.in porfozmance infomatior.
on innovrtivo tochaologior.
Additional &tr noodr CIII k idontifiod by conducting a mro exhaustive
litoratuto rummy than vas otighrlly conducted uhon potontirl tochnologiet
wro initially baing idantifiod. Tho objoctivor of 8 litorrturr survey are
88 fO110~8r
0 0.- ubthor tho pwforaurco of tho- tachnologier under con-
ridaratioa hvo baa rufficiontly docPrwnt.d on afplflu wastes
eoaridaring tho acrlo (0.9., knch, pilot, or full1 and tho number
of tho8 tba UchnologfO8 hrvo boon urod
0 Gathor infomation on nlrtivo coats, ipplicabiUty, romoval rffr-
CfOnCf.8, OW roq~iromontr, and impl-ntability of tho candidate
tuhnologior

C m R Oirrctiw 93S5.3-Cl
Example Dau
Tee.Llnology Waste Matrix Roquired
Tho- 1 Soils
Dortruction
Uoirturo contont
hat V8lUO
Chlorino contont
Dertruction officioncy
Liquid8 Hoat valuo
Concentration of Pwtals
Destruction efficioncy
Air Stripping Ground Water Concontration of volatile
contaminants
Concentration of nonvolatile
contaminants
Contaminant tomoval
otficioncior (obtainab10
from nuthemtical
@Oh)
-tal Hydroxiae Ground Wator Natal8 conconttation
Procipitation Contaminant romoval
off icioncy
Sludgo gonoration rate
and composition
In Situ Vapor
Extrrc tion
Soils Soil type
Partrcle sit0
disuibutior.
Concentration of
volrtile coqmunds
Prerence of non-volatilo
coLlt88Anaats
~~
Contaminant romovcll
et ficiencios (usually
toquire8 bench- or
pilot-real0 work)
[Noto: Tables used in thir outlino u o only part181 examples.]

O m R OirretLvr 93SS.341
o t at or mi no testing roquir-nts for bench or pilot rtudior, if
roquired
cortrin tochnologirr hrvo kon dmnrtrat.6 rufficiontly M that
rite-rpecffic infomation colloetod during tho alto churctorirrtion is
rd.qurto to ovrlrutr rad coat thoro tachnologior witbout conducting
uorubility tosting. For -10, 4 grounb-uator: bvortiqrtion ururiiy
provider rutficioat information from which to ais0 r p.ck.6 towor air
atrippar rnd propuo 4 corparrtfvo coat oathto.
trorubility torting may
bo nocorrrry include:
Othor oxa~plor of when
o A d.vo1ap.d technology is wll provon on riailrr rpplicrtionr.
o subrtantirl uprrionco .xirtr w ith a technology .laphying
troatnnt of wlldocrpwntod Wilt. matariala.
(?or examplo, rir
atrippin9 or cubon adsorption of qrround wrtor containing organic
campounda for which Uormont ha8 prwiowty provon offoctive.)
o klativoly law renova1 officirncior u o roquirod (o.s., SO to
90 pereontl, and data are rlrerdy wrilablo.
troquontly, toclraologior hrvo not boon rufficiontly demonstrated or
chrrrctoriration o i th. warto rlono is inntfiicirnt to prodict treatment
perforwttco or to oaumato tho r ho urd coat of approprirto txoatnront units.
-.-?e, aan t t n a t procor88r aro not rufiiciontly undorstood for
porfoX8mCa to ba p?wUctod, wmn vith a caplet. churctoratrtion of the
wartor.
lolr ommplo, ofton it ir difficult to p-ct biological toxicity
in 8 biological tt..tnnt plrnt without pitot tmw. Whoa tsortaont
porforsrnco ir difficult to prdict, an returl tortin9 of tho procoss may be
tho only mo.21r of obtaining tho nocorsry at.: In fact, in rem situations
it may bo mor0 cort-offoctivo to tort 8 procoor on tR0 rcturl vasto thrr. 1:
Vould bo to chrrrctorita tho waste in rufficiont dotril to ptodict porfor-
nunc0 .
P4 9-6
- 4

OS-R Oiractive 93s:. 3-01
Treatability torting can be parformad by using bench-scale or pilot-
scalo techniquos, vhich are de8Crib.d in dotail in tho following so~tiors.
HOVOVO~, in general, troatrbility studios vi11 includo the following StaFS:
o Preparinq a work plan (or modifying tho oxirting work plan) fct
tho bonch or pilot studies
o ~orfonning fiold sampling, and/or bench terting, md/or pilot
torting
o Evaluating data from fiold rtudios, &/or bench tosting, and/or
pilot torting
o Proparing a briot repert documenting tho nrults of tho tosting
5.3.1 Bench-Scale Troatabflity Studios
Bonch tart- ururlfy ir prrtonwd in a hboratory, in which comprra-
tivoly -11 VOlum88 of waste are tertd for the individual paramoterr of a
treatment technology. These tostr aro gonerally u rd to determine if tho
"chdrtym of tho p-88 works and aro urualfy parformd in batch (0.9..
"jar t08t8m)r w ith treamnt paramotors varied ona at a tfmr.
voluw8 mb iaoxponrfve reactors (e.g., bottles or borkors) are used, bmck
tosts can be used ocorrosically to test a rolativoly largo nrrplb.r of botk
parfornunee and warte-coaporition variabler.
a troatnmnt system made up of revoral technologies and to gonorato limited
uwunts of residua~s for ovaluation.
for projects involving trortmont or destruction tochnologior. Howaver, Care
murt be takon in attempting to prodict the prformrnco of full-reale Pro-
Corres on tho basis of theso tests.
Bocause ma::
It ir also porsiblo to evaluate
Bonch test8 aro typically psrfomed
5-7
/? L

OSnR Dirocttvo 93SS.3-0
bonch-scrlo testing usually conrirtr of 8 sori08 of torfa, with tho
rasultr of tho prwiour rnrlyris btorrrining tho noxt rot of conditions to
ov81wto. Tho first tort8 uswl1y mmr 8 b-4 rrngo of potontirl oporrt-
inp conditions in odor to nrrrow tho condltiona for mbroquont tosts. F O ~
oraqlo, pn is tho moat -runt prr8wtrr for hybroxido procipitrtfon of
horvy Wtrh.
tho pH rango ir V8ri.d frum 7 through 12 h vboh pR units. Aftor finding a
minimum wtala ~on~onfr8tion ot pB 9, 8brUtion81 tO8thg tould bo portormod
at a 1 ~ pcf r intoiv81r 8round 9. rn0 initi81 #C?Ooniag torts no06 not bo
portornwd to tho ram0 high hvol of 8CCUr8Cy U8.6
diet troatmnt offoctivonorr.
An hiti81 'lC?Wnfn~' j8r tO8t right k p.Sformd in which
tho final tosts to pro-
b.nch-rc810 tort- can usually ba pmrfosnd 00.r a Cw wookr or amnthr,
and tho cortr aro uaurlly only mal1 portion of tho tot81 RIRS cost.
Costs for bond-acrlo tortinq aro urwlly significantly lmmr than thoro for
pilot torting for similar tochnologioa.
b.nch-ra10 t08tuq ahould bo performed, a8 rpptoprirto, to dotormino
tho follawingr
o Ziiwtivonoaa of the tzortwnt altetnrtivm on tho wasto (noto thrt
t.chrologior bench-amlo testing u y aot bo 8ufficiont to
fm
ulu r ffnrl ef~octivonosr dotorriaation)
'Bonch tort8 my rho bo conduct& fot woU-4.volop.6 and documontod tee?.-
nologior tht 8ra boing rppliod to a new u8ato.

OSWER Directive 3353.3-01
o Sizinq requiremontS for pilot-scale studios (e.q., chomical feed
s y s t ems 1
o Scrooning of tochnoloqior to bo pilot tostod (o.g., sludge
dwa t 0 ring 1
o Sizing of thoro troatmont units that would sufficiently uffect the
Cost of tho tOChnOlogy to affect tho FS OV8lU8tiOn procoss
o Compatibility of ~torialr with tho wasto .
Tho proplanning infomation noodod to proparo for a bonch-rcalo treet-
ability tost includos th8t nocossary for propring and idontifying tost pro-
coduror; a vasto sampling plant wasto Ch8r8CtOrit8tiOnt troatmont goals (o.g.,
how cloan or rosirtant to loaching doos tho vasto nood to bo); datu require-
montr for ortimating tho cost of tho technology boing ovr~uatod (e.g., suffi-
ciont for an ordor of mrgnitudo cost ostinrrto (i.o., +50/-30 portent)): and
informstion nodod for procuro~ont of tost, oquipont, chomical, and
analytical sonricor.
p8r8l#tO?r Of 8 fI&f-rc810 procossr thoroforo, tho trirtnwnt unit sitor and
tho velum of wait@ to bo proc08s.d in pilot rystoms grortly incrorre over
thoso of bonch rcrlo. As such, pilot units are intondod to bridgo tho gap
botwoon'bonth and tull-rcr10 and aro intond.6 to mor0 accurately simulate
tho opratfon of tho full-scalo procoss than wuld bonch-scalo torting.
pilot Unit8 ax0 do8im.d 8s -11 8s poS8iblO to dnidi0 COStSr yet
largo onough to got tho d8tr roquirod for scaling up. Pilot units are
usua1ly shod to minimizo tho phySiC81 and goamtric offocto of test Oqul?
mont on troatmont potformanee to rimulato full-rea10 potformanee. Exantles
s-9
76

OSWER Directive 93SS.3-01
of thew effects include mixing, Wall effeefS, 8CCUrate settling data, and
generation of sufficient re8idu.S (sludges, Off QaSOS, ate. 1 for additional
testing (dewatering, fixation, .tc.). Pilot units are owrated in a manner
as similar as possible to tho manner of opr8tiOn of the full-scale system
(i.e., if the full-scale 8ySt.a will bo operated continuously, then the
pilot system would usually k operated continuously).
In many instances, Significant ti- is rqUir.d to make a changeover in
operating conditions of a pilot plant and get a reliable result of the
change.
Therefore, tinm and budget corrrtraints often limit the ability to
test a large number of oprrting conditions.
Sine@ pilot tests usually
require large volumes of Waste th8t m y vary h characteristics, con9ider-
ation should be given to performing tests on WrSteS that are representative
of actual site conditions and full-scale oprations (e.g., it may be neces-
s8ry to blend or SpikO w8SteS t0 test 811 Wart. cb8raCtOriStieS antiCip8t.d
at the site and/or to conduct onrite tests using dile laboratories).
In 8ddition to the proplaming roquir.#ntr for knch-sole tests,
fnfonmtion needed to preparo for a pilot-seale treatability test includes:
o Site information that wuld affect pilot-test toquirments (i.e.,
Waste characteristics, F e r 8Vlihbility, OtC.
o Waste requiromontr for testing (i.e., volumes, pretreatment, etc.)
Becatan nrbstantial quantities of material u y ba processed in a pilot
test 8nb boC8uSe of tho material's h8tardous Ch8r8ct8riStiC8, spocial pre-
caution8 may k roquirod in handling transport and dirposal of processed
waste. It mry bo necessary to obtain an agre.~.nt with a local sower
authority or cognizant State agencies or to obtain an NPDES permit for
offsite discharge of treated effluent.
proparly offsite or stored onsite to be addressed as part of the remedial
act ion.
s-io
Solid residuals must be disposed of

5.4 BENCH VERSUS PILOT TESTING
OSwER Directive 9355.3-0;
Alternatives involving treatment O r destruction technologies may
rewire some form of treatability testing, if their use represents
first-of-its-kind applications on unique or heterogeneous wistes.
Once a decision is made to perfom treatability studies, the RI/Fs
contractor and lead agency rawdial project mrnager will have to decide on
the typo of treatability testing tO Use. This decision mast always be made
taking into account the technologies under consideration, portormanee qoals,
and site characteristics.
The choice of bench versus pilot testing is 8ffect.d by the level of
developamnt of the technology.
tested, bench studies are Often WJffiChnt to evaluate parformance on new
wastes. For innovative technOlogieS, however, pilot tests my be roquired
since information necessary to conduct fUlf0SC8h tests is either United or
nonexistent.
For a technology that is vel1 develoFeG ar.d
Pilot studies are usually not ryuired for well-dwe1op.d technologies
except when treating a n w waste type or matrix that could affect the physi-
cal operating characteristics of a treatment unit. For example, incinera-
tion of fine sands or clay roils in 8 rOf8ry kiln that hrs been developed
for coarser solids can result
combustion chambor.
carryover of fine sands into the secondary
During tho Rf/FS process, pilot-scrle studios should be limited to
r~turtionr in which bench-scrle testing or field s8mpling of physical or
chemical paramtors provide insufficient infozmation frorn which to evaluate
an 8ltOmtive (e.g., it is difficult to evrlwte the ability of a rotary
kiln incinorator to hndlo now W8Ste artrix using r b.nCh-sc810 test).
Pilot-scale tests m y 81SO be roquired d en theto is a need to investiqbte
So~Ond8ry effects of th. process, such as air omissions, or when treatment
residues (sludge, air omissions) are roquired to test secondary treatment
processes.
5-11
I
/osf

OSWER Directive 9355.3-01
8.C8USO of tho tho roquirod to dosign, fabrierto, rnd install pilot-
SCllO oquipnt and to perform torts for 8 rO8Son8bl. numbor of operating
Conditions, conducting 8 Pilot study ern 8dd significrnt tho to tho RI/tS
schedule rnd can bo quit. costly. Tho docision to parform a pilot test
should, thoroforo, k considered crrofully rnd nude 8s orrly in tho process
8s possible to mininrizo ptontirl dolrys of tho tS.
To dotormino tho nood for pilot tOStin9, tho potonti81 for improved
perfornunco or savings in tino or monoy during tho impl.nnntation of a tech-
nology should bo brlracod agrinst tho rdditionrl tho rnd cost for pilot
tosting during tho RIDS.
Tochno1ogior requiring pilot tosting should also
bo comprrod to tochnologios thrt can bo imploawntod without pilot tosting.
Innovative tochnologior rhould bo considor.6 if thoy offer the potential for
wro pormrnont trormnt, dostruction of tho wasto, or significant savinqs
in tinm or amoy roquirod to compioto r r.r#birl action.
Tho fin81 decision 88 to hou much tSO8t8bility terthg (or colloction
of rdditionrl'brtr of rny kind) should bo undortakon must brlrnco tho value
of tho rdditionrl d8t8 rgrinst increrr.6 cost, rchodulo dolry, and level of
rllowablo uncortrinty in tho romody-soloction procorr.
tho following choicos must bo aador
o Colloct mor. data using tr08trbilfty tosting
Gonorrlly, on@ of
o Provido 8ddftiOn81 srfoty factors in tho romadial design to
rcco~m~odate IOY uncertaintior
0 Proco.6 with tho r d y mloction, rccopting tho uncortainty ant
tb. potontirl cost rad prrforaunco conr.quoncos
Tho fin81 docision u y bo r combination of soverrl of thoro choices.
Tho lord rgoncy's RPM mast brso tho docision upon tho chrrrctoristics of tte
sit., tho cost of th8 studios, and tho uncortrinties of procooding without
thorn.
5-12

5.4.1 Tosting considerations
OSIER Directive 9355.3-0:
Shipment of substantial volumes of COntamin8t.d material from a site
for testing can prove to bo difficulttl residual matorial not consumed in
tosting will neod to bo dirposod of Safely, and the disposal mst be ade-
quately doctnnontod. Thorefore, the volmo of matorials to be tested offsite
should bo minimirod to avoid r8lated prohloms.
A second testing consideration is tho possible difficulty of qettinq 2
representative samplo of waste for treatabi1,ity testing. For example,
although ground-water samples collected from monitoring wells during site
Ch8t8CteritatfOn may bo avwilable for testing trO8tPwnt technologior, separ-
ate oxtraction wolls m y noed to be used to produco tho roquired qround-
vrtor flow pattornr during reamdial actions.
Conroquontly, bocauso the
charactoristics of ground.wator fran extrrction wllr may be different from
monitoring wmllr, roprorontativo waste ramplor may be unavailable until
oxtraction wolls rro inrtallod and puakpod.
tosting can bo colloctod from wnitoring wolfs, if rllwances are made for
potontial difforencos in'tho colaposition of wrstos to bo derived from
oxtraction wells.
than can bo coll0ct.d from aonitoring wollr--unlorr monitoring wells are
sirod sufficiontly--pilot torts can bo potfozmod on wator produced from
oxtractiun wollr during pump tosting and kforo tho rowdial action begins.
A rfnrilar concorn rrisor whon trying to obtrin roprorontativo samples for
tosting tho trormnt of eontarfnatod roil. Sinco tho roil characteristics
will v ry both horirontrlly and vertically on tho sit0 it amy not be
porsiblo to obtrin 8 srmplo th8t fully roprosontr full-scalo conditions
without blonding or spiking.
Simplor sufficient for bench
Whilo pilot tosting m y roquiro volwmr of waste greater
'SO. 40 CPR parts 260 and 261 for spocific dota5lr on trortability study
ramplo oxomptionr.
5-13

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5-14

Remedial Tochnology
A. Air Pollution and Car Migration
Control
1. Capping
2. Dust Control
3. Vapor Colloction and
Troatnnnt (carbon
adsorption, air stripping,
otc.)
8. Surfaco Water Controls
1. Capping
2. Grading
3. Rovogotation
4. Diversion and Colloction
C. Loachato and Ground-Wator
Con trols
1. Containment barriers
(slurry walls, grout
curtains, otc.)
2. Ground-wator pumping (w.11
points, suction walls,
otc. 1
3. Subsurfaco colloction
drains
4. Poxwablo troatmont beds
(lir#rtono, activatod
cubon)
5. C.PPfn9
D. Diroct Wasto Contml
1.
2.
3.
Thorsrl Traatamnt
Solidification/Stabilization
Biological Tr8atment
o Activated sludgo
o ?acultativo lagoons
o Trickling filtors
4. Chomieal Troataent
o Oxi&tion/rmduction
o Procipitation
o Noutralitation
o Ion oxchango rosins
5-15
OS-R Dlrectlve 9 355.341
Examplo Tostinq Programs
Bonch: Soil donrity and baaring
capacity VI. moirturo content
CUNOS for proporod capping
matorials
Pilot: In-placo roil donrities;
dotomination of gar withdrawal
rat08 to control roloases
Bonch: Colum testing of cap~inq
matorial compatibility with
wastor ptoront
Pilot: In-placo torting of
gootextilos for control of orosion
in grrssod dtvorrion ditches
Bonchr Dotormination of basicity
m d hoadloss VI. grain sizo of
lhstone mtorials for a
troatawnt bod; dotormination of
chomicrl Compatibility of
canp8ct.d clay with a loachate
8tr.m
Pilot: In-placo tortir.9 of a soiltypo
and grain-sir0 spocification
and tilo-drab configuratior. fcr a
rubsurfaco colloction drain
Bonchr C)urrctoritation of
chemical and hoat contont of hat-
udour wasto mixos; chomical,
physical, and biological treat-
ability studios to dofino rate
constants, ainfnul-maximal loading
ratos m d rotontion tbor, optimal
pH and temporaturo, sludqo genera-
tion rat08 and charactoristics,
and oxygon transfor charactoris-
ticst chemical typo and dose
ratos; solids flux rrto VI. solids
/o 5

Roamdial Technology
5. PhytiC81 Treatment
o Carbon adsorption
0 Ploccuhtion
o Sodimontation
0 MabrUlO prOC08808
o Dirsolvod air flotation
o Air stripping
o Hot air OXid8tiOn
6. In Situ TtO8taunt
o Vapor extraction
o Soil flurhing
o Microbial dogradation
0 NOuU8litafiOn/
dOtOXiffC8tiOn
o Prodpitation
o Mitrification
7. Lud DiWW.1 (lurdfill,
&ad application)
E. Soil and Sodimont Containmont
and Removal
1. mC8V8tiOn
2. Drodging
3. Grading
4.
5
Capping
ReVO~et8tiOn
WDR309/036
T&lo 9-3
(Continuodl
d 5-16
OSWEP Directive 9355.3-01
Exmplo Tertlng Programs
concentration in rludge thickening
systoms; air/trolum ratios for
stripping to~orr
Pilot: Tort burns to determine
retention tho, coolburtion-chamb8r
and aftor-burnor tompraturer,
destruction m d rmval officiency,
and tu01 roquiromontr for the
incinorrtion of a waste; mdurmce
porfomanco torts on aruabranes in
reVOrSO~&m0Si8 unit8 for ground-
water trmrtntt in situ microbial-
dograd8tion tostfng of nutrient-
dom and uration rater to support
in-placo doqradation of underground
loaki ovalution of in-placo mixing
proco&ros for tho solidification
of a rludgo in a lagoon
Bonchr .Dotozmination o? roil-
adrorptivo (cation exchmgo
Capacity) proportier and chemical
cornpori tion
Pilots Small-rcalo dredging to
arsorr sodimont rrrurponsion or
production rator

5.4.2 Data Quality Objectives
/b
OSWEP Directive 9355.3-C:
The data quality required for analytical results of treatability tests
is a key concern since it greatly affects tho Cost and time required for the
analyses. Analytical levels and corrosponding lovels of quality rre discussed
in Chaptrt 2 of this guidance (Figuro 2-3).
Since tho rosults of bench and pilot studios are usod to support selec-
tion of a remedial altornativor rorults of such studies will support the RCD
and becomo part of the Administrativo Record. mrthermore, results of
treatability testing may also be U8ed on other sites with similar eharac-
teristicr. Therefore, proceduros Zollowd in tosting will need to be vel1
documented. Sampling and analyses for tests used to develop predictive
results will neod to be performed with the same level of accuracy and care
that Val usod during the Sit8 charrcteriration. Because ~08t and the
required for analyses increase siqnifiebntly with increased quality, poten-
tial savings can be derived by carefully determining the love1 of d8t8 qual-
ity royuirod for the analytical levo1 to ba used.
Table 5-4 presents th8 data quality ururlly required for the various
analyses th8t may be perfonnod during treatability investigations.
and pilot-scale tosting require scam moderate and sow high-quality data.
Sufficient high-quality data are needed to documant treatment performance of
the technologies considered for further evaluation as well as those dropped
from consideration.
5.5 TRUTA~ILXTY .TEST WONC PLAN
Bench-
Laboratory testing ern bo expansive and tima conrunring. A well-urittcc
work plan is a nocerrary docununt if a treatability tasting program is to be
ceQphtOd on th0, tdthin budget, and with accurate tasultr. Preparation of
a work plan provider an opportunity to run the test montally and review comments
before starting the test. It also reduces the ambiguity of coamuni-
cation batweon the lead agency's RPH, the contractor's projoct mnager, the
technician porformfnq the test, and tho laboratory technician performing the
ardyses on test samples.
The treatabilrty test work plan, which may be ar.
5-17

Table 5-4
DATA QWALIm FOR mTAEILfTY INVESTIGATIONS
An&lytiC&l
Love 1 Field Data
Level II/
kvel 111
Level N/
Levo1 v
Feasibi lity
s c r eening
Enf orc-nt related
evaluations and
re-ndations
of alternatives
0- Directive 9355.3-01
Bench/Pilot Data
Testing to optimize
-rating conditions
mnitoring
Prmdosign sizing
Establish design
criteria establishing
standards docwaan tin g
porfornunce in treat-
ability studies to
screon alternatives

OSWLR Directive 9355.3-01
aendment to the original Work plan, if the need for tho treatability tests
not identified until later in tho PrOCOSSr Or r soparrte one specifically
for this phase.
by the load agency's RPM.
appropriate level of detail for tho vork plan sine0 a dotailod plan is not
always needed and will rOqUira time to preparo and rpprovo. In some situat-
ions the original vork plan Ouy rdoqurtely dascrfb. tho treatability tests
and a soparato plan is not roquired (a.g., the nead for trortability testin5
can be idontified during the scoping phase if misting infomation is suffi-
cient). Soction 2.3.1 and Appendix 8.2 provido additional information on
work plan preparation.
Reqardless~ the work Plan should be reviowod and approved
S.S.1 Bench-Scale Treatability Work Plan
The M M and RI/FS Contractor should dotennine the
Tablo 5-5 provides a ruggostad vork plan fomt for bench-scale tcst-
ingt the various soetions of the rocormnendod format for tho work plan are
dorcribod bolow.
0
0
0
0
0
Drojoct Dorcription and Sit. Background-Briofly doscribe the site
and tho typos, concontrations, 8nd distributions of eontmnants
of concurn (concontrrting on thoro for which the tochology is
boing considerod).
Ronrdial Tochnology Darcription--Givo a briof doscription of the
tochnology(i0s) to bo tort&.
To8t Objecfiver--D.scribo tho purporo of tho tort, tho data that
azo to be colloctotl from tho hnch-scalo tort, and how the data
will bo urd to ovrlurto tho tachnology.
Smcialited tquipm.nt and natorirls--Doscrib. uniquo oquipmcnt Gr
rorgontr roquirod for tho tost.
Pxporbwntal Procoduros--~Lst specific stepr to be performed ir.
carrying out tho bonch-sea10 tort; includo volumes to be teste

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
0.
9.
10.
11.
OSWER Directive 9355.3-01
Table 5-5
sUGG&STED FOWT FOR BENCH-SCALE WORX PLAN
Pgoj8ct 088CriptiOn a d Site Background
Remedirtion Technology Description
Test abf8CtiVeS
Specialized tquipumnt and Materirls
Laboratory Taat Procodurea
Treatability Tort Plan Matrix and Paramoterr to Measure
~nrlytical nothoda
Data nmagemont
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Health and Safety
Residuals nuragement

o 5
OSWER Dircctivo 9355.3-0:
transfor by graduatod cylindor 500 ml of warto to a 600 ml boro-
silicate glass b-kor). SpOCify tho accuracy of moasuremonts by
Specifying standard laboratory glarnraro (i.0. , a graduated
cylinder has 5 PrCOnt sccuraey but a pipot has 1 percent);
describa stops SWOntiILlyt and dostrib. how samples are to be
taken for analysisr which containors aro to bo usod, which
preS.rV8tiVOS otc.
o Treatability Tost Ol8n--InClUd. tho V8ri8blO conditions that are
to bo tortod (o.q., a combination of 4 pX units and 5 doses of a
chomical would producr 40 dircroto tosts [if roplicatod11;
includo paramotorr to bo ~norsurod if thoy vary for different test
conditions.
o Analytical Hothds--Th~ 8nalytiC8: Puthod is dopndont on tost
objoetivos, tochnology, waste, and othor sit. factors. survoy
avaihblo analytical mothods and roloct tho amst appropriato.
Dorcribo analytic81 procoduror or cito and xoforonco standard pro-
eoduror to bo omployodr dofino tho lovol of accuracy nooded for
oath of tho 8n81yS.S; porfom hiti81 tosting to roughly determine
optimal oporating conditionrr and US. doratoly accurate analy-
tical tochniquor or analyros of only on. or a fov indicator cm-
poundh) to groatly roduce tho timo and cost of thoro initial
tostr.
aceurafo torting to confirm tho 08rlior rosultr.
roquiro rosulta in short ordor to rllov v8ri.d tort runs. Bonch
torts tmto froo tho arulyrin9 laboratory aro difficult; thote-
foro, analpto tho buplicato final or chock ramplos by tho CLP, if
nuorrary.
Aftar achioving boat troatmnt, porform mor0 complete snd
Most bonch tests
0 D8t8 M8n89oment--Tosting procoduros maat bo woll doeumntod, usin?
bound not&oOkl, photographs, otc.; provirions nood to bo made for
making backup copios of critical items of data. Describo the
p8rawtorr to bo masurod, accuracy th8t tho rosults aro to bo
rocordod to, and how thoso aro to bo rocordod. Proparo a sample
5-21

\4'
OSWER Dir8ctive 9359.3-01
drta shoot to be usod in tho bench tort# includo procoduror to bo
employed to onrut0 that tho rorultr arm protoctod from loss.
Data malysir and Intorpntation--Doscrib. in detail tho proeo-
duos to ba followed to ndua raw analytical data to a form US.ful
for intarprotation. Tho llost holpful are mmthodr of graphical
intorprotation barod on known physical or chanical phonomona or
-n practieo (e.g., plotting ~~ncontrationr of mota1 twining
in solution vorrur pH or chdcal dosago).
Hoalth and Safety-Modify the sit0 hoalth and safety plan at
nwdod to account for warto handling and onrito torting opora-
tionr .
Roridual Manaqan8nt--Dercriba tho typos of rasidualr anticipatod
and how thoy will bo dirporod of.
S.S.2 Pilot-Sea10 Treatability Work plan
Tablo 5-6 contains a ruggortod work plan fornut. Although many of the
roctionr are similar to thoro of tho banch-rcalo work plan format, differoncor
botwoen tho two aro discussed below.
o Pilot Plant Installation and Startup-?or onrito pilot stueics,
darcribo tho aquipont roquirod and mothod to bo unployod to get
tho oqulpmnt onsite and installed for tho tort poriod.
o Pilot Plant Omratlon and Halnton8nco Plocedurar-Describe the
specific conditions under which tho pilot tort will bo conducted.
Pilot plants am normally nm with rolativoly larqo volumos of
warto to 8 h u h t O full-realo operation and, thoroforo, usually
havo to prwido that warto characterfrticr am measured and oper-
ating controls u o adjurtod (i.o., chemical feed rator) to match
instnrctionr for startup and shutdown of th8 pilot plant: this
needs to bo includod in tho procoduror list.
5-22

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Table 5-6
SUGGESTED FORMAT FOR PILOT-SCALE worn p m
project scriptio ion and Sit. Background
Rewdial Technology D8scription
Test Objectivor
Pilot Plant Installation and Startup
Pilot Plant Operation and Uinton.nco Procoduror
Paramotors to be Tostod
Sampling Plan
Analytical Methods
Data Managemont
Data Analyris and Interprotation
Health and Safoty
Residuals Managemont
5-23
OSWER DArectivc 9355.3-01
.
/o f

OSWER Diroctivc, 9355.3-01
o Paramotars to bo ToSt~d--List tho operating conditions under which
tho pilot units are to bo tortod and tho variations in control
parawtors aro to bo ev8h8tOd (e.g., ChUcal food ratos or p~
sot points in 8 chemical PrOcipitatiOn tost, or combustion tem-
praturo or gas roridonco tian for an incinerator test).
o Sampling Plan--Doscribe locations and a schodulo for s8mplos to be
trkon from th8 pilot plant to dotormino perforauncor roadinqs from
in-Uno instnrm.nts, ruch IS pS probos and sampling mthods, con-
trinors, prero~ativo, labeling, otc., should bo includod.
o Xorlth ani3 Safoty Plsn--Horlth and Safety concornr aro mor. criti-
cal during pilot tests becauso largor a~lounts of waste are
involvod and oquipaont is more coarplox. Equipawnt design 8nd construction
&t camply with 8ppliClbh cob. roquirouientr .
5.6 APPLICATION OF RZSULTS
5.6.1 Data Anrlyris and. Interprotation
Following tho cornplotion of tho troatrbility testing, rosults are
reduced to 8 useful form according to tho work plan. Data aro interpreted
on the tochnology'r offoctivoness, implc~untrbility, or cost, and antici-
patod rosults 8ro comparod with actual rorults. Graphical techniques are
froquontly usod to prosont tho rontlts.
of the tort rorults $8 usually basod on the aceurrcy of tho analytical
methods omployod.
Not. that tho lovol of reliability
Mjor difforoncos botvoon tho 8ntiCip8t.d and actual rorults my neces-
sitate a mdification of'tho work plan and rotesting of tho tochnology. In
addition, raw-uasto and offluont chrractoristicr as woll 8s by-products and
omissions aro OV8lU8t.d to prodict tho ability of 8 full-scale unit to
rorpond to vari8tions in warto camposition and mot perfonwnco
roquiromontr.
5-24

5.6.2 Use of the Results in the RI/FS Process
/o
OMR Directive 9355.3-01
The prpose of the treatability *vahataOn is to provide informat lor.
needed for the detailed analysis Of r1temativOS and to a~1oV seloction of a
remodial action to be with 8 rorsonable certainty of rchiwinp the
rorponro objoctivor. All results are US.ful, even naqative onor, because
thoy can bo used to elbin8te tOchnologf*S for further considoration. The
results of bench and pilot torts can be used to onsuro that conventional and
innovative treatment or destruction technologies can be evaluated equally
with non-treatment alternatives during tho detailod analysis phase of the
FS. Secondary use of trm8t8bility results provides information for the sussequent
detailed design of tho selocted remedial tochnology. Opetatin? cocditions
must be carefully and complatoly do-nted so that this useful
informstion can be used in the full-sea10 system.
The charactaristbcs of rosiduals from tho remedial technology should be
determinod during pilot taStin9. Thi8 infomation is usoful in dotermining
h w tho residuals can ba handlod or disposod and in predicting the offects
of their disposal or rmiSSiOn.
Infozwtion can often bo collected to dctcr-
mine if the residuals should be considerad h828rdouS wastos or disposed of
88 8 non-hazardous W8StO.
5.6.3 Scaling up to Full-Scale
The study ftnbinqs nod to be ~8lUt.d for application of the technol-
ogy at full-scrlot tho 1i.itations of the bonch- or pilot-scale test (biz.,’
wall, and boundry OffOCf8r otc.) nod to bo compensated for. Scale-up can
bo &no on tho hair of eithor previous a%pozience with tho treatmant equip-
wnt with otbr wrst.8 or estab1irh.d rulos of similitude (used to relate
physical laws te variations in scale) and m8themtical atod.18. This evalua-
tion should inclub. 8 8on8itivity analysis to idontify the key prrrmters
and unknowns that can affect a full-scale syst.m. In the case of innovative
tochrrologies, full-scale syttonu may not be in wid. US.
The potential need
for process modifications duting design or operation must bo Considered.
5-25

5.7 COl4HU?lITY RELATIONS DURING TREATABILITY INVESTIGATIONS
OSWER Directive 9355.3-01
Treatability testing is potentially controvorsial within a c-ity
and, ,thorefore, additional C-ity rehtfOnS activities m y be required.
An arras-nt of irrues and Concerns the c m i t y may havo about planned
treatability terting should bo conducted. Tho assos8ment should auqment the
proviously preprod coamunity rolationr plan (if treatability testing was
not part of tba original work p1.n) and should includo a discursion of any
isrues unique to tho proprod tostfng ruch ar onrite pilot testing, tranr-
porting conurinated auterials offrite, achodulo changer rorulting from
conducting knch or pilot tort#, dirparal of nridualr, uncertainties
pertaining to innovativo teehnologier, and the dogree of development of the
technology baing tested.
Additional c-ity rolatitnr iaaplrrwntation activities may be recom-
nmndod in tho asses8nmnt and my Include a public meting to oxplain the
proporad bond or pilot tort, a fact rhoof dorcrfbing the technology and
propord tort, a briofing to public officirlr about tho treatability
studier, and -11 group conrultatioru with nmbers of tho ceamunity con-
corned about =A's actionr at the site.
ties may k noedod, and conrultationr botwoen tho lead agency's project
manauer and the camunity rolations coordinator should be ured to establish
the appropriate coxatunity rolrtions activities.
Othor m f t y
rolations activi-
5.8 REPOEING AND COMMUNICATION DURING TREATABILITY INVESTIGATIONS
Doli~.rablor for tho treatability Invortigatlona ue lirted in
Table S-7 .nd includo tho following:
0 Rawid work plana, u nocesury, including knch and/or pilot
tor-
o Revised QAPP/FSP, as necessary
o Test results and evaluation report
5-26
I

Information Needed
oSwER Directive 9355.341
Potential Method
for Inf omat ion
Purpose Provis ton
Need for Treatability For 1.46 agency and contrac- Meeting
Testing tor to determine whether Tech Memo
more cost and portormanee
data are noaded to evaluate
altetnatives and solect
remedy; for lead agoncy to
obtain support agoncy review
and conanent
Approval of Site Obtain lead agency approval QAPP (revised)
Data Collection or
Treatability Testing
of treatability activities FSP
Trea tab i 1 i ty
Study Work Plar.
5-27
/O

OSWER Direetivo 93SS.3-01
Tho treatrbility tost .vahation toport should doscrib. tho torting
that was porformd, tho rOSultS of tho tests, 8nd rn intorprotation of how
the rosufts would rffoct tho Ov8hrtiOn Of tho tOmdirl rlternrtives boing
considorod for tho sit.. EffOCtivOnOSS Of tho troatmont tochnology for the
wart.. on tho sit. should bo pr0SOnt.d. This roport should also contain an
ovalustion of how tho tort rorults mld rffoct trortmont costa dov01op.d
during tho dotri1.d rnr~yair of ~ l t O ~ 8 t i V O(O.Q.~ r chemical roquiromontr or
settling rrtor roquird for offoctivo trertwnt). Tho report may ofton bo
urod by othor EPA rnd contractor Staff to provido information for use on
sites with rimilrr charaeterirtics.
WDR309/034
5-28

CHAPTER E
DETAILED ANALYSIS
OF ALTERNATIVES
DETAILED ANALYSIS
OF ALTERNATIVES

6.
INTRODU~IOU
CHAPTER 6
DETAILED ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
oSWER Directive 9355.3-91
6.1.1 Purpose of the Detailed Malysis of Alternatives
The detailed analysis of IltematiVeS consists of the analysis and
presentation of the relevant infornution neodod to allow decisionmakers
to solect a site remedy, not the decisionmaking process itself. Dur1r.q
the detailed analysis, each alternative is assersed against the evalua-
tion criteria doseribad in this chapter.
are 8rt8y.d to comparo tho alternrtives and idontify tho key tradeoffs
among thorn.
The results of this assessment
This approach to an81yZing alternatives is designod to pro-
vi& docisionmakers with sufficient infonwtion to 8d.qurtely compare
tho 81tOm8tiVOS, SOhCt 8tt 8pprOpra8tO r d y fot 8 Sit., 8nd demon-
strato r8tisfaction of tho CERCLA remedy relaction roquiremonts in the
ROD.
The rpocific statutory roquiroments fot rmdi81 actions that mst
bo addrerrod in the StOD rnd supportrd by tho FS roport are listed belot;.
Remedial 8CtiOnS mt:
o Bo protoctivo of h-n horlth rad tho onvirornwnt
o Attain ARARl (or provide gtounds for invoking a w8iver)
o Be cost-offoctivo
o Utiliro penaunont solutioas and altemrtivo treatment
tochnelogios or ros~urce recuvery tochnologies to the maxim
extent prrctklbh
6-1

0
OSWER Directive 9355 ..3-01
satisfy the preference for tr88tmont that reduces toxicity,
dility, or velum as a principal elomont - or provide an
explanation in the ROD 88 to why it does not
In addition, CERCLA places an emphasis on evaluating long-term
effectiveness and relato6 considerations for each of the alternative
rowdial actions (5121 (b) (1) (A) 1
include :
A)
Those Statutory considerations
tho long-term ~ncertrintios 8ssocirtod.with land disposal;
8) tho goals, objectives, and roquiromonts of the Solid Waste
Disposal Act;
C) the porsistence, toxicity, and mobility of hazardous
substances and their constituents, and their proponsity to
bio8ccrmaulrto~
D) short- and long-tom potonti81 for a&erso hoalth effects from
human exposuret
E) long-term maintenance costs;
F) the potential for future rotmdirl rction.costr i f the
alternativo rm0di81 action in quostion vere to fail; and
G)
tho potential threat to human health and tho enviromnt‘
asrocirted with oxcavation, transportation, and redisposal, or
contrinmant
Nine ovalu8tion critoria.have been dwol0p.d to rddresr tho CERC’LA
requirewnts and considerations listed abovo, and to address the
8dditaOn81 technical and policy considerations that have proven to be
important for selecting among remedial alternatives. These evaluatiot.
criteria some 8s the basis for conducting the detailed analyses durir.=
the FS and for subsequently selectins an appropriate remedial actio:.
6-2

OSWER Directive 3355.3-01
me evaluation criteria (with the associated statutory considerations
from paqe 6-21 are:
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
marall protection of h-n health and the onvironment
Compliance with ARARs (8)
mnq-tom offOc+lVenOSS rnd permanence (A,E,C,D,P,GI
Reduction of toxicity, mbility, or volume (B,C)
Short-term effectivoness (D,G)
1-1 emen t 8 b i 1 i ty
Cost (E, F)
Strto rcceptrnco (rolifos to Soction 121(f))
Community acceptance (relrtos to Sections 113 and 117)
6.1.2 The Context of Detailed Analysis
The detailed analysis of altrrnrtfves folluws the devolopracnt and
screening of rltornrtivos rnd proceder tho rcturl soloction of 8 remedy,
As discussed in Chrpter 4, the phrser of the ?S may ovorlrp, with one
beginning boforo rnothor is coapletod, or thy lpry vary in the level of
dotril based on tho eomploxity or scopo of the problem. Tho extent to
which 81tOm8tiVeS rro 8MlyZed during tho dotriled 8nrlySiS is influ-
oncod by tho 8V8i18bh &t8, the numbor and types of rlternativer beinq
anrlytod, rnd tho doqreo to which rlternatives were previously analyzed
during thoir dovolo~nt rnd rctooning.
Tho ovr~u8tionr conbuctd during tho dotriled r~lysis phrse build
on previous OV8lWtiOM conduct06 during tho dovolopont rnd screeninq
Of 8ltOm8tiVOS. Thi8 pha0 8180 i!~0rpor8tOr rny tr08trbilffy Study
data rd rdditionrl rite chrrrctoritrtion inforaution thrt u y hrve been
colloctod during the RI.
The rOSUlt8 of the dotriled rnrlysis prwide the brsis for
idontifying r proforrod rlternrtivo and propring tho proposed plan.
Upon completion of the dotrilod~rna~yris, the ?S roport, 810ng with the
proposed plar! (rnd the. RI report if not proviourly relorred) , is
submitted for public roview rnd comont. The results of the detaile6
6- 3
/5 sf

OSWER Directive 9355.3-03
analysis supports the final soleetion Of a romodfal action and the
foundation for tho Record of heision.
6.1.3 Ovenriew of the Detailed Arbalysir
A detailed analysis of altunatives consists of the following
components :
o Ruther definition of each altemativo, if necessaxy, with
respoct to the volumes or aroas of contaminated Wia to be
addrossed, the technologies to bo usod, and any performance
roquira~onts associated with thoro technologior
o An assossawnt and a nramvry profile of each alternative
against tho ovaluation criteria
o A campuativa analysis mng the alternatives to assess the
relativo porformnco of each alternativo with respoct to each
evaluation critorion
Figure 6-1 illustrates tho stops ir, tho dotailod analysis process.
An example of a dotaild analysis is prosented in Appondix P.
6.2 DETAILED ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
6.2.1 AltOrMtiVa Definition
Altunatiws are definod during the devolopont and screening phase
(see Chaptor 4) to match contaminated media w ith appropriate process
options.' R-tnr, the a~tornatives soieeeod u tho most promising may
need to b. botter definod during tho detailod analysis. Each
'This matching is dono by identifying spocific romodia; action objec-
tives (e.g., a risk-based cleanup target such as 1x10 6, and siring
process 0ptior.t to attain the objective (e.g., 10 ground-water
extraction wells extractin? SO gpm each, activated carbon trea-dent fcr
500 gpm).
6-4 I

I
FIGURE 6-1
DETAILED ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
1
1
.
2 63

OSWER Directive 9395.3-Cl
alternative should be reviwed to datemine if an additional definition
is required to apply the evaluation criteria consistently and to develop
order-of-mgnitude cost @St*t@S (io.@., having a desired accuracy of
+so prcent to -30 percent). The information developed to define
alternatives at this stage in the RI/FS process m y consist of
preliminary design calculatfons, proears flW diagrams, sizing of key
process components, preliminary site layouts, and a discusmion of
limitations, assumptions, and unwrtainties concerning each alternative.
The following examples illustrate situations in vhich additional
alternative definition is appropriate:
o The assumed sizing of the process option must be revised on
the basis of r@SUltS Of treat8bflity data (e.9.. 8 taller air
stripping twer vith atore packing is raquired to attain the
treawnt target1
o A diffonntprocess option is to k uood to mpresent the
technology typo on the basis of tho results of treatability
data (0.9.~ 8CtiVat.6 carbon rather than air stripping is
roquirod) .
o The estimatod volume of contminatod media has been refined 0::
the basis of additional sfto Ch8r8Ct@riZatiOn 'data.
As described in Chaptrr 4, alternatives can be developed an*
screenod on 8 mmdium-spoeific or sitowide basis at the lead agency's
dismtion. Altbugh it is accoptablo to continue the evaluation of
altarnatives on 8 ndium-spacific basis during the detailed analysis, it
is stroayly urcouragod that alternatives bo configurod to present the
deci8ioRmmku with a range of discroto options each of which addrerrcs
the ontin sit0 O? oporable unit being abdrossod by tho FS.l
if separate alternatives have been developod for different ueas or
Therefore,
'This approach will better facilitate and simplify the nine criteria
evcluatim and preparatior of a rationale for rem8dy selectior. in the
Record of Decision.
6-6
I
)I

6.2.2 Ovewiov of Evaluation Critoria
Tho detailod analysis prwidos tho mans by which facts are assem-
bled and ova~urtod to dovolop tho rrtionrlo for a r.nudy solection.
Theroforo, it is necessary to undorrtrnd tho roquiromonts of tho remedy
soloction procoss to ensure that the FS analysis ptovidos the rufficier.:
quantity anc? quality of infomation to Simplify tho transition b~twcen
tho FS raport and tho 8cturl SehCtiOn of a tomdy. Tho analytical pro-
cos8 doretibod horo has boon dov01op.d on tho basis of statutory require-
montr of CERCLA Soction 121 (1.0 Saction 6.1.111 oarlior program initia-
tivos promu1gat.d in tho Novombor 20, 1985, National Contingoncy Plan;
and sito-spocific oxporionco gainod in tho Sup.r&nd program. The nine
avrlurtion critoria listod in Section 6.1.1 onca11p8ss statutory require-
ments and technical, cost, 8nd institution81 considorrtions the proqrarr
has dotoxminod appropriato for a thorough ovalwtion.
Assassments rgrinrt two of tho critarir rolrto diroctly to statutory
findings that must ultimately bo udo in tho llQ0. Thoroforo, those arc
crt.gorizod 8s thorhold criteria in that or& rltornrtivo must moet
thorn.' Theso two criteria rro briofly demcrikd blow:
0 War811 Protoction of Humn Hoalth 8nd tho tnvironmont
(dascrib.6 in Saction 6.2.3.1)-Jlh. rrrossmont against this
CritOriOn 6escrfb.s how tho altom8tfV0, 88 8 wholo, achieves
and maintains protoction of human horlth rnd tho onvironment.
~ ~~
'Tho ultimate dotormination and declaration th8t thoro
mado of tho solottod romody is contained in tho ROD.
6-7
findings can be

OSWER Dit8ctiv8 93SS.3-01
0 compliance with ARARs (described in Section 6.2.3.2)--~he
assesmnt against this criterion deseribos how the alterna-
tive coatplies with -8, Or if 8 waiver is required md how
it is justified. The ~sessunat also addresses other infor- I
mation froa 8bvi8ori.8, criteria, and guidance that the laad
and support agencies have agre.6 $8 .to ba considered."
The five criteria listed bolou are groupod together bocaure they
represent the pthbry CritOrf8 upon which tbo aqalyris is basad taking
into account technk81~ cost, institutional, and risk concerns.
o Long-term Effeetiveness and Oersmence (described in See-
tiOn 6.2.3.3)--The 88S.S-llt Of altOZll8tiVaS against this
criterion evalrutes the long-tom effectivanesr of alterna-
tivos in m~intalning protection of human health and the
environatont after rrtponse objectives have h en mat.
o Reduction of Toxicity, nobility, and Voluw Through Treatment
(6oscrib.d in Sactien 6.2.3.4)-4o a8:ossmant 898in8t this
criterion evaluates tho anticipatod porforsmce of the speci-
fic trramnt technologies an altornativo may employ.
o Short-tern Effectiveness (dercribod in Section 6.2.3.510-The
8ssessmont against this criterion examines the effectiv~nesr
of altomativ~s in ptotecting human health and the environment
during tho construction .nd implemontation of a remody until
rosponro objeetivor bvo boon mot.
o Cost (bereribad in Section 6.2.3.7)--This assessmant evaluates
the Capital and operation and mrintenmce (0624) costs of each
alternative.
6-8
I

OSwER Directive 9355.3-01
Tho lovol of dot~il r0qUir.d to analyzo each &ltornrtive against
thost evaluation criteria W i l l depend on tho typo and complexity of the
sit., the typo of technologies and altornativos boing considorod, and
other pro jact-spocif ic considerations. Tho analysis should bo conducted
in sufficient detail SO that docisionmakors understand tho significant
aspocts of 08ch &ltOm8tivO and any uncortaintior associated with the
evaluation (0.9.~ 8 cost OStbmto drvo1op.d on the basis of a voluw of
modi. that could not be doffnod procisoly).
Tho ffnal two criteria, st8to or support agoncy accoptaneo and
comunity accoptanco, vi11 bo ovaluatd following comnt on tho RIRS
roport and tho propsod plan and will bo addrossod one. a final decision
is boing mado and the ROD i8 boing ptop8red. Tho critoria are as
follows:
o State (Support Agoncy) ACCOpt8nCO (doscribod in Sec-
tion 6.2.3.8)--This assossmont rofloct8 tho stato's (or
support agoncy'r) apparont ptoforoncas among or concorns about
8ltOmatfVOS.
o Comunfty ACCOpt8nCO (doscribod in Soction 6.2.3.9)--Thfs
assosmnont roflocts the camanity*s apparont proferoncrs am0r.s
or concorns about rltornativos.
Lath of tho nfno ovalution criteria has boon furthor divided into
8pCiffC factor8 to
8 thorocgh mbly8iS of tho alternatives.
Those factors aro 8hm fn I f p O 6-2 and di8CU8Sd'in tho following
soction8 .
6.2.3 Individual Analysis of Alternatives
6.2.3.1 Overall Protection of numan Health and tho
Envi ronw n t
This evaluation critorion providos a final chock to assois whether
each alternativo providos adoquato protoction of human hoalth ar.d the
.nvironmont. Tho ovorall assessmont of protoction draws on the
6-9
/og

FIGURE 6.2
CRITERIA FOR DETAILED ANALYSIS OF AlTERNATlVES
- t

o(
OSWeR Diteet,ive 9355.3-01
assossrnents co~ductod under othor evaluation critoria, especially
long-term ef fectivonos~ and permanence, rhort-term effoetivoness, ~d
compliance with W S *
Evaluation of the overall prot~etfvenoss of u1 alterfiative during
the RIRS should focus On whather a Spcific alternative achioves ade-
quato protection and should dorcribo how sit. risks pored through each
pathway bring addrossod by tho FS aro eliminated, roducod, or controlled
through troatmont, onginoering, or institutional controls. This evalua-
tion alro allows for conridoration of whothor m altarnative poses any
unacceptablo short-tom or crorr-modi. *acts.
6.2.3.2 Complimco with NURs
This ovaluation critorion iS USod to dotormino whothor oach alterna-
tivo will moot all of its Poderal and Stat. ARARs (as dofined in CERCLA
Soction 121) that havo boon idontifiod in proviour stagor of tho Rf/FS
procost.
Tho dotrilod analysis should sunmarizo which r.qufr.montr are
applicable or rolevant and appropriato to an altormatfvol and doscribe
how tho altarnativo moots thoro requiruwntr.
the basis for justifying one
(so. Soction 1.2.1.1) should
Tho following rhould bo
2
dot8il.d UlalySi8 Of W.8:
Whon an ARM ir not met,
of tho six waivcrrr all& undor CERCtA
bo dircurrod.
addressd for aach altonutivo during *.e
contraiMat lavolr)--Thir factor addrorros vhothor tho ARARs
can ba wt, and if not, vhothor a waivot is appropriato.
'mi8 rffort will requin tha diroct inoolrrwnt of tho loa4 agency as
volt as input froa tho support agoncy.
2~th0r availa~o infomation that is net an AIUR (o.g., advirorios,
critoria, and guidurco) may bo conridord kr tho malyrir if it holps
to onruro protoctivonorr or 1s othoniro approprirto for US. in a
rpocific altornativo. Thoro TBC to rials should bo includod in the
dotailed malyrir if tho load ar.d support agoncior agroo that their
inclusion is rppropriato.
6-12

OSWER Directive 9355.3-01
o Ca~lplianeo with location-rpocific ARARl (o.g., prosorvation of
historic aito~)--AS with othor ARAR-rOlrtod f8CtOrS8 this
involver 8 conridoration of whothor tho MAR8 can bo mot or
o Coa~plirnce w ith rction-rp.cific AEUR. (0.9., RcRA minimum
tochnology standrrdr)--It must bo dotorminod whothor
be mot or will be vaivod.
Tho 8cturl detozmination of vhi& requitamntr aro 8ppliC.blO or
rolovrnt and rppropriato is w do by tho lord rqency in consultation with
tho support agoncy.
rttrinod by 8 specific a1tornrtivo should bo prorontod in an appondix tc
tho R fnS report.
Appendix t of thi8 guibnce.
A suammry of thoro ARARI rnd whothor thoy will be
A rugqortod fo-t for this suum8ry is prwidod in
Mor0 dot8ilod guibrnce on dotomining
whethor roquir.op.ntr aro rpplic8bh or rolovrnt and rppropriato is pro-
vidod in the aCEXfA Coqlirnce with Othor Laws ~ n w l a (U.S. EPA,
Drift, M y 1988)
6.2.3.3 bng-tom fffoctivenorr 8nd Pomunonco
Tho ovaluation of altornrtiver undor this critorion addrosres the
rowltr of 8 romodial action an tornu of tho risk remaining a t the site
aftor rorponro objoctivor hrvo boon met.
ovaluation is tho oxtant rnd offoctivonors of the controls that may be
required to manage the risk prod by trortmnt rosidurlr and/or untreated
wasto.. Tho following ~ ~~p~nontr of tho critorion should bo rddrorsed
for oath altonutivo:
Tho primary focus of this
0 hgnitub. of reridu81 rirk--Thir f8ctor 8a8orrer the roridurl
ri8k remaining from UntrO8t.6 WSfO or tre80.nt rO8idu8lS at
tho conclurion of romodirl activitior, (..go , aftor source/
roil containment rnd/or trortment rro c-l.to8 or aftor
ground-u8tor plunu wnag.mont activities aro concluded) .
6-12 -
can
The

.
OSWEA Diroctivc 9355.3-01
potential for this risk my be measured by numerical standards
such as cancer risk l@v@ls or the volume or concentration of
contaminants in waste, media , or treatment residuals r-aininq
on the site. The Ch8r8CterlStiCS of the residuals should be
considorad to the degree thrt they renuin h8t8rdoUS, taking
into recount their volume, toxicity, mobility, rnd propensity
to bioaccumulate.
o Ad.qurcy and relirbility of controls--lhis factor assesses the
8d.qUrey and suitrbilfty Of controls, if any, that are used to
manage trertmont residuals or untrerted wastes that remain at
the site. It mry include an rssessl~nt of containment systems
and institutional controls to determine if they are sufficient
to ensure that any exposure to humrn and environmontsl recap-
tors is within protective hvels. This factor 8lSO addresses
the long-term relirbility of nrsnrgemant controls for providing
continuod protection from residuals. It includes the 8SSeSS-
wnt of the potenti81 need to replrco technic81 components of
the alternative, such 8s 8 cap, 8 slurry wall, or a treatment
system: rnd tho potential exposure pathw8y and the risks pose2
should tho remedial action need replacement.
Table 6-1 lists rpproprirte questions thrt may need to be aCdrerseC
during the rnrlyrir of long-term effectiveness.
6.2.3.4 Raduction of Toxicityr nobility, or Volumo Through
harmnt
This eV81U,tiO!t criterion rddresses the statutory preference for
relectinq rowdial actions thrt employ treatment technologies that
pernunontly ad rignificantly teduce toxicity, robility, or volume of
the hazardous substrnees as their principal el-nt. This preference is
srtisfied when trertrwnt is used to reduce the prfncip8lthre8ts at a
6-1 3
/05

Analysis Factor
Mgnitudo of residual risks
Adoquacy and reliability
of controls
OSWER Ditectivc 5355.3-01
Spocific Factor Considerations
o What is the magnitud. of the remaining
risks?
0 What remaining sources cf risk can be
rdentified? How mach is due to treatment
residuals, and how mch is due to
untreated residual contamination?
o W i l l a 5-you revieu k required?
What is the likelihood that the tech-
nologieu wall mat required procrss
afficioncier or porformmco rpecifr-
cations?
hiat typ urd dogree of long-term
mn8gamerrt is required?
What are the requirements for long-
tern pronitoriag?
what operation urd arintenurce
functrons must k p.rformed7
What difficulties urd uncertatntLrs
may k associated with long-tom
operation rtb ~rantenmce?
What is the potential nerd for re1lace-
mont of technical components?
what is the amgnitude of the threats
or risks should tho romodral actrorl
need replacement?
What is the 609ree of confidence that
controls CM adeqcately handle potcn-
tial problems?
h i t axe the uncertaintres associated
with Land bispoul of residuals and
untreated vastest
6-14

OSwER Diroctive 9355.3-61
site through destruction of toxic contminants, reduction of the total
mass of toxic contaminants
irreversible riduction in contaminant
mobility, or reduction of totdl VOlUntr Of Contmindted media.
This evaluation would focus on th8 follawinq rpocific factors for a
particular remedial alt8matiw:
o The tteaanrnt procesr8s the rrnndy vi11 anploy, and the
materials they will trrat
o The amount of hazardous materiala that will be d8rtroy.d or
treated, includinc; how th8 principal threat (s) will be
addrer s8d
o The d8grao of *xp.cted nduction in toxicity0 nmbllity, or
volume measured as a percentage of reduction (or ord8r of
magnitude)
o The degree to which the treatllwnt will be irrwersible
o The type and quantity of trument residuals that will remain
following treatment
o whothor tho alternrtive wuld sattrfy tho statutory prefertrxc
for troaeawnt as a principal elwnt 1
In ovaluattng thia critorion, an aaaoasmont should be mad8 as to
uhothor treatment 1a usad to
principal throats, including the
extent to vhich toxicity, ambilityO or volume am reduced either alone
'It may be that alternativea for 1imit.d actions (0.9.8 provision of an
alternative vater supply) w ill not rddrers princip.1 threats within
their narrow scopo.
6-15
/bE

or in combination.
OSWER Directive 9 355.341
be addressed during the analYSiS of toxicity, arability, or volume
reduction.
Table 6-2 lists typical questions that m y need to
6.2.3.S Short-term Effectivenoss
This evaluation criterion addresses the offects of the alternative
during the construction and implomentation phase until rwdial response
objectivos are mot (o.q.8 a cleanup target has boa mt). Under this
.criterionr alternativos should bo .valuated with nspect to their
effects on human hoaltb and the environmant during irrplmentation of the
remedial actior.. The folloving factors rhould bo addressed as
appropriate for each alternative:
o Protoction of tho m t y
during remedial actions--This
aspect of short-term effoctivonoss addresses any risk that
results from fraplomontation of tho proposed -dial action,
such u dust frun excav8tionr tr.nrport.tioa of hazardous
mtori818r o? 8imrliq w e t 8 f m Stripping tower
oparation that m y affoct human hoalth.
o Protection of workers during nnndial actions--This factor
assesses thzertr that'may bo prod to workers and the
effectittonoss and reliability of protective measures that
would be taken.
o brvirorrwnul impacts--Thir factor bddrorser tho potential
advorro environmental impacts that m y result from the
construction and impl.anntation of &n alternative and
evaluator the reliability of tho available mitigation measures
in provonting or reducing the potential impacts.
0 Tim until romodial response objoctivor are achieved--This
factor includes an estimate of tho tima required to achieve
6-16

Analyrrr Factor
Trsatmant procorr u.d
relaeay
hunt of hazardous
material destroyed or
treated
Reduction in toxicity,
mobility, or volume
Irrevorsibflity of the
treatamnt
Type and quantity of
treawnt residual
Statutory preference for
treatment as a prrtcip.1
element
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
OWER Directrv8 9355.3-01
Specific Fhitor Consribrations
Door the treawnt ptoc~rr 8mploy.d
address the prmcrpal threats?
Are there any special raqurrements for
the treatsent procoss?
What portrcrn (DYSS, vol-1 of
contaminated material is destroyed?
What portion (mass, voluw) of
contaunated material is treated?
To what exteat is the total mass of
toxf c contrmrnlnts reduced?
To what extent is the nrobility of toxic
conuPJnrnts reduced?
To what extent is the volume of toxic
contbnants reduced?
To what extent ue tbe effects cf
treaaat irreversible?
What r~siduls r-in?
what are thoir quantities and
chu.cteri.ticr?
what rukr do treatamnt resreuals pose?
Aze principal thzeatr withrr. the scope
of tha action?
Is tr0atmmr.t used to d c e inh8rer.t
hazard8 powd by principl threats at
tho #it.?
6-1 7
/o(

-4
P
OSWER Diroctivo 9355.3-01
protoction for oithor tho ontiro site or individual .loments
arrociatod with spocific site areas or throats.
Tablo 6-3 lists appZOpri8tO WOStiOnS to bo addrossod during tho
analysis of 8hort-tom effectiVOneS8.
6.2.3.6 ~lemontability
Tho implementability criterion addros~s the tochnicrl and adminis-
trative fe8SibilfW Of mlmntbg 8n 8ltem8tiVO 8nb tho 8V8ihbility
of various rentices and arterials rquird during its inrplewntation.
This eritorion involves analyria of tho fOl1Wing f8ctors:
- Construction and op.ration--This rolatos to the tochnical
diffiCUltieS 8lld unkn-8 8SSOCi8t.d vith 8 tOChnOlogy.
'Thia was initially identified for specific tochnoloqior
during the dovelopmant and screening of alternativor and
is 8ddrreSS.6 898h in tho detailed 8nllySiS for tho
8ltern8tiVO 88 8 vh010.
- Reliability of tochnology--Thir focusor on tho likelihood
th.t tUhniC81 PrObl- 8880Ci8ted With isrplomontrtion
will lard to schedule dolryr.
- Ea80 of uadertrking 8ddition81 r.rwbir1 8cfion--This
inc1ub.s a discussion of mt, if anyl futuro romodial
actions may noad to be undortaken and how difficult it
bo to hplarnt mch additional actions. This is
particularly rpplicab1e for an FS addrossinq an intorim
attion 8t a sit. vhoro additional oporablo units ma). be
analyzed at a lator tima.
21b 6-18

Table 6-3
SHORT-TERM EFFECSENESS
OSWER DirectLve 9355.3-0'1
Basis for Evaluation
Analvrir Factcr During Detailed Analysts
Prctection of comunrty o What are the risks to tho comnrty
durn9 roamdial actaons that must be addrossea?
o How will the rrskr to the community be
addressed and mitigated?
0 what risks remain to tho community
that cannot be roadily controlled?
Protection of workers
during remedial actrons
tnvrronniontal inpacts
Tam until r.nwdi.1
response okjectiver
achievod
0' what are tho tisks to tho vorkrrs
that must bo rddrossedf
o What risk8 ronuin to the vorkers tht
camot be roadfly controlhdf
o How will the risks to the workers be
addrossbd and mitig8tod?
0 khat envirOnmont.1 imp8cts aro
oxpected with the constructicn and
wlrwnution of the a1Urnativo?
o what axe the av.flab10 aitigation
mea~ros to bo used and what is their
reliability to nrir.imr0 potontial
*acts?
o what u e the inpacts that caraot be
avoided should thJ alterxiitive be
~mplom8ntrd3
0 How long until protection agaxst the
thtrats being addrossaa by tho specific
action is achrrvod?
o Ibw rang until ray t.rP.iaing site
throats will k .bdrossod?
o Rov 10- until response
ob~ectives age achievod?
6-19

OSWER Diractive 9355.3-0:
- nonitoring considorations--~his addrossos tho ability to
monitor tho OffOCtfvOnOSS of tho remody and includes an
evaluation of tho risks Of oxPoruro should monitoring be
insufficient to dotoct a rystua failure.
o Administrative foasfbility
- Activities noodd to COOtdiMt8 with othor officos and
agoncios (o.g., obtaining pormits for offsito activities
or rights-of-way for construction)
o Availability of s~nricos and outorirls
- Availability of adquato Offsito froatnwnt, rtorage
Camcity, urb disposal ~0rvi-s
- Availability of n0~rsary oquiglmt .ad spocialists, and
provisions to enruro any nocossuy additional rosourcos
- Availability of sor9icar and mtorials, plus the
potrrrtial for obtaining ccap.titivo bids, which may be
particularly important for: innovatfvo tachnologirs
- Availability of prospoctive tochnologios
Tablo 6-4 liatr typical quostionr that aay noed to bo addrersod
aurw th. of iqi-nubiiity.
6.2.3.7 Cost
A coarprohenritn discussion of costing procoduros for -LA rites
is contrinod in tho Romedial Action Costing Procoduros Manual (U.S. EPA,
Soptombor 1985).
Tho application of cost oathator to the dotailed
analysis is discussod in tho following paragraphs.
6-20

Analysis Factor
Techr.i ca 1 Fa alibi li ty
Abrlity to construct ark
operate technology
kelrabrlity of technology
Ease of undertaking
additional renadral action,
Lf necessary
knitoricq consid8rations
Admrnirtrative Teuibility
Coordination vrth oar
agencrrr
Table 6-4
IHPLEMENTA€ILITY
OShZR Directive 93SS.3-Cl /o <
Specific Factor Considerations
khat difficulties MY b. asrocrated
with construction?
what uncertarntres are related to
construction?
kiat is the likalihood that technical
problems wil?. lead to schedule delays?
what likely future remedial actrons
may be ar.trcipated?
How difficult would it be to implement
the adcitronal remedial actrons, rf
required?
Do’miqration or 8xporure pathways
exist that cuinot be imnitored
ad8guato ly 3
what risks of 8xposut8 exist shoull
wnitorinq k insufficrmt to
detect failure?
0 what st8ps ue r8qurred to coordrmtt
with other agrncrer?
0 what steps UI rrquired to set up
long- tb rm or future coor dua t LO r,
-n9 agencies?
0 Cur parmitr tcr offsite activitres tt
obtained rf roquirrd?
6-21

Anal ysis ?8ctot
Availability of S-icmr
ad Materials
Availability of troatmant,
storago capacity, and
disposal rarrtices
Availability of ptospoctivo
tochnologios
WDR290/058/7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tal. 6-4
( continued 1
OSWER Dimetive 9355.3-01
Smcific ?actor Canridorations
Ua adquato traatment, storage
Capcity, md di-8.l SOW~C~S
av8i lab lo?
How ma& additional capacity is
rnC.S8.ry?
Dm8 tho lack of capacity provont
implumnt.tion?
What 8dditiOn.l provirion8 are
roquirod to onsuro tho noodod
8dditfon.l capacity?
Arm tochf~ologios undor considoration
gonorally available and sufficiontly
draonstrrtod fot daa rpocific
appli ea ti-?
W i l l t.chnologIo8 mquiro furthor
daveloprnt kfon thoy can k applied
full-rea10 to tho typo of warto at the
Sit.?
wh.n rhould tho technology bo available
for f ull-reah us03
W i l l moro than on. wndor bo wailable
to provide a captiti- bid?
6-22

OSWER Di rect ive 9355.3-01
Capital Costs. Capit81 costs consist of diroct (construction) an&
indirect (nonconstruction and overhead) Costs. Diroct costs include
oxp.ndituros for the OWiPent, lsbort and matorisls nocossrry to
instal; romodial actions- Indirect Costs includo oxpondituros for
engineering, financialt and other S.W~COS that aro not pdn of actual
installation activities but arm rwirod to coa~ploto tho installation of
romodirl alternativos. (s81.3 taXOS normally do not apply to Superfund
actions.) Costs th8t muit bo incurtod in tho futuro as part of the
romodirl action altotnativo should bo idontifiod and notod for the year
in which thoy will occur. Tho distribution of'costs ovor timo will be a
critical factor in making trrdooffs khroon crpitrl-intonrive tochnologios
(including alternativo troatmont and dostruetion tochnoloqics) and
less capital-intonsivo tochnologi0S (such 88 pump and troatment systems).
Diroct capital costs my includo tho following:
o . Construction costs--Corts Of matrrirlsr lrbor (including
fringo bonrfitr rnd wrkor's c~nr8tion), rnd oquipmont
roquirod to install r rrwdirl rction
o Equipwnt costs--Costs of r.nrrdir1 rction rnd sorvico
oquipmont nocrrsrry to onact tho romody (thoro mtoriaLs
rmain until tho sit0 romody is comploto)
o Land rnd SitOd~Olo~mont COsts-Expnsrs 8SSoCi8tOd with the
purchrn of lrnd rnd tho sit. ptoparrtion costs of oxisting
pr0P-W
0 builbinqr rnd sorvicrs costr--Costs of procoss rnd nonprocers
buildinga, utility connoctionsr porchrsod sorvicrsr and
dirpoul costa
o Rolootion oxp.nsos--Costs of temporary or pmnont
accormaod8tions for af foctod norrby rrsidonts. (Sfnco cost
6-23

OSYER Directive 9395.3-01
astisates for relocations can b. ~olaplicatd, ?ERA authorities
and EPA He8dq~8rtOrS should bo consulted in estimating these
costs. 1
o ~irporal eOsts--Costs of transporting and disposing of waste
auterial Such 8s 8nd COnt8-8t.d Soils
Indirect capital costs m y include:
o tnginaoring exp.nses--Costs of a&inistration, design,
construction supervision, drafting, 8nd t?eatability testing
o License or prmit costs--Administr8tive and technical costs
necassary to obtain licenaas and pat# for installation and
operation of offsite activities
o Startup and rhrkedom costa--Coata incrrrnd during remedial
action startup
o Contingency 8llW8nCeS--PWidS to w a r coats resulting from
unforeseen ~ircumatan~es, ruch as 86V.r~ weather conditions,
strikes, and inadequate site charrcterirrtion
Annual Om Costs. Annual ocn costs are post-construction costs
necessary to ensure the continued effectiveness of a remedial actior..
Although soeo annurl OSM coats are borne by the lead agency and others
by the mupport Vny, this distinction should not bo made in the PS.
The follouirrq anawl OLn cost colaponanta should be conriderad:
o Op.rc8tia9 labor coats--Wagos, salaries, training, ovarhead,
8nb frhp bonefits assacirtd Vith tbe labor neoded for
post-construction operations
o ~intenance materials and labor costs--Costs for labor, parts,
and other resources required for routine maintenance of
facilities and equipment
6-24
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Qi$posal of r.riduer--Costs to treat or dirporo of roridualr
ruth 8% rludq.~ from ttoatnmnt procosros or rpont activatod
carbon
Purchasad sarvicor--Sampling costs, laboratory foos, and
proforrionrl faar for which tha noad can bo prodicted
Adminirtrativa COStb--COstS 8SSocirt.d with tho administration
of rawdial action OW not includod undot other categories
Insurance, taxas, and liconslng corts-Corts of such items as
liability and ruddon accidontal insurancot tor1 estate tax08
on putcharad land or rights-of-way; liconsing faas for cortain
tochnologiasr and pmit ronavrl and ropartlng costs
~akrtananca taram. ana continqancy fundr--Annurl prymonts
into OSC~OY funds to covat cost8 of rnticipatad roplaco~ll.nt or
robuildinq of aquipwnt and any 18rgo unanticfprtod OCM costs
Rehabilitation costs--Cost for uintrining aquipmont or
atructuros that wart out ova? tin
Costs oL prbdic sita rwi.w--br+r for sit. rwiowr that
rra conducted at lorst woy 5 yoors if ~rstas abovm
horlth-bard lovols ramin at th. rita
Th. Colt8 of potontial futuro rdirl rctions should bo rddrossod,
and if apptopriata, should ba includod when that. is s rarronablo oxpec-
trtion th8t a major wnant of tha altazaativo will fall and raquire
raplacamant to ptwont significant oxpowo to contaainants. Analysis,
dascrib.4 undor Saction 6.2.3.3, "fang-tarm Effactivanorr and
6-2 5
2-23

OSWER Diroctivo 9355.3-01
Po~noncot" should bo u8.d to dotomino which 81tOm8tiV.S m y result
in futuro coats. It i8 not 0rrp.ctod that 8 dOt8ilod St8tiStiC8l anrly-
ris will bo required to idontify probrbl. futuro COWS. Rathor, Quali-
tative onginooring judgment should bo u8.d rad the rational. documented
in tho FS nport.
invortiqrtion infomation rhould prolit tho usor to rofine cost
ortimtor for rrwbirl action 8ltO?n8tiVOr. It i8 iPlpartrnt to consider
.tho 8CCUZ8- Of Colt8 d.tr.1op.d for 8lt.ZTUtiVe8 h tho FS. TypfC811yt
thoro .rtudy ostla~to~ coat8 lub. during the IS rro oxpoctod to provido
an accuracy of +SO porcent to -30 porcont and 8ZO proparod using drtr
rvrilrblo fror tho RI. It rhould bo indicated whon it i8 not realistic
to 8chi.V. -8 1W.l Of 8CCUr8y.
Proront Worth Anrl~rir. A proront wrtb rnrlyris ir urod to ovalu-
rto rxp.nditor.8 thrt occur over diff0nnt tiw priobr by dirtountinq
all futuro coats to r c 1 n brw yorr, usually-tho currant yorr. This
rllows tho tost of rem8di81 8ction rftorn8tiver to bo coatparod on the
b88i8 of 8iag10 figpi. roprowntinq the norrnt of monoy thrt, if invest-
ed in tho brro yorr rnd di8burr.d 88 noodd, uould bo nrfficient to cover
a11 costs rrrocirtod with tho remedial action ovor its plannob life.
In conducting tho proront worth rnrlyris, rrrumptionr must bo made
rogrrding tho dircount rrto rnd tho period of porfornunco.
Suporfund p-am r-ndr tht 8 dincount rat. of-5 porcont boforo
t8X.8 8nd 8fta bgl8t%m k 8 8 m . tSth8t.S Of Colt8 in arch Of the
pfrming p8rs 8m udo in con8t8nt dollrrr, roproronting the qonoral
p~rc)urhg pwr rt tho tim of conrtruction.
Tho
In qonor81, tho potiod of
WrfO- forC COlt- -8.8 8hld not OXC..6 30 yO8r8 for tho
-80 Of tb. dOt8il.d 8n81yri8.
Cort Sonritivity kulyrir. Aftor tho proront worth of orch
6-26

OsWER Diroctrvo 9355.3-01
uncertainty concerning specific assumptions. A ransitivity analysis
assesses tho ef foct that variations in specific assumptions associated
with tho design, implementation, operation, discount rate, and effective
life of an alternative can have on the estimated cost of tho alternative.
assumptions depend on the accurrcy of tho data dovelopod during
tho rata charactetizrtion and treatability investigation and on predic-
tions of the future behavior of the technology. Therefore, theso
assumptions are subject to varying degrees of uncertainty from tito to
sit.
The potential effect on the cost of an 8ltOm8tiVe hcruse of
there uncartrintios can be ob~emod by varying the assumptions and noting
tho effects On 0Stbat.d COstS.
Sensitivity rnrlyses ern 8180 be usod
to optimize the design of a remedial rctfon altornativo, particularly
when design paramoterr are intetdepondent (o.q., tzortment plant capacity
for contaminated ground W8t.f and the length of the period of performance).
Use of sensitivity anrlysas should be considotod for the factors
that can siqnificrntly chanqo ovarrll costs of an rltomative with only
ma11 changes in their vrluaa, eSpaCi8lly if the factors have 8 high
degree of uncertrinty rssoeiated with thom.
analysis my include thoam frctorr for vhich the exp.etod (or ortimatad)
vrluo is highly uncartrin. Thm raSUltS of such rn rnrlysis c8n be used
to identify worst-crse sconrrior and to revise estimates of contingency
or resente funds.
0th.r factors chosen for
The follwinq factors rro potantial candidatas for considurtion in
Conducting 8 #en8itiVity 8n81ySiS:
o Tho offactiva lifr of a rammdirl action
o rnaancost8
o The durition of clornup
o Tha volumo of contrminatad material, qivan the uncattsinty
about site conditions
6-27
/of

OSWLR Directive 3355.3-01
o Other design pu~metors (e.g., the size of the treatment
systm)
o The discount rat0 (5 p8rCent should b8 urd to omp par.
alternative cost88 however, a range of 3 to 10 porcent can be
used to invmstigate uncartafnties)
The results of a sensitivity uulysis should b8 discussed during
the comp8rison of alt.m&tiWS. Ua8s of uncmrtainty that nuy have a
significant effect on the cost of an 8ltenmtive should b8 highlighted,
and a rationale should k presented for selection of the most probable
value of the parameter.
6.2.3.8 State (Support Agoncy) Acceptance
This assasment evaluates the technical and ministrrtive issuos
and concerns the state (or nrppost agency ia the cas. of State-lead
site81 my h8ve roguding e8ch of the 8lterzutives. As diScuSS8d
earlier8 this crcitarion will k 8dbrOSHb in the ROD once ccmmonts on
the RI/?S report and praposod plan have been roceived.
6.2.3.9 CoslanuEity Accoptance
This asressn~~nt evaluates the issues and concerns the public may
hrve regarding each of the alternativ8s. As with state acceptance,
this criterion will bo addr8ss.d in the ROD on- caenwnts on the RWFS
report and proposed plan have ken roceived.
6.2.4 Presentrtlon of Individual Analysis
The uralysis of individual alt~rnatives with respect to the
specified criteria should be presented in the ?S report as a narrative
discussion accompanied by a suamary table.
This infornution will be
used to cmaro the alternatives and support a subsequent analysis of
the alternatives mado by the docisionmaker in the remedy selection
6-28

process. The narrative discussion should, for
(1) a description of the alternative and (2) a
individcal criteria assesrnent.
OSVER Dirtct;ve 9355.3-C:
each alternative, provide
discussion of the
The alternative description should provide data on teGhnoloqy compo-
nents (use of innovative technologies should ba identified) , quantities
of hazardous mterialr handled, time required for implementation, process
siting, implementation r.QUiZemontSt and assunptions. These descriptions,
by clearly 8rtiC~htin9 the various W8Ste nunagement strategies
for each alternative, will ab0 sew. 8s the basis for doctunonting the
rationale of the applicability or ralW8nC. and appropriateness of potcn-
tial Federal and State t@quireUmntS.
for each alternative should ba idontifimd and intrgrated into these
discussions.
Thoreform, the significant ARARs
The narrative discussion Of the analysis should, for each alternative,
1
present the rsressment Of tha 8ltarn8tiva 8g8hSt each of the criteria.
This discussion should focus on haw, rad to vhrt extent, the'various
factors w ithin aach of the critoria are 8ddreSS0d.~
associrted uith specific 81tOmatiVOS Should bo includod when changes in
asruaptionr or unknawn conditions could affect tho analysis (e.g,, the
the to attain ground-water cleanup targots may be twice as long as
estiauted if 8SaumptiOnS made about 8q~if.r chrractoristics for a
rpocific ground-wrtor .rrtrrction altarn8tiva aro incorrect.)
providos an oxampla of how tho indiviburl anrlysir can be presented in
tho FS.
uncertainties
Appendix F
'AS nOt.6 pr@ViOUSly, Sf8te and copamrniw 8CCapt8nCe will b. addressed
in the Ab0 once tOpl#nts hrvo boen rocoivod on tho RIRS raport and
proporod plan.
'Tho frctors prorontod in Trbles 6-1 through 6-4 have been included to
illustrate typical concarnr that may noed to bo addressed during the
detailed rnalysir. It will not bo nocarrrry or appropriate in 811
ritwtionr to address evesy factor in thoro trblos for orch alternative
bofng evrlwt.6. Undor some ciretm~atrnear, it m8y bo useful to addrass
othar factors not prerantod in these table8 to enruro a bettrr understandin5
of how an alternative performs with respect to a particular
criterion.
6-29
/os

OSWER Diroetive 9355.3-01
The FS should also includo a S-ry tablo highlighting the
assossmont of each rltemativ. with reSp.Ct to each of tho nlno criteria.
Appondix F providos M Oxample Of such m r Y t.bl*.
Once the alternatives have beon described and individually assessod
against the criteria, a comparatiV0 ~naly8is rhould bo conductod to
evaluate the relative perforaunca of oach alternative in relation to
each specific evaluation criterion. This is in contrut to tho
preceding analysis in which .A& alterMtive was analyzed indepondontly
without a consldorrtian of other alternatives,
camparativo analysis is to identify the .dvllrtagoS and disadvmtrgos of
oach alternatfvo relative to one mothor so that the key tradooffs tho
decisionmaker aast balance can be identified.
The purpose of this
Overall protection of h- health and the aavitorPnrnt and
-1iurce with ARARs will generally rente as thrbrhold detormrinrtions
in that they myt be mot by my altunatitn h order for it to be
eligible for wlrction. The next five criteria (long-tern effoctivoness
and parclunoncet reduction of toxicity, mobility, and volum. through
troa~entz short-tom offectivenorr; ~lomontability; and cost) will
generally require the most discussion hcauso the major tradeoffr among
altornatives will most frequently relate to one or E~OM of theso five.
State md carurrity 8ccept.nce will be addressed in the ROD once
formal H n t s on the RIRS report and the ptopos.6 plan have beon
reci.ood md a fa1 n#by soloction decision is being mado.
6-2.6 Prwontation of Cmaratlve An8lYSiS
The cunparrtitn urrlyrir should include a narrative discussion
describing the strengths and waknosses of the alternatives rolativc to
one anothor with respect to each criterionr and how reasonable varia-
tiom? of key uncertainties could chanqo tho expoetations of their
6-30

elative pctfonnance.
O S ~ R Directive 9355.3-01
under ~ach individual Criterion, tO discuss tho altornativo (SI that
perfoms best overall in that CatOgOIY, with othor alternatives
discussod in the rolativ. ardor in which thoy parfozm. If innovative
techn0logi.s are boing considorod, thoir potontial advantagor in cost or
performance and tho dogroa Of uncortainty in thoir oxpoctod potformance
(as compared with mor. domonstratod tochnologios) should also be
discurrod.
analysis can bo prosrntod in thr FS.
An .ffoctivo way of organizing this section is,
Appandix F providos UI oxaqlo of how tho comparrtivo
Tho prosantation of difforoncor umng altornativos CUI be measured
either qualitativoly or quantitativoly, as appropriato, and should ident-
ify substantivo difforrncos (O.g., groator short-tom affoctivonoss con-
corns, groator cost, otc.). Quantitativo infOmIatiOn that was usod to
assoss tho altornativos (..get spocific -St ~Sthtos, timo until rcsponso
objoctivos would bo obtafnod, and lovols of rosidual ccntamina-
tion) should bo includad in thaso discussions.
6.3 POST-RI/FS StLECTION OF THL P- AL12RNATIVt
Follawing completion of tho RIDS, the nrultr of tho detailed aaal-
ysrs, vhon combinad with tho risk nunagomant judgmntr mado by tho deci-
siomkor, boeonn tho rrtionalo for salocting a proforrod altonative
and proparing tho proporad plan. Thormforo, tho rorults of thr dotailed
analysis, or mot8 rpocfficrlly tho comparative analysis, should SONO tc
highlight tho rolatfvo advurt~gor and dirdvaatagor of oach altornative
so that the koy trrdooffs CUI k identitid. It will bo therm koy tradeoff8
eouplod with ria lvrwgrsrnt docirioar that will somo as tho basis
for tho ?8tiOn8h and provfdo a transition botvoon tho RIDS toport and
tho dovolopnt of r pr0por.d plan (and ulti~rtoly a ROD). Spcific
guid8nco for praprfng propored plans and RODS is provided in tho draft
guidanco on proparing Supatfund docirion docwnonts.
6-3 1
/o

6.4
COMXlJNITY REIATIONS DURING DETAILLb ANALYSIS
, I
Dit8Ctav8 9355.3-01
sito-~cific eoQanrnity rolations activfties should bo idantlfird
in the m i t y
relations plan propard proviously. milo appropriate
aificatialu of activities m y bo nudo to +ha -ity relations plan
as the project progrossesr tho plan should gonorally b. inrp1.m.nt.d as
writton to asurn that tho -ity is Info- of tho alternatives
boing evaluated and is provldd a roaronable opportunity to provide
input to tho docisionmaking prOC.88.
Ofton, a fact shoot is prapud that m i r e s tho foasible
alternatives boing evaluated. A8 8pprOprht0, mall group consultations
or public mootings MY bo hold to discurs caarunity concorns anC explain
altunatiws undor conridoration.
urd press ralaaros propu.6 doscribing tho altemativrs.
tior idontitid in tho m i t y
Public official8 rhauld bo briefed
mor activi-
rolationr plan should bo implaumnted.
Tho &joctivo of camunity ralatiopr during tho detailed malysir
is to 88SiSt the caPlnunity fn undorstmdlng tha 8lt~~tiVoS and tho
Specific COMid~t8tiOM tho load agUrCy W8f t&.' into account in
rolocting an altornativr. In this way. the U t y
is prepared to
provide meaningful input during tho upcoming public camnont period.
6.S REPORTING AND COP@I?JNICATfON DURING DETAUtD ANALYSIS
Onco thr draft rU/?S roport is proparod, tho load agency obtains
tho support agany'r r8vi.u and ~~neurrrnca, tho public'r rmviaw h d
cammat, and local .q.ncy rnd PRP input. if appropriate. Tho RIDS
?.port a180 pmidrs 8 barfs for r8mody roloction by LPA (or concurrence
on State m4 ?.dual facility rkdy) ud d-tr tho drvoloppsent and
UUlySi8 of altomrtitnr. A suggortd ?S nport format is gltnn in
Table 6-5.
WDR3 76/03 8
6-3 2

Executive Sumnary
Table 6-5
SUGGESTED FS REPORT FORMAT
1 Introduction
1.1 Purpose and Organization of Report
1.2 Background Infonution (Summrited from RI Report)
1.2.1 Site Doscription
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
Site History
Nature and Extent of Contamination
Contaminant Pate and Transport
Baseline Risk Assessment
2
Ornil Directive 9355.341
Sdentification and Screening of Technologies
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Reamdial Action Objectivar--
Presents the development of renudial action objectives for each
medium of interest (ie0.8 qround w8e8?8 soil, surface water,
air, etc.). For each medium, the following should bo
discussed:
- Contaminants of interest
- Allourbto oxporuro basod on risk assosment
- AllW8bh based on ARAR#
Dovolopownt of romdial action objoctivos
2.3 Goner81 Rarponsa Actions--
For each modi= of interest, describos the estimation of areas
or voltamor to vhich treatment, contairunont, or exposure
technologies m y bo rppliod.
2.4 Identification and Scrooning of Technology Typos and P?ocrss
Options--?or oach medim of intereat, &scribes:
2.4.1 Idontifiotion and Scrooning of Tachnoloqier
2.4.2 Evaluation of Tochnologiar and Selection of
Ropsmsontativa Tochnolqior
3 Dovolopnnt and Scmning of Alternativor
3.1 Dovelopnnt of Alternatives--
0.rerfb.s rationale for combination of technologies/media into
a~ternatives. Noto: This discussion may be by modiunr or for
tho Site 88 8 uho10.
3.2 Scroening of AltOrn8tiVeS
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Alternative 1
3.2.2.1 Descripticn
6-33
/os
f3/

Tabla 6-5
( cont inuad 1
3.2.2.2 Evaluation
- Effactiveness
- Implamantability
0 cost
3.2.3 Altrrnativa 2
3.2.3.1 Doscription
3.2.3.2 Evaluation
3.2.4 Altrmrtiva 3
3.2.5 S-ry of Scraanhg
OSWER Directive 93S5.3-01
4 Datailod Analysis of Altrrnrtivas
4.1 Zntroduction
4.2 Individual Analysis of Altrrnativos
4.2.1 Altrmrtiva 1
4.2.1.1 Doscription
4.2.1.2 Assasmnt
Ovorall Protaction
Ca3pli8ncm 6th m s
Long-Toxm Effactftnnoss urd Parmnanca
ROdUCtiOn of mility, micftyr Or
VOltrnW Throttgh h.8-t
Short-Tam Hfoctivonrss
Implamantability
cost
Stat@ Accoptmco
Coamnity Accaptrnca
4.2.2
2
4.2.2.1 Doscription
4.2.2.2 Assassmont
4.2.3 Altrmativo 3
Bibliogrrphy
Appand irr a s
bDR378/038
6-34

B IBLIOCWHY
Nationrl Fire Protection Association. 1981. National Fire Codes.
Vo1-S 1-16. Quinq, Ursachuwtt~.
National Institute for Occupational srf8ty and Health, 198s. Guidance
Kanual for Superfund Acrivitier. VoL-s 1-9. U.S. Department of
kealth ana Eumn Sarvices, Natronrl Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio.
National Inrtitut8 for 0ccup.tfOnal Saf8ty and H8alth. 1978.
KIOSR/OSBA Dock8t Guide to ChOmicr1 H8zards. NIOSH Publication ho.
76-210. National InStitUt8 for Occupational Saf8ty and Health and
Occupational Safety and Health AdPrmrrtration, U.S. Coverm~t
Printir.9 Office, Warhington, D.C.
National Institute for OccupatiOn.1 Safety and Health. 1981.
Occuwrional Health Guideline8 for Q.aica1 Hazards. DHHS (NIOSE)
Publication No. 81-123. Superintendent of hcuments, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
NICSH/OSHA/USCC/UStPA. 1985. Occupational Safety and Health Guidance
Mu.rirl for Hazardous WaSt8 Sit8 ActiVati8S. U.S. C€i€:C.
U.S.
u. s.
u. S.
u. s.
t'. S.
EPA. 1979. Safety mual for Hazardous Waste Site Inv8rtiqaticr.s.
Kational hforcePwnt Iavertigationr Center, washington, D.C.
ePh. Septuhr 1982. Intetk Stmdud Operating Safety aider.
HUarboU8 Rorponu Support Divirim, Office of mergency mC
Remedial Zbspaw, Yuhinqton, D.C.
EOA. April 1981. Chuactatiration of Hazardous Wart. Sit8S-A
Wfhod8 mU.1. VOlurPr 11. EPA/600/4-84/075.
-
=A. M y 1985. Gui&ncr Docrrarnt for Cleanup of Surface Tanks an6
Drrru. OSWER Directive No. 9380.0-3.
EPA. Hay 1985. Guidance on Remedial fnverfrgationr Undrr CERC'A.
EPA, OSnR, jlWEIU.8 LPA Report #540/6-85/0021 NTIS Raf
hPE-85-2686161 OSWfR Dfrectrve 9355.0-06b. U.S. EPA, Cincinnati
Ohio.
a 33

G.S. EPA. June 1985. Guidance on Feasibility Studies Under CERCLA.
EpA. m R , OWPE; k.port 4540/685/003; NTIS Ref
U.S. EPA. Juaa 1985. NEIC Policies urd Procodures. Revrscd.
EOA-330/+76-00l-R.
U.S. tPA. Septet 196s. Reamdial Action Cortin9 Procedures unual.
. Wa8bhgtonr D.C. EPA/OVUI/HSCD; EPA R.pOrt #600/8-87/049; OSWER
Directivo 9355 .O-10.
U.S. =A. N0-r 1985. Ch.aric81 bwqeny Preparedness Pr0Qra.u.:
Interim Guidance. OSWER Diroctive No. 9223.0-1A.
U.S. =A. January 1086. Superfund Bpo8ure ksessmont lunual. Draft.
OSWZR Directive 9263.3-01. U.S. EOA, Warhington, D.C.
-
U.S. EPA. Gctokr 1986. Superfund Public R.alth Evaluation ~uual
(SPHDI). EPA/540/1-661060~ GSWER Directive 9285.4-1.
WashinGton, D.C.
U.S. EPA,
U.S. EPA. December 1986. Suporfund Febrral-kaC Renmdial Project
Panaq.wr,t Hanmk. OSWER Directive Mo. 9355.1-1.
U.S. EPA. Decmber 1986. Suporfund Ial0V8titn Technology Evaluation
08UEIl Dhctivo m. 9380.2-3.
(SITE) Str8tep .ab PrOQr8m Plan.
U.S. EPA. Decoskr 1986. -parfund State-kad Remedial Project
Ranaquount Handbook. EPA/OtRR/HSCD, tPA Rvport #540/G-87/001,
OSZR Directive 9355.2-01. U.S. EPA, W.rhington, D.C.
U.S. EFA. Decomber 1986. Uset's Guido to the Contract Laboratory
Program.
U.S. ETA. March 1987. Data Quality Objectives for Reamdial Response
Activities. OSUESl Diractive 9335.0-78. (At- called E
Guidance.) U.S. tPA, Washingtea, D.C.
U.S. EPA. Much 1907. Guidance for Coordhatinq ATSDR Raalt):
koeanaat Actioiti.8 with the Superfund Ibmdial Process. OSWER
D M t n Ioo. 9284.447.
-
U.S. tPA. kpupkr 1987. Coop.nbi- of Superfund Fi.10 Omrations
IWhods. Diroctiva 9355.0=Mr EPA/540/?-87/00/a (also called
C- drum) .
U.S. EFA. March 1988. Draft Guidance on Prlpuir.9 Superfund DecLsion
Docuawntr. OSWER Directive 9355.3-02.
U.S. EPI.. hay 1988. CERCLA Compliance with Other Laws Ear.ua1. Draft.
OSWER Directive 92%.1-01. V.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.

C.S.
U.S.
0. s.
u. s.
U. 5.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
EPA. June 1966. Complur.ity Relations UI Suprfund: A Handbook.
LnterLK. OSWES Drrec:;ve 923C.Q-3A.
LPA. August 1988. Guidmce on Rhwdial Actions for Contamrnated
Grour.2 wttter at Superfund Sites. Draft. OSWER Directrvt
NO. 9283.1-2.
EPA. Septeahr 1988. Guidanca on Preparation cf Superfund
New,randum of Agreeaunt. OSwul Directive No. 9375.0-01.
&PA. Septamber 1908. Tbchnoloqy Screening Guide for Treatmert of
CERCLA Soils and Sludqer . &PA/540/2-88/CC4.
EPA. Pall 198E. Superfund Exposure Assesrmcnt Manual. O S ~ R
Directive No. 9285.5-0.
EPA. CLP Invitatior; fcr Bids.
LPA. Functional Guidelines for Evaluating Organic hnalyses. (EPA
69-01-669s. 1
WDR368/006
3

kD R3 7 8 /O 4 C I' 1
Appndix A
INTERIM GUIDANCE ON PRP PAEITICIPATXON
IN THE RI/FS PROCESS

I. INTRODUCTION
Appendix A
INTERIM GUIDANCE ON PRP PARTICIPATION
IN THE RI/FS PROCESS.
This memorandum sets forth the policy and procedures governing the
participation of potentially responsible parties (PRps) in the develop-
ment of remedial investigations (RI) and feasibility studies (PSI under
the Comprehensive Environmental Responsa, Cmpensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA), as amended by the Superfund Anrmdments and Reauthorizatioc
Act (SARA) of 1986, This memorandum discussos:
o The initiation of enforcement activities including PRP search.-
es rnd PRP notific8tion;
o The circumstances in which PRPs MY conduct the RI/FS;
o The deveiopment of enforceable agreune2ts governing PRP RI/FS
activities;
o Initiation of PRP RI/FS activities and oversight of the RI/FS
by =At
o EPA control wer PRP RIDS activities; and
o PRP participation in Agency-financed RI/?S rctivltles.
More dotriled infomation rogarding erch of the rbove topics is
included in Attachments 1-4 of this appendix.
This document is conrirtont with = XLA and ZPA guidance in effect
as of Octokr 1988, .nb is intonded to ruporsede the W c h 20, 1984 mem-
orrndum from Assistant Adarinirtrrtors k o n. Thaau 8nd Courtney M. Price
ontitled .Participation of Potontially Rorpruible Parties in Develop-
ment of Roandirl Invostig&tionr urd Frrribility Studios Under CERC'LA"
(OSUES Directiva Mo. 9835.11. Users of this guidance should consult the
RIRS Guidmeo or ray relevant guidance or policier ismod after dirtribution
of this -nt before establishing EPA/PUP responsibilities
for coaducting RI/?S rctivitios. Additional guidmco regarding proceduns
for tPA ovorright ictfvitier vi11 be rvrilrblo in the Cffice of
Warto P m a m tnforcem~nt~s (OWPLI forthcdng oG~idm~e Mrnual on
*This memorandum was rignod by the M O m R and refused for distribution
on May 16, 1988. Tochnic~l clarificat~ons/upb.tos have beon made to
this quid8nco for insertion into Appendix A of tho gfnterira Final
Guidance for Conducting ~amdirl Iavertigations m4 leuibility Studies"
(October 1988-OSWER Directive No. 9355.3-01) (Reforred to herein as the
RI/FS Guidance).
A- 1

Oversight of POtentlal1Y Responsible Party Romadial Investigation and
Feasibility Studies".
If. BACXCROVNO
sections 104/122 of CERCLA prwide PRPs with the opportunity to
conduct the RI/?S vhen EPA 6.temLineS (1) that the PRPs are qualified to
conduct such activities urd (2) they will carry out tho18ctivities in
accordance with requiraments and tPA procedures. 'Ehe Agency will
continue its policy of early and timoly PRO soarches 8s wall as early
PRp notification and nogotirtion for RIDS activitios.
It is 8180 the policy of tPA to encourage tho early and active par-
ticipation of PRPs in conducting RIDS activitbs. =A believes that
early participation of PROS in the rmdlal procoss vi11 encourage PRP
implementation of the selected r&y. OR? participation in RIRS activities
will ensure that they have a ktter and more complete understanding
of the selected ranedy, and thus vi11 k .ore likely to agree on
implementation of the romedy. Remedial activities parfomd by PROS
will also conserve ?und monies, thus Wing additional resources available
to address other sites.
As part of the Agoncy'L effort to encourago OR? participation in
ramdial activitios, EPA will conrider the PRPS' rolo ia conducting RI/FS
activities vhon assessing an ovOr8ll sottlrwnt proposal for the remedial
d88ign urd rmdial action. ?or oxample, *on tho Agency perfoms a
non-binding allocatim of rorposlsibility (NUN, tho Agoncy u y consider
previous ?St? offorts and cooporation. This will prwibo m additional
incentive for PUPS to bo -rativo in conducting RI/?S activities.
Although EPA encouragos PR9 participation in conducting the RI/FS,
the Agency and CERCLA hposo certain conditions governing their participation.
Thoro conditions aro inunded to assure that tho RIDS performod
by tho 3-8 is consistent with ?oderal roquiromonts and that
there is adoquato otnrsight of tho88 activitios. Theso conditions are
discussed both in Section I11 8nd Attachmoat I of this m.morandum.
At tho di~c~~ti~n Of ma, 8 PRP (Cr 9rOUp Of PRPS) M Y 888full
rorgonsibillty for aadorwting =/?S utivitios pursuant to .
Section8 104/122 of URCLA. Tho to- urd conbitions governing the
RIRS aetivitios should k rpcifiod in an Adrinistrativo Ordor. The
use of Ahinistr8titn Ordots is authorirod in Soction 122(d) ( 3) :
they uo tho proferr.6 type of agr..rwnt for RIDS activities since they
am authorized int8inally md thorefore, u y bo nogotiatd more quickly
'The legal authority to enter into agreomonts vith PRPs is found in CERCLA
Soction l22(8). This soction then refers to rosponse actions conducted
pursuant to Section 104(b). For the purposes of this guidance, Sections
104/122 will be cited vhen referring to such authority.
A-2

M/FS activitios d.v.10p.d 8ubSOWOnt to tho Adminrrtrative Order
are sat forth in a Sutmnt of work, vhich is thon ombodied or
incorporated by reforenco into tho Or&?. A Work Plrn doscribing
deurlod proc.duro8 and ctrtoria by mch tho Rl/FS vill k ptforowd is
d0~010p.d th. PROS mdr aftor 8mZOV.l by tPA, 8h0uld r1~0 k
incorporated by roforonce bto the ~ s t r r t i v Ordor. o
It is tho rorponsibi1ity of tho lord agency to onmar. tho quality
of tho effort if tha PRPa as- rmsponribility for conducting the FU/FS.
Thoroforo, ZPA vill establish overright procedures and projoct controls
to ensure that tho r08pon80 action8 u a ~0nSiStOnt with CERCZA and the
National Contingony Plan (KO) metion 104(a) (1) of QRCU mandates
that AO PRP bo allowed to undertake an RIlrS Uh8r EPA determiner that
the party(i08) conducting tho RIDS is qua1ifi.d to do so.
In additron,
action 101(a) (1) roquires that a qualified party k contracted with OX
arrmgod for.to as8ist in ovorwoing and roviowing tho conduct of the
RJ/PS and, that tho PROS agtoo to rOmUZS0 EPA for tho costs associated
with the worsight coatxact or arrmgoamnt.
111. INITUTION O? -0- ACTIVITIES
k pait of effectivo mnagomnt of onforemant actLvitias, tiptly
settle9rnu for RI/rS acfiwities uo to k putsued. This includor tonductin9
PRP narchos early ir; tha sit0 di8~O~Ory procoss aad subsequent
notification to all PROS of thoir potonti61 liability and of therr opportuity
to porfom nrponw activities. Guidance on conducting timely
md effecti- PR? wUcb.8 i8 C0ntah.d b t h mfb.nCO manual, "Potentially
R.sponsible Party Soarch Munulo (August 17, 1987 - OSUER Dircctivo
No. 9834.6).
=A policy b.8 boon to notify PROS of thir potential liability for
tho plmnod z~rporraa a~tivitior, to ucbur90 infomation about the site,
and to ptwida ?RSs witb an oppornraity to uaderuko or fuunco the
rorgoan activitfos thomnlvor. In tho past thir has kea acconplirhed
by isuLt9 a '9ur.r.l notice' letur to tho P1Ios. In addition to the
UI. ot thr gonoral aotico lottor, Section 122(0) of CLRCU now authorizes
UI. '8P.Cia notice8 prOC.bru08r Which for UI 08trbliSh a
60 to 90 day ~or8totium and form1 n.go+iation period. T& purposo of
the mOratoriU8 is to prwido for formal rngotirtion ktwon EPA a d
the PRPs for -duct of RInS activitier. Ia puticuhr, uso of the
spcial notice p~durea Uiqgars a 60 day roratoriua on t?A conduct of
tbe RI/FS. hrrb9 tho 60 day mratorim, if th. PRO8 provido EPA wlth a
'good faith offor8 to conduct or fln~nco tb. W ?S, tho nogotfatior. priod
can bo oxtondod to a toul of 90 days. ZPA consider8 a good faith offer
to be a writton proposal whore tho PRPs mako a shwrng of thorr qualrf:.-
Cations and villingnoss to conduct or finmco tho Eu/FS. knor defxrer,-
CIIS an tho PRPs' mrtral suhuttals should not k grounds for a
A-3

dotormination that tho offor is not a good faith offor or that tho p~ps
are unable to perfom tho Rf/FS.
TO facilitate, among other things, PRP prrticiprtion in tho RI/FS
ptocoss, Section 122(0) (1) rWireS the Spacial notico lotter to provido
tho and addrossos of othor PRPS, the volume a d Mturr of sub-
S~MCOS contributod by oach PRO, and a ranking by volume of rubstancos
at the site, to the utent this infomation is available at the time of
special notico. Regions aro encouragd to releaso this information to
PRPs whmn the notice letters are ismud. To expodit. settl.rarnts,
Regions are also encourag.6 to gitn 0-8 as PI& guidance as possiblo
concerning the RW?S procers. It ir appropriau to tr&t to PRSI
copies of bportmt guidance d m t 8 such u the RIRS Guidance, as
we11 as sobel Mministratitt. Order8 and Stat-ntr of Work. A model
Mministrative Order can k f d in the rraoraadum frm Gone Lucoro
entitled, "nobe1 QRCU Soetion 106 COnSOnt Order for a RI/FS"
(January 31, 198s - OSWLR Dinctive No. 983S.S). This model order is
currontly boing revised to reflect SARA r.quir.rrnts and will bo forthcoming.
A model Statamant of Work h u been included as Appendix C to
the RI/FS Guidance, uhile a model Statement of Work for PRP-lead RI/FSS
is currently king dovelopod by WE. Othu R.gion~l and Headquarters
guidance rolating to tachnical issuos may k given to PROS, as voll as
exaa~plos of project plans (pluu that mst k dovelopod prior to the
conduct of the RI/FS) that are of high quality. A description of tho
rrquirod project plum is includod in AtUChYnt 11.
~lthaugh use of the sp.cia1 notice procadures is discretionary,
Regions are ancotuagod to U80 theso procdurrs in the majority of cases.
If EPA docides not to aploy the rp.ci.1 notice procdures described in
Section 122(e) , the Agony vi11 notify the OIIOs in writing of such a
decision, including .n .rrpluution as to why =A belfeves the use of the
spacial noti- procoduras is inappropriate.
Additional information on
the content of spocial notice letters, including the use of those notice
provisions, can bo found in the mmorandum entitlad "Interim Guidance on
Noti- ktterr, Negotiations, and Information Lxchmge* (October 19,
1987 - OSWZR Directive No. 9834.10) .
S8CtiOn 12l(f)(l) nquires that tho State ba notified of PRP nogotiations
and th8t &a opportunity for Seat. participation in such nogotiations
bo provided. fa rdditien, action 122(j) (1) mires that if a
relea80 w throat of rderu at tho rito in quostion may have resultod
in d.wg.8 to MtUr.1 IC.~C.~, EPA must notify the appropriato Fodoral
or St8U ?nutoo mad provide an opportunity for tho Trustee to puticipate
in th. negotiations. 'Po simplify the notification of Foderal
Trustees, tho A9-cy iatandr to provide a list of projects in the Superfund
Coqprahonrip. Accaqlirhwnts Plan (SCAP) to the Trustees as notico
to participate in the nogotiationr. In thoso casos vhen there is roason
to believe that a significant natural msourco vi11 be affected, diroct
coordination with the Poderal and/or State Trust- vi11 be required.
A-4

IV. CONDITIONS FOR EPA IWOLnnENT IN, AND PW INITIATION OF, RI/FS
under Section 104(a) (1) EPA mY authorize PRPs to conduct RI/FS
activities at any Site* Provided the PRPS C&n do so promptly and
prop.rly and can moat tho conditions Sp.Cifiod by EPA for conduetinq the
RI/FS. mor. conditions distus~~d in Attachment I of this appendix
and involvo tho scopo of activiti.S* tho organization of the PIUS, and
the PRPS' (and their COntTICtOrS') demonrtratod exportire. EPA encourager
PRPS to conduct tho Rf/FS provided that tho PWs c-ft in an Order
(or Consent Docroo) undor CERCLA Sections 104/122 (or Soctions 106/122
for a Docroo) to confuct a caraploto Rf/?S to tho ratisfaction of EPA,
undor EPA ovorsight. Oversight Of RIDS 8CtiVithS by tho lead agoncy
is requirod by Soction 104(8) (1) ud is intondod to usura that the
RI/PS is adoquato for load agency idontiffcation of an appropriate
romody, and that it will otheMso -et tho Agoncy roquiranents of
CERCLA, tho NCP, and rolovant Agoncy quidmco. tPA will allow PRPS to
conduct RI/FS activitios and will provido review and ovorsight under t5e
following grnoral ciretrmrtancos.
EPA'r priority is to addrosr those HOL Sit08 that havo been identifiod
on tho SCAP. Tho SCAP iS an tPA 1unag0mOnt plan which identifies
sito- and activity-spocific Superfund financial allocations for each
quartor of tho curtont fiscal yo.?. Whon omploying Soction 122(e) notice
pf~~odll~es, tPA will notify PRPm of its intention to conduct RIDS activitios
at NPL sitos in a manner that allour at loart 90 days notico bofore
obligating tho funds nocossay to caoploto tha IUDs (moo Soction 1x1 of
this guibmco). During this tin frmo PRPs may oloct to conduct the
RIDS, undor tho rov1.w and otnrsight Of tPA. If tho PRPs agroo to conduct
tho RI/?S thoy mumt moot tho conditions discussod in Attachment I.
Tho rcopo and t o m for conducting the studios uo ombodiod in an Agreemont;
as montionod in Section 11, Administrrtivo Ordorr aro the preferred
typo of Agroomont for Rf/FS activitios.
LPA will not ongrgo in longthy dlscursions Vith PRPs ovor whether
the P as vfll conduct tho RI/FSt tathor, tPA vi11 adhero to tho timo
fr-s ost.btirh.6 by tha Sactlon 122 sp.ci.1 notic8 provisions. In
most inst.ncos, onco lurid sowcom haec, boon obllgatod to conduct the
RI/FS, tho PRPs will no longer bo ollgible to canduct tho RIRS activi-
ti.# at thr mi-.
Th. actions domcrikb blow at0 typically Wton to inltiato RI/FS
8CtiVitiOm2
o tPA davolopr mito-specific Statement of Work (Sow) in advance
of tho schodulod RIRS start. This solr is than pravidod to
tho ORPI along vith a draft of tho A&inistrativo Order (or
~ ~
2For a Stato-lo~d enforcrrrwnt sfto tho Stat. is rosponsibfo for Over-
right unloss othorviso rpocified in tho agroomont betwen tho State and
EPA. EPA should maintain cammunication vith tho State to onsure that
tho Stato is providins ovorsight of tho roamdial activities.
A- 5

o Final provirions of tln 8Qy are negotiated with the Order.
V. m m
OB TIII IURS ADMINISTRATIVE OmtR OR CDNSPCT DECREE
The P-8 muit torpond to =A’s notic8 lettrt by eitber declining,
vithrn the tta, rpcified, to participate in the ‘SUDS, or by offerrns a
good faith proposal to EPA for performing the RT/FS. Declining to partlCAp&te
in the RI/rS m y be implied if the PRPs do not hOgOtA&te during
A-6

~n ~Unistrativo Ordor (or Consent Doeroo) will gonotrlly contain
the scope of actrvrtios to k porf0-d (o~thor as a Statement of Work
or work Plan), tho oversight roLor urd re.ponribilitios, and onfotccmcnt
options that MY be oxorcirod in tho want of non-lrance (such as
stipuhtod p.mltior). Zn addition fo tho .bovor tha Agroomnt will
twicblly ~~1ud0 tho following OlO~ntS, a8 8grO.d upon by EPA, the
PRPs, urd othor rignrtorior to th. Aqro.srnt.
o Jurisdiction - Doscribes DA's authority to ontot -to AdmFn-
istraticf. Ordora or bnwnt Docxoos.
o Furposo' - Doscribes tho purpoao of tho Agreonunt in tezms of
mutual objoctivor urd public knofit.
o Findingr of fact, Qtormin8fion, urd conclurions of law - Pto-
vider .LL autlirw of iutr upon uUch tho Aaraumnt is baud.
o troticr to tb. Stat0 - Vorifio8 that tho Stat0 has boon notified
of pnbibg riu activiti.s.
- m idor that PRRr mt propct plus
o )rork to h mH01 to tbo 1..6-.g.ny for rwiov md approval &foro -ncing
activiti.8. Rojoct plana 8ro thow plrns 6.volop.d in
order te offoctively conduet tho RIDS project and includo: a
Work Plan, Qacrrbing the rthodology, tatimalo, md rchodule
of all ta8kr to bo prforrrb th. rU/tst S-plLng and
kulyri8 ?ha, &reribin9 th. fiold -1- proaburOS to bo
porfornd a8 -11 a8 tho Qulity 88IUrUICI pXOCO&U?OS which
vi11 bo follwed for umplin9 urd analyrir (including a
doscription of bow tho data gathorod Win9 tho RIRS vil? be
A- 7

managed) and the analytical proc.dures to k employed~ md a
~oalth and Safety Plan describing health and safety precautions
to be exorcis.d while onsite. (More information on tho
contents of those project plans can be found in Attachmont 11
of this appendix.)
o Compliance with CZRCLA, the NCP, m d Relevmt Agency Guidance -
Spocifies that the actions at a site will comply with the
rquiruwnts of CERaA, the NCP, m d relevant Agency guidanco
detemrinod to bo appropriate for site raiation.
o Reisburranont of costs - Spcifios that PRPs will assumo all
costs of porfoxmlnq tho work roqufrod by the Aqr-nt. In
addition, this roction m t s ShPs to kmburknt of costs
asrociatod with ovusiqht activities. This Includes roimbursemont
for quallfiod party assistance in ovorsight, as roquirod
by Section 104W (1). This section should also spoeify tho
nature and kind of cost documontation to k provided and the
procoss for billing and receiving paymont.
o Reportino, - Spocifies the typa and froquancy of reporting that
PROS must previde to =A. loaully tho roperting roquiranontr
will, at a minimum, include tho mirod projoct plans as well
as those dolivorablos roquired by tho rU/rS Guidance.
Additional mporting rmquirannts u o loft to the discretion
of the Rogions. That 18, Regions MY roquin additional
deliverablos such as interim nparts an particular RI or PS
act1vitf.r .
o Dosignatod EPA, Stater md PRP Project coordinators - Specifies
that EPA, the State, and PRPs shall each designate a project
. coordinator.
0 Site access and data availability - Stipulates that PRps shall
allw ac~oss to the site by EPA, tho State, and oversight personnel.
Accoss will bo providod for inspoetion md monitoring
purposos that in any way portain to tho work undertaken
pursuant to tho Ordor. In addition, accoss will be provided
in tho wont of projoct takoomr. This soction also stipulator
that WA will k providod with all currontly available
6.u.
- Specifies that a11 neords must be mair-
o Rocord ~resenwtion
tab& by both parties for a -hum of 6 yars after tenninatien
of tho Agroomont, folland by a provision requiring PPPs
to offer: tho sit. rocords to t?A kforo dostruction.
0 Administrative rocord roquit.Prnts - Providos that all infor-
mation upon which the seloction od r d y ir basod must be
~ubeittod to tpA in fulffllnwnt of tho .dnrfnistrative record
roquiromonts pursuant to Section 113 of CZRCLA. (Additional
information on administrative record roquirunents is contained
ir. Attachment 111.1
A-8

o Delay in p.rfo~co/rtipulatod mnalties - Spocifieo EPA's
authority to hvoko rtipulatod p.n&ltior for noncoQplianca
urth Orbr or Docroo provrrronr. action 121 of CE~CLA
roquiror tbt Consont her-8 corrtain provrrronr for penalties
m aa amount not to oxcod S25#000 por day. In addition to
StrpU1at.d p.!UltlOS, SOCtiOn 122(1) p~0Vid.8 tht Soctron 109
crvrl porultier apply for vrolationr of AdDllnistrativt Orders
urd Consont Decroor. Dolays tht onb.nqor publrc health md/o:
th. onvironmmt m y result in tormination of tho AqTeement ana
EPA trkoovor of tho MI?$. (nor. atorartion on rtrpulatea
prnaltreh cur bo found in tho Offrco of Plforcomnt and Compliuco
~nitorrnq'r (OEcn) .Guidmco 021 the use of Stipulated
~emltros rn Hazardous Wartr Conaont kcroer" (Soptomber 21,
1987) .rd in AtuChnwnt IV of this appendix.)
o Financial. as rut an^^ - SpocifhS that PRps rhould have adequate
finurcial rosour~or or inmarma covorago to address liabrlitior
ramltfng from thoir RIDS activitior. Whon urm9 contrattOia#
PRPa ahould carcity tht th. ~~ntractors haw
adoquato innurnco covorago 01 tb.t -tractor liabilit~er are
LndePmif id 0
o Siororvation of rights - St8t.r that PRPs aro not roloared from
a11 CERCU lrabrlity through -1iurcm with tho Aqreeme~t, or
complotion of tho RI/FS. PRPs wy bo rolorsod from liability
rolating drroctly to RI/?S ZoqUirWntS, if PRPs complete the
Rt/rS actrvrtior to tho ntirfactron of fPA.
o Othor claim - Providor that nothing in tho Agroomnt shall
conrtituu 8 nloaso frol my cl- or liability otbr than,
prIup8, for fh. ceat cf tho IUW, if coqlotod to LPA utirt
factroa. Alro ptortidor that nothin9 in tho Agroomnt shall
coaatituto proauthoriution of a cl8h
the Rrnd under
w. Thi8 uctian should also rpcify tho conditions for
indamification of tho U.S. Govorerornt.
0 8Ub8WU-t WdifiC8tionr/rdditforral Uork - Spocifior that the
?RPa u. CIttod to porfoxm my additional wrk or &so-
qrunt ap&ficationr which uo not oxplkitly rutrd in tho
Work ?ha, if LOA dotorrrinor tbat ruch wrk is aoedod to
orublo tbm aoloctiorr of ut appropriate rorponaa action.
(Attachwnt IV conuinr additiorul iatorrprtioa on this
chum . 1
A-9

VI. STATZHENT Or WOW AND WORX PLAN
Based upon availrbh .obi18 and guidance, the Region should present
to the pws at the initiation of negotiations a Stat-nt of Work (sow)
and draft AUzifnistrati~e Or6.r. The SOW describos the broac! objectives
and general activities to be undertaken in the RIDS.
(The PRPS ray
develop the SOW if it is detemined to be appropriate for a particular
case.) Once the ?Rps receive the SQW they dovelop a more detailed work
Plan, which should be incorporated by reference into the Order followfnq
ZPA approval. The Work Plan expands the tasks described in the Sow and
presents the rational and wthodO~ogy (including detailed procedures and
schedules) for conducting the RIlrS. It should k noted that PA, rather
than the Pms8 may develop the work plui in the ewnt of unurui circum-
stances .
To ensure’that the RIRS COnfOnU to the #cp and the requirements
of CZRCLA, including Sections 104(a) (1) and 1218 EPA will review and
wersee PRp activities. Oversight is also required to ensure that the
RIDS will rgsult in sufficient information to allow for remedy selec-
tion by the iead agmcy.
The ofnraight 8ctivitieS th8t EPA, th. State, .n4 other oversight
p.rsonnel will k pmrfoming should bo doterminod prior to the initia-
tion of the Rim. Differoat wchaninr will bo wad for the reviw and
wersight of different OR? ptoducts and actittitier. There mochanirrns,
and corresponding PR? activities, should be 4et.irin.d and if possible
incorporated in the Ordor. Generally, the following oversight rctivi-
ties should be spmcifiodt
o Review of plans, reports, and rocords;
o Overright of field activities (including maintenance of records
and documontation) ;
0 Meetingst and
o Sp.ci.1 rtodior.
SectSon 101(a)(l) requires that the President contract vith or
arrurg. go? 8 mqualified po?sone to assist in the oversight and review
of th. caaduct Of tho RflrS. =A klimms Ut qualifi.4 rtrronr, for
tho puposar of ovoi~.inq RIRS activitira, ua those fims or individ-
uals with tho proferaion81 qu8lific8tioas, enportiu, and experience
necessary to provide arsurance that the Agency is conducting meaningful
and effective oversight of PRP activities. In this contoxt, the quali-
fied porson generally will be either an ARCS, mS# or RPI contractor.
EPA oployees, employees of other ?ederal agencirs, State employees, or
any other qualified porson EPA determines to be appropriate however, may
be asked to perfonn the necessary oversight functions.
A-1 0

VIII. CONTROL OF ACTIVITIES
EPA will usually not lntorvono in a PRP RI/FS if activities arc
conductod in conformance with tho conditions and t o m specified by the
Ordor. Whon doficioncles are dotocted, EPA will tako inmmdiate steps to
correct tho PRO activitior. Doficiencios will be corroctod through the
use of tho following activitior: (1) Identification of tho doficiency:
(2) demand for corrective moasuros; (3) US. of dispute resolution mecha-
nisms, whore appropriate; (4) hnposition of p.naltlos; and if necessary,
(5) PRP RI/FS termination and project takoovor or judicial enforcemnt.
These activities are doscribed in detail in Attachnt IV of this appen-
dix.
IX. PRP PARTICIPATION IN ACENCY-FINANCED RIDS ACTIVITIES
PRPs that elect not to perform the RIDS should be allowed an opportunity
for involvement in a Fund-financod RIDS. Private parties may
possoss tochnical oxpertire or knwledgo &out 8 rito which would be
useful in devoloping a sound RI/FS. Involvement by PROS In the development
of a Fund-financed RI/FS m y also oxpodito rosedirtion by identifyinq
and ratirfactorlly resolving differences betwaon tho Agency and
private partior.
Section 113 (k) (2) (B) requlror that intorosted personsp including
PRPs, bo provided an opportunity for participation in the development of
the administrativo rocord. PRO participation m y includo the submittal
of information, relevant to the releetion of romody, for inclusion in
tho rocord and/or tho roviw of record contents and rubrnittal of com-
ments on such contents.
Th8 oxtont of additional OR? involvamont will bo loft to the discrc-
tion of the ROgiOn and MY includo rctivitior such as:
o Aecorr to the rite to observo sampling m d malysis activities;
0 Accoss to v8lidated datr and drrft reports.
With rrrprct to PRP ~CCOSS to a sit.# it is within the Regions'
discretion to hposo conditions brsod on safoty and other relevant
considerations. To tho oxtont that the Region detorminos that access is
appropriato under the eir~Uncosr PRPr must rohburse EPA for all
idontifiable costs incurred w ith the connoction of tho accesses afforded
the PRPs, and must exocuto appropriato relorros in favor of the EPA and
its contractozs. With respoct to providing data, it should be noted
that the Region is roquirad to allow privata citizens access to the Sam
A-11

infomation that is provided to tho PRPS. Tho Eoqionr must therefore
taka this into consideration when dotemining tho oxtent of the PW'S
involvement in I !und-finmcd RI/Z'S.
mido fra pat+icipation in tho administrative rowrd, which is
statutory r.quir-nt, tho final decision vhothor to pormit PRPS to par-
ticipate in other asp.ct8 Of the md-financ.d RIRS (as -11 88 the
8COp of any puticipation) rests with the Regions. This docision should
bo basod on the ability of PRPS to Or98dt@ th-lves .o that thoy can
participate as a single ontity, and tho ability of PRps to p.rticipate
without undw intorforonco vith or delay in caplotion of tho RIPS, md
othor factors that tho R.gionr dotormino aro rolovuit. Tho Rogion m y
tomhato PRP participation in RIIIS dovol-nt if unaocossary expenses
or dOl8yS OCflll.
For further infomation on tho subjoct matter discussed in this
interlm guidurco, ploaso contact Susan Can90 (?TS 47S-980S) of the
Guidmco and Oworsight branch, Offico Of Warto ?togram tnforc-nt.
A-I2
.

CC~DITION~ FOR PRP CONDUCT-OF THE RI/PS
When several potentially responsible p8rties are involved at a site
they must be able to organize th.~uolver quickly into a single represen-
tative body to nogotiato w ith EPA. To facilitate this negotiation pto-
coast EPA will mako available tho nrmor and addrarses of other PRPS, in
accordanco w ith tho rettlement proviaionr of CERCU Section 122(e).
Either a ring10 PRO or an orgbnited group of PRPs may arrume responri-
bility for dovelopant of the Rf/TS.
Scope of Activities
As part of the negotiation procosr PRPs.must agree to follow the
site-specific Statement of Work (SOW) as the basis for conducting an
RI/FS. PRPS ate roquirod to rubmit an RIDS Work Plan rotting forth
detailod procodures and tasks nocoar8ry to accamplirh the RVFS activ-
itios doscribod in tho SCM. tPA m y approve roaronbblo modifications to
the SOW and will toject any roquorts for modifkationr that are not
consistent w ith CERCLA (aa rmondod by SARA), tho NCP, tho roquirements
ret forth in thir guidance document, the RIPS Cuidanco, or other
rolovant CERCLA guidmco documents.
D8monrtrat.d Eapabilitior
-
PRPa must domonrttau to =A that they poirear, or aro 8blO to
obtain, tho tochnical expertiso necorrary to prform all rolevant activitios
idontifiod in tho SOW, and any mendmentr that may be roaronably
anticipated to that document. In addition, PRPs 'must domanstrato that
thoy possess tho nunagerial ospertiso and havo dovolopod a manaqement
plan sufficient to onruro that tho proposed activitior will bo properly
controllod and efficiently implastontod.
PRPs must also demonstrate that
they posrerr tho financial capability to conduct and comploto the RI/FS
in a tiawly and effoctivr mar. There capabilities aro discuraed
briofly blow.
o Deraonrtratod Technical Capability
PRPr 8hould be roquired to dmnrtrate the tochnical capabilities
of koy porronnol involtrod in oxoeotinq tho project. Porronnel qualifications
MY bo demns;tratod by mttinq ras\~~p.s ~ r reforencor. d
PRPS
may d.araartrato the capabilitior of the firm that will perfom tho work
by outlining thoir part aroaa of buainorr, relevant projects and oxperienco,
and ovorrll familiarity with tho typor of actioitior to bo petformed
as part of the ramdial invertigation and feasibility study.
It i s important that qualified firm bo routnod for performing
RI/FS activitior. Firnu that do not havo tho nocossrr). oxpertire for
performing E I/E studies MY crorte unnecossary dolays in the project
A-13
,

I
P'
P
Tho PRPS orUt a180 d.monstr8t.o th. t@chaic.l c8prbi1iti.8 of tho
laboratory choren to do tho uulyais of ramplor collected durinq tho
RI/?S. If 8 none lrboratoy ia wl~ct.8, ZPA m y raquira a suhiission
frao tho laboratory which prwidor a carpnhenrivo statomant of tho labo-
ratorios' porsonnol qualificationr, equipant apocificationr, socurlty
measuros, and any othor mtorial nocoasary to prwa tho l.bot8tOry is
qualified to conduct the work.
o Da~onrtrated Han~qamont Capability
PROS mwt doaonstrau that thy h~a th. ahiniltr8tiVO Caprbilitios
li*CO8SUy for C8llduCth9 the RI/?S hi TbrpanrUh and t b l y
mumor. A mumgemoat plan should k spbrfttod to tPA ofther during nogotiations
or am 8 p8e of tho Work PlAn which hcludas a discurrion of
rolor md nspoasibilitior 02 key pora0~01. Thir mna9omont plan
rhould inclodo an RI/?S tom organization chart dorcribiag roaponsibilitior
and linos of authority. Positlonr urb rerpoaribilitios rhould bo
clouly rolat.8 to tochaical and mnagorial qualifications. The PRPS
should also d-strata m understanding 02 off8cticn corpunicationr,
infomation unagomnt, qu~lity UIU~UICO, urd quality control rystems.
PRPs usually procuro the roirtit.8 of conrultanta to conduct tho required
RXnS activitior. The eonrultuats must d-trrto, in rddition to
thoro requitannts stated above, ottoctivo contract unrgoment .
capabilities.
o 0omnrtrat.d ?inancia1 Capability
Tho PROS should dwolop r c~rohonaivo &ad roarorublo estimate of
tho total cost of anticipatad RInS activitior. tPA vi11 docide on a
case-by-caao hria if tb. ?Wa villk r.quir.6 to drronstr8te thrt they
havo tho nacoaruy fiaurcial romourcos availablo urd carittod to conduct
the RI/rrr activitier. Tho nraorcor ostfutod should k adoquare
to m r tb, utticipatod coats tor fh. RI/?S aa wll as tho costs for
ovoraight, plus a mawin for unoxp.ct.6 oxg.ruos. If, durinq tho conduct
of tbr tho net worth of tho financial nchaniam providing
tunbing for tho lUm ir roducd to loas th.n th8t roqaired to caarplete
tho rom8hhg rctioitioa, the PRPS should (taly aotify tPA. Under
conditions spocifi.4 in tho Ordor, PRPS aro roquir.6 to caaploto the
RIPS r.gardloss of initial cost ortiautos or fh.nci.1 #chrnismr.
A-14

o Assistance for PRp Activities
ff PRPI propose to use consultants for conducting or assisting in
the RI/FS, the PRPS Should swcify the tasks to be conducted by the consultants
and submit wrsonnel and corporate qualifications of the proposed
firms to the =A for review. Verification should be made that the
pRps' consultats have no Conflict Of interest with respect to the pro]act.
my consultants havinq current EPA arsignmnts as prim contractors
or as subeonttrctors must obtain approval fror their tPA Contract
Officers before perfodng wrk for PRPs. Lack of clarification on passible
conflicts of interest may delay tho OW RIDS. EPA will resemt
the right to reviev tha PRPs' proposed selection of consultants and will
dis~pprove their Selection if, in =A's opinion, they either do not possesa
adequate technical capabilities or there exists I conflict of
interest. It ahould ba noted that the responsibility for selection of
consultants rests vith the PRPs.

velopwnt of the statement of Work
AmACHMENT I1
INITIATION OF PRP RIDS ACTIVITIES
~ftor tho PROS h8ve kon idontified in tho PRP Souch Report they
am sent either A gonoral notice lettor follouod by a spociai notice
lettor or a gonoral notico lottor tollwed by an oxplmation pursuant to
soction 122(a) why spacial notice procedures azo not king usod. EPA
will engage in nogotiationr witb thoro PRoa vho hvo 8uhitt.d a good
faith offor in rorponse to the notico lettor and thoroforo have voluntoerod
to porfozm tho RI/?S. while tho PRp8 uo 6.ronstr8fing thoir
capabilifios for conducting tho ltI/?S, EPA will n.goti.to tho to- of
tho ~&iaistrati~. Ordor. tither an ~CCOpt.bh S+rt.lmnt of Work or
Work plan muat bo incorporated by roforenco into the Agroownt.
The Stat-nt of Work (SQW) is typically 6.trolop.d by ZPA and
doscribor, in a cmprohensive mannor, a11 RIPS activitior to be por-
formod, as reasonably anticipated, prior to tho msot of the project.
The Sarr focuror on broad objoctivos and descriks goneral ictivitier
that w ill bo undertaken to 8ChiOVe those objoctivos. Dotailed proce-
duros by which tho vork will bo accomplirh8d are not presented in the
Sa, but aze de8crfb.d in tho aubroquont Work Plan that ir 6evolop.d by
th. 3119s. In cortain instmcos, with tho approval of =A, PRPS MY prepua
a sing10 sit0 plan incorporating tho olrwnts of an SOW and a Work
Plan. In NCh frr8tUtCO8, tho Sit0 P1.n Wirl k incorporated into the
Odor in placo of the bro8d.r SCU.
o Us0 of tho EPA nodel Saw
EOA has dovolopod a model SaW defining a camprehenrive RIDS effortwhich
is cont~inod in the RI/lS Guidance. Additionally, a model SOW for
8 PRP-lead RIPS is being deve1op.d by WPZ and will be forthcoming.
Tho Ftogionr should devolop a site-specific Sorr bared upon the nrodel(s1.
RInS projoctr mnagod by PRPs will involvo, at a miniman, all re1evar.t
activitier set forth in the tPA mod01 SW. ?urthor, all plans and
ropartr idontified 8a dolivorabler in the tPA mdol SOW must b8 identifiod
as doliverablor in tho rito-specific Sar and/or tho Work Plan
bowlopod by tho PRPs. Additional dolicnrablos u y bo roquited by the
Rogions &ad &ouU k added to tho Adudnirtrative Ordor.
0 nobific8tion of tho SPA Draft SQW Roquir-nts
Tho utivitiea rat forth in tho mod01 Sar 8- eonsidor.6 by EPA to
bo tho Critic81 RIRS activitior that are roquirod by tho NCP. PRPs
should present dotailod justifications for any proposod modifications
and amondmontr to the activities sot forth in tho SCM. EPA will review
all prop0804 modifications and approve or dirapprovo thoir inclusion in
tho Sok'brrod on available infoxmation, =A policy and guidance, overall
program objoctfves, and the requirements of the NCP and CERCLA. EPA
A-16

W/~S project plans rnchd. those plans deve1op.d for the RI/FS.
At UnLpIU the project PlAnS shoula include a York Plan, a Samplug
and kralysrr Plmr Health ad afety PlUl, a d CowAty Rmlatrons
plm. The Coamunity R.1atiOnS Plrn is developed by EPA and should
include d descrrptron of the ORPs' role in co-ity ralrtionr acttvrtiesr
rf any. EPA review and approval of the work plan and rrmplrng a d
umlysrs plan will usually k required kfore PRp. can kgrn srta rctrvttios.
kr oxamplo uhon luted project activities may k uirtrrted prior
to approval of th. project plms would k if additional infomatron 1s
requuod to complete the Suplrng md Analysis Plan. Addrtronally, conditronal
approvals to the work Plan ad Sampling and Anrlyrro plsn my
be provrded in order to rnrtrate field activitrer ua a =re trnuly
manner. It should k noted that tPA does not gapprove. the PRPs' Health
and Safety Plan but ratlnr, it is reviewed to ensure tho protection of
public health and the onvrronm8nt. Th. PRPn amy bo required to mend
the plan if EPA dateanes that lt dens not uloqutcly provide for such
protectron.
o Contents of tho #ark Plur
The Work Plur oxp.nds the tasks of tho SQW, and the rerponsibrlities
specified in the Agreo=trtr by preunting tho rationale md methodology
(including dotailed procoduros) for corr&ucting the RI/FS.
Typically the work Plan is &volopod aftor tho draft Order wd then
incorporatod into tho Agre-nt.
In som CA-S hOWver, it my be appro-
priato for EPA to &volop the Work Plan prior to actual negotiation with
tho Pkos and attach tho plur to tho draft Agra.rynt. The PRP RI/FS Work
Plan must be consrstmt with current EPA gurC.nce. Guidance on developing
accoptable Work Plum is available in tho rU/FS Curdance. Addr-
tiOIl.1 guidurcV W i l l k fOtthCO&ng th. progO88d NCP. Once the Work
Plan is apprwod by LOA, it kcon, a public document and by the terms
of tho hgroonatr obould k incorpor8t8d by roforuhco into that doeurnant.
Tbo Uork P1.n &auld, at a riniorPr, corrtaia tbo follouin9 olementr.
Iatrobuction/kckqrnd S t a w t - PRPs &ld provib an inttodutrory
or background sutomnt &scribing tboir undorrtandrng of
th. work to k porforwd at th. sit.. -8 Ibould include hrstorical
sato iaforvtion urd rhould highlight presont srfe conditaons.
Qbjoetfvo8 - A stat-nt of what is to k accolplishod md how the
bfoavtion will k utilirod.
Scope - A datailad description of tho work to bo perfo-d
including a d8finition of work Lzrits.
Hanagenmnt Dlra - A doscription of tho projoct Purragemrnt shovrnq
personno1 with authority urd rarponsibility for tho rpproprrrte
aspcts of the project and rpecrtrc uskr to be performed. A
A-1 7

ing10 per8on 8hOUld k ib.ntifi.6 b8 b.Ving ovor~ll
to k porfo-de
for tho propct and rpocific t~okr
nrponarbrlity
klivotablro - A daocriptioa of tbo work produeto t&t will k
-tub urd thir oebo&lo for blivoy. Tbm ochdule should
iaclu& 8p8cific bur, if p008ibh. OPoy~i80, t& ubedule
rhould k b to- of tho nrPkt of 6ryr/rrr& aftar approval
of tb. uork p1.n.
o bntonta of tRo -ling .ad Amly.io Plm.
A -1- md -1y8i8 ?lm (SAP) mat k mahittad by tho ORPI
kfore initratiar of nlwant fiold A ~ V i t i o o . This g1.n cont~inr two
wp~rato olmntrt 8 ?hid m l b g Plan Urd a Quality knurnco Project
Plan. f&w b n t s wro proviawly r9britt.4 as WWAU doliverrbhr
but u o aou &hod bto on0 boc\rmt. Tbough tho SAP i8 typically
41-nted by P%P eontractoro, it i8 tk rompoaribility of tbo PRPs to
onruro that tha -1s urd otmdudr of tho glut uo rt. Waritreation
that tbe 9-1 md Otaa&rbr Of tb. 8AP U O rt dl1 A ~&O k part of fPA's
ovorrigbt n8paribiUtAor.) T h 8Ap -1d Conuia tbm following olo-
mt8 8
Quality krururco Projoct Plan - n o SAP nmt iacludo a dotailod
dareription of quality asmarmco/qurlity control (oA/Qc) procedures
to k .gloyod &arb9 tba RIDS. Thio 8oction io intondod to onsute
that the rU/?S ir based on tbo correct 10~01 or oxtont of s.Plg;lmg
and uulyrir nqrrind to produa rufficiont data for ov~luating
r.rbi.1 altamatitnr tort specific rite. A wcoad objective is
to amam t~ quality of tk ata co110ct.4 erw th. RI/FS.
-C. QR Wzop?i~U WQC psocduna my bo found in tho RI/FS
(w
u -11 am VAU Quality Qbjoctitnr for tho RW?S Procoss"
1967 0 OSUER Dimctitn M e 93SS*O-tb).
o Othor Projoct Plum
Other ptojoct plmr that uo likoly to k required in the RIDS
procorr includo tho Health and hfoty Plan and tho -ity CLlationr
Plan
A-10

Health and Safety Plan - PRPS should include a Health and Safety
Plan either as part of tho work Plan Or as a separate document.
me Health and Safety Plan should address the moasures taken 5.j the
p~ps to ensure that all activities will be conducted in an environmentally
safe manner for the workers and the surrounding commur.ity.
EPA reviews the Health and Safety Plan to ensure protection of
public health and the enviror~~~t. EPA does not, ho-vor, 'appr3ve"
this plan. Guidance on tho appropriate contonts of a Health and
Safety Plan may be found in the RIDS Guidance. In addition,
Health and Safety r8quiremOntS aro found in 'OSHA Safety and Health
Standards: Hazardous Waste Operations and Emorgeney Rosponse"
(40 CFR Part 1910.120).
Comunity Relations Plan - EPA must propare a Comaunity Rolations
Plan for each NPL sit.. The extont of PRP involvement in community
relations activities should bo d0t.il.d in this plan. Additional
information on Community Rolations activities is contained below.
o Review and Approval
pas must submit all of tho roquired RI/PS project plans (with tk.e
exception of the Camunity RelatfOnS Plan uhich is devoloped by EPA) to
EPA for review, and in tho Case of the Work Plan and SAP, approval. EPA
will roview the plans for thoit technical validity and consistency with
tho NCP and rolov8nt tPA quidanco.
Typically, tho Agoncy must roview
and approvo thoro plans kforo PRPs can bogin any sit0 activities. ~ n y
disagreements that arfso betwoon tPA and PRPs ovor the contents of the
plans should be resolved according to tho procoduros sot forth in the
disputo rosolution section of the rolov8nt tPA/PRO Agroomont.
Ckunity Relations
EPA is responsible for dovolopfna and implomenting an effective
comunity relations program, regardloss of whether RXnS activities are
Pund-financod or eonductod by PROS. At Stat-load onforcoment sites,
fundod by =A undor Suporfund Hon~oranda of Aqtecawnt (see tho "Draft
Guidrnco on Proparation of a Suporfund nmmrandwn of Agroonmnt (October
5, 1987 - OSWER Diroctive No. 9375.0-01)), the Stat. has the respon- ,
sibility for dovolopunt and hplamnution of a eorunity relations
program. PRPs my, undor cortain cir~tm~or, assist EPA or the State
in iatplraunting tho carnrnity rolationr activities. ?or oxample, PRPs
may virh to patticipto in -ity mooting# and in preparing fact
shoot#. PRP participation in c m i t y rolationr actittitior would, however,
be at the discretion of tho Regional Office, or the State, anti
would r.quiro mtright by tho load-agency. BPA will not -or any circumstances
nogotiat. prom roloasos with PRPs.
$PA designs and tplplmments c-ity rolations 8ctiviti.s rccordinq
to CBRCLA and the NCP. A C-nity Rolitionr Plm must bo &voloped ky
LPA for all NPL sitor as doscribod by tho tPA guidance, .Ceity Relationr
in Suporfund: A Handbook' (U.S. an, 1988 - OSWER Diroctivc
No. 9230.0-03). The Comaunity Relations Plan must be independent cf
negotiations with PRPs. Guidance for conducting counnunity re1atiot.s
activities at Superfund enforcement sites is
.
A-19

o Public miow of Wrk Plrnr for A&iaistratiy. Ordors
Tho OR? work Phn, 81 wrovod by tPA8 ir incorporated into the
Mainirtrrtivo OrQr (or bnaont Docroo). Qla tho Aqrooam~t is siqnea,
it kcows a public -nt. Although thoro is no requirenrnt for
public comnt on UI Wstratitt. Order, lkgiorul ruff aro encouraged
to u u m m 0 8 attu tho Ordor ir fb.1, that tbm PRO ir conducting the
RI/FS. Rablication of notico rad 8 COmrpOndbg 3O-d.y coment pet;roti
ir roquirod bowtnr, for Conaont Docnor.
o Availability of Infoahtion from tbo PRPa l
c

Development of t3c ATSDR Health Assessmant
Section 104(j) (6) of CERCLA requires the Agency for Toxic Substances
and Disease Registw (ATSDR) to prfom health assasbmants at all NPt
facilities according to a specified Schadula. The purpose of the heal:?.
assessment is to assist in datamining whether any currant or potentla1
threat to h w n haalth exists and to datomina whether additional infor-
mation on hrrnun oxposura and associated haalth risks is needod.
The EPA ramadfa1 projact amnagor (Rpnl should coordinate with the
appropriate ATSDR Regional r@pt@S@nt.tiVe for initiation of the health
assessment. In qaneral, the haalth assossmmt should ba initiated at
the start of the RI/FS. The ATSOR RegLoaal reprerantativa will provide
information on data naadr spociffc to p ertoag a hoalth assarmant to
ansura that all necessary data will be collectad during the RI.
The RPM and the ATSDR Regional raprasontativa should also coordinate
the transmission and review of pertinent documents dealing with the extent
and nature of site contamination (i.e., applicabla technical memoranda
and the draft RI).
if requested by the putlic, the RPM must discurr anforcement sensitive
documents and drafts with the ATSDR Regional represantativa rather than
providing copies to them. This will ansura tPA's anforcement confiden-
tiality.
As ATSDR has no provisions for withholding documerits,
Further guidance on coordinrtion of RI/FS activities with ATSGR
can bo found in the doamant entitled 'Guidmce for Coordinating ATSDR
Health Assessment Activities with tha Superfund Remedial Process"
(mrch 1987 - OSWER Directive No. 9285.4-02).
Identification of Oversight Activities
EPA will review RI/?S plans and reports as well as provide'field
oversight of PRP activities during the RIFS. To ensure that adequate
r@sourcas are committad and that appropriate activities are petfomed,
EPA should davelop M oversight plan that defines the oversight activities
that must bo perfornnd including EPA rerponsibilitias, RI/FS products
to bo raviewed, and site activities that t?A will oversae. In
planning for ovrrright, tPA should conridor such factors as who will be
performfng oversight and the schedule of activities that will be moni-
torod. A tr8ckinq ry8ta for roeordinq OItP ~lostonos
should be drvel-
oped. This systom rhould also track rctioitirs performed by ovarsrght
perronnrl and othar appropriate cost i t m such as travel expensas.
Identification and Qroeurement of =A Assistance
In accord~nco with Section 104(a)(I) PA must arranqe for a qualiffed
party to assist in overright of the uf?S. The follouing section
provider guidance for identifying and procuring such assistmce for EPA
activities.
A-21

4
P

ATTACHMENT I11
Review of plans, Reports, and Records
EPA vi11 review all RIPS Products which are ruhittad to the Agency
as specified in the Work Plan Or Administrative Order. PRPS should
ensure that all plans, reports. and records are comprehensive, accurate,
and consistent in content and format w ith the NCP and relevant &PA guid-
ance. After this review process, EPA will either approvo or disapprove
the product. If the product is found to be unsatisfactory, EPA will
notify the Pas of the disctepancies or d8ficiencies and will requite
corrections within a specified time period.
o Project Plans .
EPA will review all project plans that are submitted as deliver- .
ables in fulfillment of the Agreement. These plans include the Work
Plan, the Sampling and Analysis Plan (including both the Field Samplinq
Plan and the Quality Assurance Project Plan), and the Health and Safety
Plan.
If the initial submittals are not sufficient in content or scope,
the RPM will request that the PRPs submit revised document(s1 for review.
EPA does not 'approve" the PRP's Health and Safety Plan but rather, it
is reviewed to ensure the protection 02 public health and the environment.
The PRP's Work Plan and Sampling and Analysis Plan, on the other hand,
must be reviewed and approvad prior to the initiation of field activities.
Conditional approval to these plans may ba provided in order to initiate
field activities in a more timely manner.
The PRPs m y be required to develop additional Work Plans or modify
the initial Work Plan contained in or created pursuant to.the Agreement.
There changes m y result from the need tor (1) re-evaluate the RI/FS
activities due either te changes in or unexpected site conditions;
(2) expand the initial Work Plan when additional detail is necessary; or
(3) modify or add products to the Work 01- based on new infomuation
(8.g.8 a nov population at risk). tPA will reviw and approve all Work
Plans and/or modification8 to Work P1.ns once they at. rubritted for
review.
o Reports
PR?s will, at a Pinfirrmn, suhit monthly progress reports, technical
m8morUd\rmr or repOrt8, and the draft and final RIDS reports u
required in the Agr-nt. To assist in the dwelopwnt of the RIPS
and review of documents, additional deliverabler may be spocified by tbe
Region and included in the Agreement. These reports and deliverables
will be reviewed by tPA to ensure that the activities specified in the
Order and approvad Work Plan are being proporly hpl-nted. These
reports will generally k submitted according to the conditions and
schedule set forth in the Agroewnt. Elements of the PRO reports are
discussed below.
A-23

.
Monthly Proqrers Reportr - The ntriw of monthly progrerr reports
is an -2-t activity porforud during Worright. These reports
rhould provide Sufficient dotail to 811W E?A to evaluate the past
md projected proqrerr of the Rf/?S. PRPS should -it thore written
proqrerr roportr to the RPM. Tho ZOport rhould dorcribo the
actions md decirionr taken during tho proviour month and 8ctiviti.s
schdu1.d during fh. upcoming raporting parid. In addition, technical
data qonoratd during tho month (i.o., analytical rosulta)
should bo 8pp0nd.6 to tho toport. Ptogrors reportr ahould also
includo 4 &tailod atatameat of tho mannor and extent to which the
procoduro~ and dater rot forth ln tho Agr..wntlWork Plan aro king
mt. Gonarally, =A will dotowno tho adequacy of tho performance
of tho RIDS by rwriruhg tho follWln9 8ubj.ctr direurrod in progrorr
nportrr
o Tochnical S m r y of Work
The monthly raport will dorcrib. tho utivftior and accon~plishmontr
perfomd to dato. Thir will gonerally include a description
of all fiold work carplet& much am aupling ovantr and
inatallation of wllrt a dircurrion of analytical rorultr
rocoivad; a dimcurmion of data rW8i.u activitiort and a discurmion
of tho dovolopernt, rcroaning, .nb dotail.4 utalyrir
of altorrutiver. Tho report will also doserib. the activities
to bo pozforwb during fh. UPtGing math.
tPA Will otnrroa PRO caplhnc8 with rorpoct to thoro ached-
ulor rp.cifi.6 in tho Orbrr. Dolayr, with the excoption of
thore rmcifhd undo? tho ?or- Ujwo clauro of the Agree-
mnt, may rorult in porultior, if wurantod. Tho ROM rhould
bo fa#dirtoly notified if PRPa cannot perform required
activitioa or cannot provide tho rmquired doliverabler in
accordanco with tho rchodulo rprcified in tho Work Plan.
addition, DRPr ahould notify tho Rpx whon circumstances may
dolay tho camplotion of any pharo of tho wolck or when cir-
c\mrturcos may dolay accorr to tho ri-. PRPa rhould also
prwido to tho WH, in writin:, tho nuQna for, and tho
anticip.t.6 duration of, much delayr. ~ny naauros taken or
to k t.lun by tho PRPa to provent or minirrire tho dolay
ahould be dorcrikd including tho t-tablor for implementing
loch YUUIO~.
Thr rebtionship of budgotr to erp.ndituros rhould be trrckeC
whore tho RI/?S ir fundod with a financial wchurirm ortab-
lirh.6 by tho PWr. If rite activitior require more funds
than orighally ertimat.4, EPA muat bo arrur.4 that tho PRPs
are financially able to undort~ke additional exponditurer.
While EPA door not have the authority to roview or approve c
PRP budget, evaluating costs during the course of the RI/PS
allows EPA to effectively monitor activity to ensure timely
A-24
In

canpletion of RI/FS &CtiVitfeS. If the PRps m over budqet,
EPA must be assured that they CUI continuo the RIPS activities
as sch*duled- Therefore, if specified in the Aqteement,
PRP~ should submit budget expenditures and cost overrun infor-
mation to EPA-
Budget reports need not present dollar amounts,
but should indicate the relationship betwoon remaininq avail-
able funds and the asthat. of the costs of remaining activities.
0 Problems
my problmr that tho PRPS oncounter which could affect the
satisfactory perfOmmnC0 Of tho RIDS should bo brought to the
hunodiato attontion of EOA. Such problomr may or may not be a
forco majouro ovont, or caurod by a forco majoure event. EPA
vi11 roviw problomr and adviso tho PRPs accordinqly. Problems
which may artso includa, but aro not lbitod to:
- Dolays in mobilization or access to nocosrary equipment;
- Unanticipated laboratory/.nalytical tho requirements;
- ~equiro~wnts for additional or mor0 c ~ l o rampling;
x
- Prolongod unsatisfactory woathor conditionst
- Unanticipated sit. conditions; .mb
- Unoxpoctod, complox camunity rolations activitios.
Other Reports - All othor roportr, such as tochnical roports and
draft and final RI/FS roportr, should bo rutwittod to EPA accordinq
to tho schodulo containod in tho Ordor or tho approved Work Plar..
EPA vi11 rwiw and approvo thoro raports as thoy aro submitted.
Suggostod f oats for tho RIDS ropotts azo prosontod in tho RI/’FS
Cuidanco .
o Rocotdr
PROS should p~vwrrn all roeorb, dOCPYnts, and infoxmation of any
kind rolatiaq to tho pattolcl~.nco of wrk at tho sit0 for a minimum of
6 yoars rftor cw~lotion of tho work and tormination of tho Abinistrative
Oh?. Aftor #e 6-yoar period, tho.PRPs should offor tho records
to =A kfon thoir dostruetion.
Documont control should bo a koy oloaont of all rocordkooping. The
following aetivitior roquiro cuoful rocordkooping and will k subject
to =A ovorsightr
AdminfStr8tiOn - PRO rdatinistrativo activities should b. accurately
docuutontod and rocorbod. Necorsary procautions to provont errors
A-25

0 th 108s or urirrurpretatfon of data rhould bo taken.
A-26

the revisions to the NCP. mer0 are, h-vor, cortain details rstociated
with compiling and maintaining an administrative record that arc
unique to p ~ p RI/FS activities.
EPA is
for compiling and maintaining the adminirtratrvc
record, and generating and Updating an indOx. If EPA and tho PWs
mutually agree, the PRPS my bo a l l ~ to ~ d hour. and mintain the administrative
record file at Or noar tho Sit01 thry m ~ y not, howwor, be
responsible for the actual Compilation of the rocord. Housing and mairitaining
tho dministrativo tocord would includo rotting up a publicly
accessiblo aroa at or near tho sit0 and onsuring that docmnonts remain
and aro updatod 8S nocorsary. EPA must always k rosponsiblo for decrding
vhothor docu~aonts aro includod in tho administrative rocord: transmitting
rocords to tho PRPst md maintaining tho indox to tho repository
The information vhich may compriso tho a&inirtrativo rocord must
be available to tho public from tho timo .n RI/?S Work Plan is approved
by EPA. Onco tho Work Plan has boon apptovod the PRPr must transmit to
EPA, at reasonable, t0g~l.r intervals, all Of tho information that is
generated during the RIPS that is rolated to soloction of the remedy.
The required documentation should be specified in tho Administrative
Order. Tho Aqrooment should also spocify thoso do-ntr generated prior
to the RI/FS that must bo obtained from tho PRPS for inclusion in the
rocord filo. This may includo any prOViOuS studios conductod under State
or local authoritios, nunagomont d m n t s hold by tho PRDs such as hat-
ardous waste shipping m&nifostr, urd othor infomation about rite charac-
toristics or conditions not contbinod in any of tho &vo documents.
Fiord Activitior
o Piold fnspoctions ,
Field inspections aro an iatportant ovorsiqht machanism for dctcrmining
the adoqu~cy of tho work portonnod. EPA will thorofore conduct field
inspoctionr aa p8rt of ita ovorsight rOSponSibi1itiOS. Tho oversight
hspoctions should be perfornod in v8y that minimisor interforence
with PRP sit0 8Ctittiti.S or duo CmliC8tiOXl Of fi~ld rctiviths. EPk
vill tako cometitto atops, as doscribod in Soction VI1 and Attachment fV
of this rppndfx, if unsatisfactory p.rioxmanc8 or othor doficioncies
aro idontitid.
Settor81 fiold-r018t.6 t&sks m y k performad during ovorright inspec-
tions. Thoso tasks includo:.
On-Site prosonco/insp.ction - A8 rpecifi.4 in Soetion 104(0) (31,
EPA ro~nma the right to conduct on-site inspctions at any roasonab10
time. tPA will thoroforo ortablirh UL on-sfto proronco to
assuro itsolf of tho quality of work k h g conductod by PRPs. At a
minimua, fiold ovorright will bo conductod during critical thos,
such as tho inst&llation of monitoring wlls .nd during rampling
evontr. LPA will focus on vhothor tho PRPs adhoro to procedures
spccifiod in tho SOW and Work Plan(r), OSpOCiblly thoso concernir.q
Further guidance rogarding sit. charactor~z~t~c~.
QA/QC procodures.
A-27
I

activities iS presented in the RIDS CuidmCe, the 'Cmpendim of
Suporfund Field Oprrtions UothodS' (August 1987 - 0- Directive
NO. 9~~5.0-i41), the 'RCRA Ground Water Technical tnforcement
Guidance D-nt. (Sept.nrkr 1986 - OSUE'R Directive No. 9950.1),
mn-1 for Groundv.ter/Subsurface Investigations at
R.Z&rbou8 waste Sites (Urns. EPA, 1981C), and ~ E ' forthcaming
s
.Guidance on Oversight Of POt8ntially RO8porrSfble Party Rmedial
Investigations ud ?.uibility Studies..
Collection and 8n8lYSiS of samples - tPA m y collect a nmber of
QA/s samples including bl-, duplicrte, and split saaples. The
results of these sup18 analysos will bo coPgued to the results of
PI@ uralysos. This caap.rison will enable =A to identity potential
quality control problem and therefore help to evaluate the
quality of the PRP investigation.
tnvironwntal nonitorinq - tPA u y supplomont my PRp environmental
oonitoring activity. Such rupple~iontal mnitoring m y include air
or water studies to determino additional migration of sudden
releuor that may have occurred 8s 8 tOSUlt Of site activities.
EOA uy either conduct, or require tho PR?~ to conduct (if speci-
fied in the Agreaunt), laboratory audits to onrun capliance with proper
QWQC &ad uUlytiC8l pr~~.duros, as specffhd in tbo Sampling and
Analysis Plan. Thoso audits will inool90 on-ria inspoetions of laboratories
usad by PRPs and analyses of selected QA&C samples. All procedures
must be in accordance with those outlinod in The Usor's Guide to
the Contract Laboratory Proqrrar, (U.S. =Ar 1986) or othonire specified
in the Sampling and Analysis Plan.
o Chafn-of -Custody
Ch8in-of-turtody procedures will k evaluated by =A. This evaluation
will focus on detomrining if the PRPs and their contractors adhere
to tho procedures sot forth in tho Saapling and Analysis Plan. Proper
chh-of-custody procdu?or are doscribed in tho National Enforcement
Intnrtigation Centor (=IC) Policior an5 ~rocduros mul, (u.S. EPA,
1981b). tvaluation of chain-of-custody procedures will occur during
laboratory audits a8 wll as during on-site inspections of sampling
8cfiViti.8
JWOthWS khrron tPAr tho State, and PWs should k hold on a regulU
basis (8s sp~ciffod la the Aqrea#nt) and at critical times duricq
the RIRS. Such Critical times may at a minkum include when the SOW
md the Work Plan an rovimmd, the RI is in progtoss and campletad,
rdial altern8tives are doveloped and screened, detailed analysis of
tho alt8rn8tiV8S is performed, and the draft and final RIDS reports are
A- 20

o Initiation of Activitios
EPA., the Stat., and tho PRPs m y wot at various timer bofore field
activities bogin to discuss tho initial planning of tho RI/FS. neetinas
may be arrangod to discuss, roviw, and 8pprOVO tho SOW! to develop the
EPA/PRP Agroemontr and to dovolop, rOViOW, and approvo the Work Plan.
. EPA may request mootinqr to discuss the progross of the RI/FS.
These meetings should bo hold at hast quartorly and vill focus on the
items submitted in the monthly progress roports and the findinqr from
EPA oversight activities.
Any problems Or daficioncies in the work will
be idontified and corrective wasuros will bo roquostrd (see
Section VI11 and Attachmont IV) of this appendix.
o Closeout
EPA may requost a closoout meoting upon camplotion of the Rf/T’S.
This mooting will focus on tho r0ViW and approval of tho final RfpS
roport, termination of tho RIPS Agrument, and any final on-sit. activi-
tior which the PRPs may bo r.quir.6 to prform. Thoro activities may
includo maintaining tho sito and onruring that foncos and warning signs
are properly installed. Tho transition to r-dial dosign and remedial
action will also bo dircurrod during this mooting.
Spocial Studios
PPA may dotonnino that special studios rolatod to tho PRP RI/FS are
roquirod. Thoro studios can be corductod to vorafy tho progress and
rorultr of RInS activithr or to addross rpocific t0~p1.x or contro- .
vorrial irsuo. Nomly, rp.ci81 Studi88 u o porfomnd by tho PRPsr
howvor, thoro may k ~880s in VNcb BSA vill vat to conduct tho
indopmnbnt rtodior. Th. PS@s rbould k hfoxmod of any such studies
and gian ad0quAt8 tLr to provido noc8rr8ry coordination of sit0 perronnol
8nd ros~ur~os. If not providod for in tho AQTO.IIUnt, mudifications
to tho Work Plan may k roquirod.
A-29
26 S

fdentif icatron of Deficiencies
Ovorsight activities uy identify unutirfattory or defrcrent PRP
prforaulce. Tho dotemhatias of ~ c porforrmce h
MY be k8.d upon
finbin98 WCh 8 8 8
o work products arm inconsistent vitb tho MI+' or work Plant
o Tocbnicrrl brficioncier airt in submittals or other Rf/rS
ptoducts;
o
tlnroasomble delays oca vhib prfoming U/FS actrvitrer;
urd
o proemdutas ue inconsirtont witb +& tlcp.
T& m b te porfoa correctitt. nuurea wy uiw in the event of
drficioncies b mpow or othor wrk products, or unsatisfactory per-
fommn of fi.16 e* lrbor8toy &cti*tlos. yh.rr Qficiencies are idefi-
tifi.6 oO?raetitn ma8ur08 Wy k Sought bya (1) aotifyin9 tho PRPs;
(2) 4.ecxibirrg tbo mtum of tcw doflcioayt md (3) eithor roquerting
tb. PROS te taka uhtenr 8Ctht8 they rogud as appropriate or settrng
forth rpprogriato wrrectiw masures. Tho follovirrg subsactions
&.crik this procmrs for ueh of th two genaral typm of actrvrtras
that may roquire corrective aoasures.
o Corrective Hoa.ures Reguding Work Products
Agency rwiw md approval procodtares for work products generally
allow throe typr of raoponwb: (1) approvalt (t).approval with modifications;
urd (3) aoa-8pprovrl. Won-approval of a volk product (rnclud-
pXO]8Ct 0-0) (&Uly COarutUtOO 8 aot&CO Of 6.fkhnq. EPA
will -8Uly notify tba ?ma if my rodr product is not approved and
all rrgl.ia tb. -son for mch a fh&ing.
m a l
witb ~odificationr will not load to a notic0 of deficiertcy
if tho &fiutioaa u. m& by tb. p1Ips without delay. If the PRPs
rigaifiuatly &lay h nopmdinq to the robifimtions, tb RSH wuld
isme a notice of doticiony to tho PIlo projoct manager detailing the
follovin9 e1.aratst
- A dercription of th. deficiency or 8 rmtmnt dercribrng
in wh8t mnaor the mrk proQIct WAS found to bo deficient
or unsatisfactory;

- Wifications that the PRPs should maka in the work prod-
uct to obtain approvali
- A request that the PRps prepare a plm, if necessary, or
othervise identify actions that will lead to an accept-
able work product;
-
A schedula for SubPrission of tha corrected wrk product;
- An invitation to the PRPs,to discuss the matter in a con-
ference; and
- A rtatmnt of the possibility of EPA takeover at the
pws' upru., LPA enfor-t, or penalties (as appro-
priate).
o Corrective 13.asures Pagardin9 ?ield Activities
men the lead agency d~scovers that the PRps kr their contractors)
are performing tho RIDS fmld work in 1 mane? Uut is inconsistent
with the Work OW., tho Pw8 should be notified of tb8 finding md &$ked
to voluntarily take appropriate Co-eCtiVe masures. The ?.quest is
generally made at A progress meting, Or8 if iomrdiate action is required,
at a spocial meting held sp.c&fically to di.cur8 tho problea. If corrective
measures are aot voluntarily taken, tho W. sWd, in conjunction
with appropriate Regional Counsel, issue a notice of deficiency contarning
th& following ele=ntrr
- A doscription of tho daficiurcyj
- A requoat for an explanation of the failure to perfom
satisfactorily md a p l ~ r for addressing the necorsary
corroctive measures;
- A sutoment that failuro to ptonnt an oxplmation my be
t.)ron u m admA8rion that a r e is no valid explanation;
- A at4toamnt that stipl&tor p.rultio8 m y accrue or are
accruing, project tamxiation MY OCM, .nd/or civil
action n y k initiat.6 if appropriau ~cttonr are not
takon to correct tho bficienyr urd
- A dercziption of the potoatial Uabilttior incurred in
tho ovo,at tht approgriau action8 are mt talcan.
nodificationr to th. Vork Plan/Additioml Mork
Undor the &&niatrativo Order (or Conrent PRPs agree to
complete the RT/?S, including the urks nquired under erthor the orw-
tMl Work Plan or a ntbwquent or modified Work Pa. This may
A-31
0.

inel& dotorminbtions and ev8lrutiOnS Of conditions that are unkno~n at
tho of o~oe~rion Of the Agro-nt. HodifiC8tiOnS to the original
R I ~ work S plan are frequently rupirod 88 field work proqrossos. work
not explicitly cmered in tho work Plan iS Ofton roquired and therefore
pr0vib.d for in the order. This Work iS USUAlly identifiod during the
RI and is driven by the noed for fur+hOr information in a specific area.
In gonoral, the Aqreanont should provido for finetuning of the RI, or
tho investigation of an area previously unidontifiod. k it &came8
char what 8dditiOn8l work is no~ossary, tPA will notify tho PRPs of the
work to k perf0rP.d and determine 8 schodulo for caPpletion of the work.
ZPA must onsuro that C18U8OS for robifieatiOn8 to tho Work Plan are
inclub.4 in tho Agroonnt 80 that tho PRPs Vi11 c u w out the modifica-
tions 8s tho n od for tha is idontifiod. To facilitate nogotiation on
thoro pinta, tpA may eoaridor on0 or more of tho following provisions
in the Agroomont for addressing such situationst
- Dofining the limits of additional work roquirrawnts;
- Spocifying tho dirpute rosolution procoss for modifiod work
plans and additional w rk r8quiramentat
Dim- Rrrolution
A. discursod 01Huh.m in this quibmco, tha RIDS Ordor developed
ktuoon tPA md tho PUPS sot8 forth tho to- rad conditions for conducting
tho RI/?S. An elannt of this Aqro-nt is 8 statomont of the
8Pciffc Stop8 to b. Uka if 8 d i r ~ t Uh.8 ~ kfv.en =A (0s its
rept.sontrtivos) and tho PRPs. Thoro sups should bo well defined and
agreed upon by all signatories to tho Agreoment.
A disputo with roapoct to tho Ordor ir followed by 8 rpocific
poriod of discussion with tho PRPr. Aftor tho discussion poriod, EPA
issuor a fin81 docision which kcomer incorpor8t.d into tho A,groement.
hhinistrativo Ordors rhould cluify thrt with serpect to all submittals
and work porfo-, tPA will bo tho final ubiur. Tho court, on the
othor hand, is tho f-1 ubiur for Conront Doer-8.
Aa .il incentio, for PROS to properly conduct tho RIDS and correct
any daticiancioa dlrcotnnd durin9 tho conduct of tho Agroomont, Em should inC1td. stip91at.d porultior. (kction 121 providos up to 525,000
por day in stipulrtod porultios for violatioar of a Consent Docree vhile
SOCtaOn 122 8llows EPA to rook or imp080 civil pnaltios for viohtions
of ~dministrativo Ord~rs.~ ponaltios should w i n to accmo on the first
J In order to provido for stipulated penalties in an Administrative Order
the parties must voluntarily include them in the terms of the Agreement.
A-3 2

Project Takeover
Gonerally, EPA will ~0n8Ult with DRPS to dircuss doficiencies and
corrective auIur*s. If th8Se discursionr fail, EPA ha8 tu0 optrons:
(1) pursue legal bction to force the DRPs to continue the work; or
(2) take ovex the RJ/FS. If takin9 le981 action will not signrficantly
delay implemontation of necessary ramdial or r-val actions, PA may
amnee civil actron a9ahSt the noncaplying PRP to enforce the -inirtrative
Order. Under a anwnt berm, the Ytter uould be presented
to the court ia which the Decree was filed to enforce the provrrions of
the Docree.
If a delay &n RIlrs actavrties endanger8 public haalth and/or the
envirosrarnt or wall significmtly da1.y -1-nution of necerrary
ramda.1 actionsr =A should m e to r8placa the PRS actavities with
md-faxwced actionr. T& APM wall take the appropriate steps to
assum respoaribility for th. RIDS, including f88~b9 a 8top-Wrk order
to the PRps rad notifying tha ESA m a l contra~+~rr. In irrurng stop
work orders, RPns should be aware tb.t m d re10urc.r MY not be automtically
avarlable. but, in the care of DRP actions which threaten humn
health or the UiVirOnmontr there MY k no Other coure of actiofi. Once
thir stop work order is i88uedr & had-financed RIDS will be undertaken
COn8aSt~~t With =A tunding prOC-08.
WDIU 7 8/029
A-33

Appendix b
ELEMeJTS OF RIDS PROJECT P W S

APPENDIX B
ELEMR4TS OF RI/FS PROJECT PLANS .
Introduction. A gonoraf oxp1anation of tho roasons for the RI/Fs
and tho oxpoctod rosults or goals Of tho RIDS procoss aro presonted.
Site Backqround and Physical sot tin^. Tho eurront understanding of
the physical sotting of tho sit., tho sit0 history, and the oxistinq
information on tho condition of tho Sit0 rro doscribed. (So. Section
2.2.2.1 of tho RInS guidance.)
Initial Ev81urtfon. The concoptul Sit0 d e 1 6evolop.d during
rcoping is prosontod, doscribing tho potontial migration and oxposurm
prthwayr rnd tho proliminrry assos~nt of public hoalth and environ-
mental impacts. (Seo Soction 2.2.2.2 of tho RIRS guidsnco.)
Work Plan Rationrlo. Dit8 roquiromontr for both tho risk assess-
ment and tho rltornatioer ovalurtion identified during the formulation
of tho DQos aro doeumontod, and tho work plan approrch ir preronted to
illustrato how -0 activities will satisfy data nods.
sont.6.
RfRS Task.. Th. ta.ks to bo porforsrd during tho RIIFS are pre-
Tbis doscription incorporatos Rf stto ch8ractoritatlon tasks
idontitid in tho QAPP and tho ISP, tho dat8 walurtion mothods idonti-
fiod during scopin9 (800 Soction 2.2.91, and tho prolhinary dotor-
mination of tasks to bo conductod aftor site chrractorization ( me
Soction 2.2.7 of this guidance).
'Thoso olemontr aro roquired in a work plan but do not nocersarily
roproront tho organization of a work plan.
8-1

Task 1. ~rojoct Planning (Projoct Scoping)
This task includos offorts r0lat.d to initiating a projoct aftor
tho Sow is irruod.
whon tho work plan and rupplaMnt.1 plms uo approvod (in w)lolo or in
part).
Tho projoct planning task is dofinod as comploto
Tho following typical olunontr aro hcludod in this task:
o Work plan memorandum
o Kickoff amoting (RIRS brainrtoxming mooting)
o Site visit/amting
o atainb9 oasu~ontr/pe~ts/rito access
o
o
Sit. roeonnairr8nco and 1Ut.d fiold invortigation
1
Sit. sunmy /topographic nup/roviw of .xisting aorial
photogr.phr
o Collection m d evaluation of oxirting data
0
0
0
Dovelopent of conceptual sit. mod01
Idontification of data no.& and DQOr
Idontification of proliminuy romodial action objoctives and
potontial ramdial altornativor
Idontification of troatability studios that may bo necossary
Screening of axpoditad rorponro altornativor
kOlbh8ry idantifieation of -8
P?.pu.don of pl8nr (0.9., work plm, hoalth and 88fety plan,
WP, rn)
aitiation 'of rubcontract procur-nt
Initiation of coordination with analytical laborrtorios (CLP
and non-CLP)
Task nunagunont and quality control
1 A Sit0 suntoy my bo conductod during progoct planninc nr may Occur
during tho field invortigation task but should not occur in bo=!!-
8-2 -

Task 2. Coaununity Relations
This task incorprates all efforts rolated to tho preparation and
implementation of the ColnrnunitY rOhtiOnS plan for the site and is
initiated during the SCOping PrOCOSS. It includos time exponded by both
technical and comnity t0htiOnS ptSOnn81. This task ends when
cornunity relations work und~r Task 12 is coaplotod, but the task does
not includo work on tho rosponsivoness sunaury in the ROD ($0. Task 12).
Tho following are typical 01-nts includod in this task:
o Conducting chllarmnity interviews
' o Proparing a connnunity rolations plan
o Proparing fact shrotr
o Providing, public moting support
o Providing tochnical support for cowunity rolations
o Implunonting coiytunity rolations
o Maqing tasks and conducting quality control
Task 3. Fiold Invostigrtion
This task involves offorts rolatod to ffoldwork in conducting the
Rf. It includos tho ptocuromont of subcontractor8 rolatod to fie12
offorts. Th8 task bogins whon any olamnt, u outlinod in the work
1
plan, is approved (in whole or in part) and fieldwork is authcrized.
Field invostigation fa definod u coaplote than tho conuactor and
subcontractors uo damobl1it.d fr8m tho flold. The follaving activities
UI tmiC811y inChdOd &!l -8 U8k:
o Procuramont of subcontracts
0 nebilfzation
0 Mdl. rampling
o Sourco torting
o Ceology/hydrogoological invosti9ations
~~
1
Not0 that 1irnit.d fieldwork during projoct $coping may be authorized dS
part of tho work assignment to preparo the P.f/FS vork plan.
0-3

4
\o
0
0
Geophysics
Sit0 rurvoy/topographic -Wing (if not perfonnod in project
planning task)
Field rcreoning/analyrer
Proeuromont of mbcontrrctors
R1 W8StO dirpr.1
Task aunagemont and qwlity control
This tark includer effortr relating to the analysis and validation
of samples ifter they leave the field.
rupport laboratories puy be r0quir.d.
laboratory procurement aro also includod h -8 t88k. The task onds on
the date that data validation is corplete. The folloving typical
activities aro urwlly ineludod in thi8 task:
o Sample wnaganont
o Nom 8myS.S
o 018 of mobile laboratorier
o Data validation
o Testing of phyricrl paramotors
* 0 T8sk aun8gommnt and quality control
Soparato monitoring of close
Any efforts rssocirtod with
'Ibi8 Urk hclud.8 effort8 relatad to tho rn8lysis of data once it
ha8 b..n V8rffi.d th.t the dat8 aro of 8CCOpt8blO 8CCUr8q and
precis-. The task bagins on the date that the first ret of validated
d8t8 i8 by tho contractor project t.8. 8nd endr during
preprr8tion of the RI roport when it ir d e d
aro required. The following aro typical activitios:
0 D8t8 OV8lU8tiOn
o Data roductiori and tabulation
8-4
that no additional data

o
0
Environmental fato and transport ~eling/ovaluation
Task manaqemnt and quality control
Task 6. ~ssersnont of Risks
This task ineludos efforts r0lat.d to conducting tho baselino risk
asrossmont.
Tho t8rk will includo work to asse~ tho potontial human
hoalth and onvironnmnt81 risks usociatod with tho site. Work will
boqin during tho RI ud is cmhtod on- the basoline risk assosmtnt
is corPp1oteti.l n o tollowing are typical activities:
o fdontification of contaminants of concorn (or indicator
chemicals)
o ~xposuro assosmnont (including any doling porformed
spocffically for this bction)
o Toxicity asroranont
o Task management and quality control
Task 7. Tro8tability StudyDilot Testin9
This t8sk includes efforts to propare and conduct pilot, bonch, and
treatability studios. This ask bogtns with tho dovolopent of work
plans for conducting tho tost8 md is caplot@ once the roport has beer,
Cml0t.d. fO1fOr-g 8- tyPial 8CtfVttiO81
o
Vondor urd mrlytical aomice procuramant
o tquipmnt *ration ud tosting
o Su11pl0 malyris and validation
'Limited efforts to as8088 potontial human hoaltb .nd onvironmontal
risks aro, to somo oxtent, initiated during scoping when'tho conceptual
site modo1 is boinc dov01op.d.
8-5

o WblU8tiOn of results
o Wport preparation
o T8Sk nunagemant and quality control
This task covers 811 efforts related to the preparation of tho
findings once the d8ta have ken .tt8lwted ador Ta8ks 9 and 6. The
task avers 811 draft and fin81 Rf r-=S a8 -11 8S task nunagemont
and quality control.
submitted by the contractor to EPA. The follwing rro typical
a et ivit ies 1
The task ends when the lr8t Rf document is
Proparation of r preliminary site ehrrrcterization s\mnnrry
(see Section 3.7.2 of this guidance)
Data pnrentrtion (fom~tting tables, preprring gr8phics)
Writing tha report
Rovi.vin9 rnd providing QC effort8
Printing and distributing tho report
Holding review meetings
Revising the report on tho basis of agency cownontt
Providing task wnagemont and control
Task 9. M i a 1 Alternativos Dovelo~nt/Scroenin~
m8 Urk hCltlb.8 effort8 to S@hct th. 8ltelrrutiVeS to undergo
full walurtion. The task i s initiated once nrfficient data are
rvaihbfe to develop general response action, and begin the initial
evaluation of potential technologies. This U8k is defined complote
when 8 final set of alternatives is chosen for &tailed evaluation. The
following are typical activities:
o Identifying/screoning potential technologies
o Screening technologier
8-6

o Assembling potential 8ltem8tiVOS
o Identifyi3g action-spocific ARARS
o Evaluating each alt*rnrtivo on the basis of screoninq craterla
(effoetivoness, implementrbility, cost)
o
o
Revtawing 8nd providing QC of uatk offort
Propring tho roport or tochnicrl wmorrndum
o Holding roviw motings
o Refining tho list of r~torn~t~vos to bo ovrluatod
Task 10. Dotailed Anrlysis of Reamdial Alternatives
This task applies to tho dotrilod rnrlysis rnd colnprriron of
rltornatives. The evrlurtion ‘8CtiVftf.S include porfoming detailod
public health, onvironwntrl, rnd hStitUtiOn81 8n8lyS.S. The task
boginr when the rltornrtives to undorgo dotrilod rnalysis have boon
identifiod and 8qre.d upon and ondr vhon the rnrlysfr is complato. The
tollowing aro typical activitios t 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ovorrll protoction of hwn health and the environment
Complirnco with ARARs
Long-tom of foctivonoss rnd pomunonco
Roduction of to%icity8 mbility8 or volm
Short-tom offoctivanerr
fmplonontab tlity
Cost
Individual anrlyrir against the criteria
Corprrative analysis of altornativor against tho criteria
R0Vi.u of Qc offorts
R0Vi.u mntings
Task aunagmont and QC
1
Stat0 and C-nity 8CCOpt8nCO uill be ov81urtOd by the lord rqency
during romedy roloction.
0-7
.

Task 11. Porsibility Study (or =/?SI Reports
Shilar to tho RI roportr trsk, this trsk is urod to roport Fs
delivorrbl08. HOYOVO~, this t88k should bo urod liou of tho Rf
report8 task to roport costs and rchodulor for combin06 RIDS
delivor8bler. Tho task ends *On tho ?S (Or RI/?S) is relersod to the
public. ThO fO1fffing 8rO typic81 8CtiVitiO8:
o ~roronting data (forautting trblor, proparing gr8phics)
o Writing the report
o -*tin9 and distributing tho roport
o Holding revlow meting8 ,
o Rwising the roport on tho basis of rgoncy coumonts
o Providing tark m8nrqomont rnd quality control
Task 12. Oost RInS Support
This trsk includos offortr to propro tho nrporrsivonors suannary,
support tho ROD, conduct rny pr.dOSlgn activitior, and close out the
work assignwnt. All activities occurtin9 rftor tho rolorso of tho FS
to tho public should ba report06 undor this t8rk. Tho following are
typicrl activities:
o Ptopatinq the prodosign roport
o Proparing the concopturl dosign
o Attanding public moetings
o Writing @ad rrrtri.uinq tho naponrivenors suamury
o Su-rrfbg JW plceprrtion rnd briofings
o koimdaq rnd providing QC of tho work offort
0 ?XWidbl9 t88& unrgomont 8nd QC
Task 13. Enfore-nt Support
This task include8 offorts during tho RIDS rrsocirtod with
enfotcoment rspoctr of tho project. Activitios vary but aro to be

o Reviewing PRP documants
o Attending negotiation meetings
o Preparing briefing materials
o Assisting in the prmparrtion of EDD
o Providing task ~~l.nagr#nt and gc
Task 14. Mircell8neous Support
This task is used to report on work that is associated with the
project but is outride tho nom1 RVFS scope of work. Activities will
vary but include the followhgt
o Specific support for coordination with urd review of ATSDR
activities and reports
o Support for review of rpocirl State or local projects
Tha following u e soma spocific coslm.nts applicable to the 14 tasks
describod above:
o All standud t88ks or all work activitier under each task need
not bo urd for ovary RIDS. Only thou that are rolevrnt to
8 given project should be urd.
0 Tad8 hcluda both dr8ft and final vor8ions of doliverables
unlerr othonrira notod.
0 If an RIDS Is divided into distinct oporablr unitr, each
op.tabh unit should be monitored and reported on separately.
8-9
a79

;F""
Thereforer 8x1 RIDS with SOvOrrl 0pr8bh units m y, in fact-,
)uvo more th8n 15 t8SkSr 81though 08ch of tho trsks-will bo
on. of tho 15 standard trsks.
o -St8 rssocirtod with projoct runrg-nt and tochnical QA are
includod in orch task.
o Costs rsroci8tod w ith procuring rtlbcontrretora rro includod in
tho trsk in which tho rubcontrrctor Vi11 porform work (not the
project plrnning t88k)
o Lists of strndrrd trsks dofining tho 8in- lovol of
reporting. ?or rodorrl-lord t88kSr RPUB rnd contractors
atrrontly roport progross in r mro dotailod frshion and may
tontbU0 to bo SO 88 long 8s 8ctiViti.S 8rO aSBOCi8t.d with
standard trsks.
B.3 O? A QUALITY ASSURANCZ pLA#
Tit10 p8qO. At tho bottaar of tho title p gOr provisions should be
nudo for tho signrtwoa of approving p.rrann.1.
must bo rpprovod by tho following:
A. r minfmurn, tho OAF?
o Subc~ntra~tor~s projoct arnrgor (if a rubcontrrctor is usee)
o Subeontractor's QA lornrgor (if 8 rubcontrrctor is usod)
o bntrrctorOr projoct man8g.r (if rpplicablo)
0 ~t?~cfo?'B QA manager (if 8Pp1iC8bh)
o bad rgencyos projoct officor
0 b8d 8gOny'S QA officor (if 8ppliC8blO)
Provision rhould be udo for tho rpprwal or rwiw of othors (o.gor
rogionrl lrborrtory directors) , if 8pplicrblO.
T8bh of Contonts. Tho trblo of contonts will includo an introduc-
tion, 8 serirl listing of tho 16 QAPP elmnts, and a listins of a?.).
8-10

Proyoct orer rip ti on. Tho introduction to tho projoct doseription
consists of a gonor81 p8ragrlph idontifying tho ph8SO of tho vork and
tho gonorrl objoctivor of tho invostigrtion.
location, sit., 8nd important physic81 forturos of tho sit. ruch as
ponds, lagoons, streams, 8nd tosds rhould bo includod (a figuro showing
tho sit. locrtion and layout wuld bo helpful).
A douription of the
history including doscriptions of the US. of tho sito, complaints by
noighbors, pormfttinq, rnd US. of chomicrls noods to bo providod along
wtth a briof summary of ptovious srmpling offorts rnd an ovorviow of the
rosults. Finally, spocific projoct objoctivor for this phaso of data
grthoring nood to bo lirtod, rnd wrys in which tho data will bo urod to
addross oreh of tho objoctivor must bo idontifiod. Hwovor, thoro itoms
abovo that are also includod in tho work plan no06 not bo repatod in
tho QAPP rnd, inrtord, may bo incorporrted by rofo~onco.
A chronoloqierl site
Projoct Organization and Rorponrfbilitior. This olomont idontifies
koy porronnol or orgrnirrtions thrt rro nocorury for orch activity
during tho study.
authority should bo includod.
A tablo or chrrt shoving the orqanizrtion and line of
whon spocific porsomol cannot bo
idontifiod, the orqrnirrtion with tho rorponribility should bo listod.
$A Objoctivor fo? ~ r r u r ~ n t For . tnbividiul wtrix groups and
parr).te?s, 8 coog.r8tivo effort rhould bo unb.rt8k.n by tho lord
rgoncyt tho prim-1 onqinoerinq firs, and tho laboratory rtrff to
doffno w&t hvelr of qulity rhould be roqufr.6 for tho data.
obj.Ctivo~ uill bo &sod on r c w n wdorrtrndinq of tho intondod uso
of tho dat8, rv8ibbU bborrtory pr~~odurer, and rvrilablo resources.
Tho field blanks 8nd buplicrto fiold ramplo rliquots to bo colloctad for
QA purposes should bo itemirod for tho matrix group8 idontiiiod in tho
projoct dorcriptfon.
Thoro QA

The selection of mrlytical methods rqulres a familiarity w ith
regulatory or legal rWUirm*nts mnceming data usage.
Any regulations
that =date the use of certain methods for m y of the sample matrices
and Frmters 1iSt.d in the project description should be specified.
The detection 1fiDits needed for the project 8hould be revlewd
against the detection limits of the laboratory uud. Spocial attention
should bo paid to the dotoction limits providod by the l~borrtoy for
wlrtile orgutic -undsr bocau~ these limits &re somatinbas insuf-
ficiaat for tho uialyrir of drinkin9 water. Dotaction limits may also
be insufficient to asross attrlnumnt of ARARs. ?or toderal-le8d
projects, if QA objectives 8ro not mat by CLP MI, then one or more CLP
SASS cui be nitton.
Quntitativo liaitr ahould bo established for the following QA
objectives:
1. ~ccuracy of spikes, nferonce mmpoundr
2. Procis$on
3. nethod detection lis&*#
These limits nuy bo specified by refrroncing the SOW for CLP
analysisr including SAS requestsr in an apndix and referring to the
appendix or owner/oporator mnualr for f ield'equipmont .
Coapletenors, roproront~tivenosr, and camparability u e quality
chrractoristics tbt rhoufd bo cotmidorod during study pluming.
Labora~for should p?ovido dat. that moot gc accoptmce criteria for
90 p o m t ot -re Of tho nquestad detemlnrtionr.
such U cont?ol 01: background lo~ationr~ that roqufn a higher dogree of
colapletoaorr 8hould be identified.
Any sample types e
aReprosontatitnnossa of tho data is
most ofton thought of i n terms of the collection of representative
suaples or tho soleetion of representative rampla aliquot8 during
laboratory analysis. "Comparability" is a conrider8tion for planninq to
avoid having to use data gathered by difforent organizations or anon?
'

Sampling Procedur@s. ThOSO procodurer appond tho site-specific
sampling p18n.
Either tho Salaplin9 plan Or tho analytierf procedures
alownt msy do-nt fiold 1~.aruromontr or tort procoduror for
hydragoologic81 ~nvost~g8tions.
For oach mjor meiruroWnt, including pollutant wasuromont
~ystea18, a description of tho sampling proc.duros to bo usod should be
provid8d. Whoro appliobh, the fo1lowinq 8hould bo includod:
o A doscription of toehnlquer or guidelines urod to select
sampling sitor
o A doscription of tho rpeciflc sampling procoduros to be usod
o Charts, flow diagrams, or tables d.lh08ting sampling program
o A description of containers, procedures, rmagentr, and so
forth, used for -10 collection, presentation, transport,
and storage
o A direusrim of special conditions for the preparation of
sampling W m n t
coatamin8 tion
and conuinorr to avoid sar~plo
o A &scription of sa1010 presamr8tLon mmtheds
0 A discussion of tho tior conriderations for shipping sampler
promptly to tho laboratory
o Examples of the custody or chain-of-custody proceduror and
toms
B-13
283

Tho DQO d e n t descrikd above can also bo incorporatod by
referenco in this roction. In addition, the CatP.ndiunr of Suparfund
Field O~orations Uothods (U.S. =A, SOpt..kr 1987) conmins information
portinent to this section and can bo incorporatod by reference.
Sample curtody . Suplo CU8tody is a put of my good laboratory or
field operation. If sqles war. no.4.d for logal purpo8es, chain-of-
custody procodures, as defined by tho NffC Policios and Procedures
(U.S. EPA, June 198S), would bo undo
puts :
0 Sample collection
0 L.bor8tOW
o Final .tri;bmce file8
Cu8tody is dioidod into throe
Ru QAP? should address all throo uoas of custody and should refer
to the Usor*s Guido to tho Contract Laboratory Proqram (U.S. EPA,
Docamber 1986) and Regional guidance documonts for ex&mples arrd instrx-
tions. For Foderal-load projects, laboratory custody is described in
the CLR W; this may b. roforencod.
originals of lrbot8tO~y roports ud uo maintained under documentee con-
trol in a securo uoa.
A -10 or an ovidanco file is undor curtody if:
?i~l ovidonce filer include all
0 It is in yaur possossiea.
o It is in your viw, after bin9 in your possossion.
o
0
It was in your possession and you placod it in a socute area.
It is in 8 dosignatod socure uoa.
8-14
1

.
calibratian Pr0C.dur08. Those prO~dUr08 should bo idontifiod for
oach parameter maanrred and should include fiold and lsboratory tosting.
The appropriate standard Oprrthg procedures (SOPS) should bo
rofaronced, or a writtui description of the calibration proeduros to be
used should be providod.
Analytical Procedures. For oach moanrr.pnnt, oithor tho applicable
SOP should be reforonced or a Witton description of tho analytical
procoduros to be used should bo pr~vid~d. Approved EPA procedures or
their equivalont should be used.
Data Reduction, Validation, and Ropartin~.
the data reduction schrrw plurn.6 for collectod data, including a11
equation8 used to calculate the COncmtratiOn 01: value of tho measured
paraaoter, should bo doacrib.6. The principal criteria that will bo
used to validate tho integrity of tho data during cslloction and
reporting should bo referoncad.
?or each moasurunent,
Intornal Quality Control. All spuiffc interrul QC mothods to be
used should bo idontifiod. Z%om mothods include tho uae of roplicatos,
Spike uIIIp108, -lit IgPle~, blurks, s ~ AUrd s QC 8-l.S. ~ Ways
in which the QC Worut&on will bo u8d to qualify tho field &ta
should bo idontifiod.
00Horpuat. a d Syrtms Audita. Tho QA?? rhould describe tho
hte& ud ortoraal parforrunce and 8yst.u audit8 that will be
roquisod to monitor tho capability urd porforunca of tho total amarure-
ment aysteia. Tho current CLP Invitation for Bids for organic and
inorganic malyur may bo refo~lncd for CU Rw porformnce and
P-15

P
-8 system audits consist of the evaluation of the components of
the meuurmment ryrtamr to date-. their propor selection and use.
There audits include a cumful OV8luatbn of both field and laboratory
gc procedurer and are no-lly potfornwb before or shortly after tystemt
uo operational.
schodule during the lifetino of the projoet or continuing oporation. ~n
onsite systems audit may bo rmquirod for t om1 laboratory certification
progr-.
Howover, auch audit8 rhould bo porfomod on a regular
After syrtoma u o oporational and u e gonerating &tar porfornunce
audits are conducted por~OdfCAlly to dotorafno tho accuracy of the total
meams-nt syatam or its camponant puts. The QA?? should include a
schedulo for conducting porformnco audit8 for uch aoaluI8ment
puamoter. kboratorlos MY bo roqulnd to participate In the analysis
of potio-nce evaluation rulples relrtd to spocific projects. Project
plum mitoold also indicator rh.ro applicable, achoduhd participation ir!
all 0th.r interlrboratoy porforpmeo evaltutlon studies.
In support of porfoinunce audits, the environmontal monitorinq
systoms and support lrboratorior provide necersuy audit materials and
devices, as wll 8s tochnical 8asiatanc1. These laboratories conduct
regular interlaboratory porformmce tests urd propid. guidance and
asrlrtance In tho conduct of ryatams ruditr. The laboratories should be
contactod if asairt.nco ia neoded in tho above arms.
Pmvontativa Uafntraurco. A achodulo ahould bo provided of the
major pr~t~tlvo maiatumnc. Uakr that Vi11 bo carrid out to mini-
mize damtimm of fiold utd lrbor8tOy lnstm~montr. Gmer'r manuals may
bo referenced for fleld oquipawnt.
Specific Routine Pracadurer Used to Assess Data (Precision,
Accuracy, ant5 Canplatenerr). The preci I ion and accuracy of data must be
B-16

Corroctivo Actions. In the contaxt of QA, corrective actions are
procaduros that might ba *lamontad on SaaIplas that do not meat QA
specifications. Corractivo actions Ua usually addrossad on a
casa-by-cas. basis for oach projact. Tha naed for corroctivo actions is
basad on pr~datorminod limits for accaptability.
includo tosampling, raanalyzing SamphSr or auditing laboratory
procoduros.
thosa actions, procaduros for idontifying and documnting corrective
actions, and procaduros for reporting and follovup.
Corractivo actions may
Tho QAPP should identify persons ros~siblo for initiating
puality Anrurmca Drojoct Plans.. QWPs should idantify tho mathod
to be usad to report tho porformnco of mo8sur-nt systam and data
quality.
This reporting qhould bbcludm roruftr of perforPamce rudits,
rasults of system# rudits, and significant QA problems ancount*rod,
along w ith recoaannded solutions.
Tho RI raport should includo a
soparrto QA saction that sumnurizas tha data quality.
8.4 W S
Sita backgroprr 8.
OF A FIaD SWUNG PLAN'
If tho AMlysis of 0Xi8tb9 data is not incluCed
in tho work plm or QWP, it must bo includod in tha FSP. This analysis
wuld includa a doreription of tha sita and surrounding araas and a dis-
C~88hn of ltnown and su8pactad contaminant sourcas, probrbla transport
p.thw8yrr 8ad othor M omtion about the sit. Tho mrlysis should
also includa dascriptions of specific 6.U q8p8 .bb w8ys in vhich
supling is designed to fill thoso gaps. Including this discussion ir.
tha FSP will halp oriant tha auaplin9 taam b tha fimld.
field sampling plans aro rito-spocific and m y include additional
olomonts.
8-17

sacaplo Location rnd ?roquoncy. This soction of tho samplinq plan
identifios orch rraplo matrix to k C0110ct.d and tho conrtituonts to bo
rnalytod. A tablo u y bo urd to clearly idontify tho number of S8ff1phS
to be co110et.d along w ith tho appr~priato ntmbor of roplicatos and
blanks.
A figuro should b. inc1Ud.d to show tho locations of existing
or proposod -10 points.
Sample Dosignation.
OSt8blirh.d for oieh projoct.
A sample nu~~borfng rystom should be
The s8-h dosignation should include the
s-lo or wll n-r, tho samling round, tho Snap10 matrix (e.q.,
surface soil, ground wator, soil boring), and th. 1uy of tho sit.
SIIplinq tqu imnt and.Pracoduras. Srrpling procodures must bo
clorrly writton. Stopby-stop instnxtions for orch typo of sawling
8- nocossay tqorublo tho fiold t om to 98+h.r data that will moot tho
-8. A list rhoold includo tho oqulpwnt to ba us04 and tho material
cwsition b.g., Taflon, stain1088 stool) of tho .quipmont along vith
dOCOnt8min8tiOn procoduror.
Sample Handling and Anrlysis. A tablo should bo included that
idontifior sarplo preservation mothoda, typos of sampling jars, shipping
requiromonts, and holding tiws.
roforonc.6 for sam of this inforution.
SAS rmquosts and aP SOUS nuy bo
-10s of pponrork and instructions for filling out the paporvork
should k f achdd.
O n of tho CL? rqairos that traffic roports, chain-
Of-CUStoby forU, SAS packing lists, and aroplo -9s bo fillod out for
orch S8mp10b If othor lrboratorles are to bo usod, the spocific documen-,
tation r8quir.d should bo idontitid.
notebooks and photographa.
8-18
?ield documontrtion includes field

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The name of 8 sit. health rnd safety officar and the names of key
personnel and rlternrter responsible for rite safety and health
A health and S8fOty riSk rnalyrir for existing site conditions, and
for each site task and operation
Employee training assignments
A description of prsonrl prOteCtiV8 equifrment to be used by
employees for oreh of the Sit0 t8rkr rnd op.rrtions being conducted.
mdicrl suntatllanca requirements
A description of the frequency 8nd types of air monitoring,
potsonnel monitoring, rnd environmontal sampling techniques and
instrumentation to b. used
Site control m88suro1
Decontamination procduros
Standard opotating procedures for tha sit.
A contingency p lm thrt meti the nquismbents of
29 mR 1910.120(1) (1) and (1) (2)
Entry procodurer for confined spacer
8- 19

Appendix C
MODEL STATP(ENT OF WORK FOR
REMEDIAL INVESTIGATIONS AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES

PURPCEL
MODEL FCk CONDUCTING AN RIDS
The purpose of this reundial fnvestigation/fearibility study
(RI/FS) is to invertrgats the nature and extant of contamination at the
OTS sate and to develop and evaluato remedial alternatives, as appro-
priate.
The eontr&cfor st11 furnish all necesary poraonnel, materials,
and semierr needed for, or incidental to, porfo-9 the RIDS, exceFt
a8 cthenire rpocified horein. The COntr8~tOr will conduct the RI/FS rn
accordance with the Guidance for Conductinq kmodirl Investigations and
Feasibility Studies Under CERCLA (U.S. EPA, Ottobet 1966).
This rtatemsnt of work h.8 been doveloped for thr ClTR aite
that operate

p
INTRODC'CTION
APPENDIX C
MCDEL STAT- OF WORK FOR
~ I J L INVESTIGATIONS L
AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES
This mod01 stat-nt of wrk (SW vas dovolopod to provide USITS
of this guid~nco with an illustrrtivo oxamplo of hew the specific tasks'
carriod out during a ramedial inVOStig8tiOn (Rf) and foasibility study
(FS) my be prosontod. BocauSo UI RI/?S 1s ph~sod in accordance with a
sita's comploxity and the amount of available information, it may be
necessary to modify components of tho SOW in ordor to tailor the tasks
to the rprcific conditions at a site. Similarly, tho level of detail
and tho spocification of individual tasks will vary according to the
budgot, sizo, and caploxity of tho contract. Thorotoror a SOW may
difior, or additional tasks my bo addod to what is prorented hero.
A SolJ should bogin with a aoctioa idontifyinq tho sito, its
rogulatory history, if my, md a rtatwmnt and discussion of the
purposo and abjoetioos of the RIRS within tho context of that
particular sito.
This soction should bo followod by a discusrion of the
spocific tasks that will bo nocossary to moot tho statod objoctivrs.
Tho SOW should bo a c ~ a n i by d U.S. EPA's Guldanco for ConductiML
Remodial Invostiqations and Fomibilit~ Studios undor CERCLA (EFA,
Octobor 13881.
'REM contractor sturd.rd tasks bvo boon dovo1op.d for cost accounting
purposes (so0 Appendix 8) and aro tho basis of tho format of this mode1
SOW.
c-1

potential routes of migration, and potential h w
cnviromntal receptors.
md.
0 History of Elqulatory and R..ponse Actions. A summary cf my
previous response actions conducted by local, State, Federal,
or private parties. This m r y
rhauld addxess m y enforce-
mnt actrvrties undertaken to idantify responsible partAes,
compo1 private cleanup, and recover costs. Site reference
domts and thoir locations rhould k identified.
o Preliminary Site bundaxy. A prel-ry site boundary to
defino the it.iti.1 area(8) of the roW3i.1 investigation.
This prelismuy boundary m y alsc k used to define ar. area
of access coatrol and site security.
The contractor will met with EPA to diS~~88 the followins:
0
0
0
0
0
c;
Whether there is a need to conduct limited sampling te
adequately scope thr project and develop Eroject plans
Preliainary rolrwdirl actiot. objectives and general response
actions
DoteatirJ romdirl technologras axid tho nrod for or usafulners
of treatability rtudies
Potential IUAWI asrociated with the loution and contaminants
of tho sitr and the potential rerponu actions being
contemp18 ted
hhether a temporary site offico should be set uF to support
site work
C-C
a 93

Tho contractor shall spocify 8 schodule of activities and deliver-
sblos, a budgot ortinuto, and staffing rrquiremonts for 08ch of the
tasks which are doscrlbod bolow.
Task I--Project Planning
Upon roceipt of an int0tim authorization mamotandurn (used to
authorizo work plan preparation) and this XIW froe U.S. EPA outlining
tho general scope of tho projoct, tho contractor shall bogin planning
tho spocific RIRS activities thrt will nod to bo conducted.
of this planning effort, tho contractor vi11 compilo existing infor-
part of tho NPL lirting process, and data colloctod as part of the d m
removal of 1982) and conduct 8 sit. visit to boconw familiar with site
topgraphy, accass routos, and tho proxiaity of potential receptors to
sit0 cont8minants. Basod on this informtion (and any othor available
data), tho conuactor will preparo a site b8ckground swmry that should
fncludo tho following:
As part
-tion (..go, tOmt8phfC Up00 8Oti81 pbotogt8ph8, &t8 collected at
0 bcrl RoqioMl w r y .
A navy of tho location of the
site, putinont uoa boundary fortuns and gonorat site
pbySiogr8phyr hydrology, goology, and tho location(s) of any
n e drinking wator supply wllr.
0 Nature rnd fxtont of Problem.
A sum8ry of tho actual and
potential onsita and offrito horlth and onvironmntal effects
posd by 8ny rOm8ining conUaain8tion at tho rite.
should be on providing a conceptual undorstrnding of the
soureor of contamination, potential roleaso mechanisms,
c-3
Onphasis

o Quality assur~tc. obje~tiv08 for data such as tho required
precision and accuracy, completenasa of data, tepterenta-
tivoness of ~AU, compar&bility of data, and the intended use
of collected data
o SUph custody procedures during -le collection, in the
laboratory, and a& part of tho final widence files
o The type and froquency of calibration procedures for field and
laberatory instruments, tnUrru1 quality control checks, and
quality assurance p.rforrP.nce audits md system audits
o Preventativo a~intonurca procedures and schedule and
correctivo action procedurer for tiold and laboratory
instmmonts
0 Specific procmdures to assass data precision,
representatrvenars, comparability, acCI;racy, and completenesz
of spacrf ~c moasuremont parameters
o Data documantation and tracking procedures
Standrrd 0peraUng procedures for QA&C that have been established
within LPA wall k reforeneed and not duplicated in the QAPF.
Hoalthmd Safety Plan. The contractor will dovelop an HSP on the
basis of site conditions to protect peraonnol involved in site
actanties artd the surrounding comity. Tha plm should address ali
applicable tegulatory rquireprnts containod in 20 CFE 1910.120 (i) (2) --
Occuptional Iealth and Safety Admirristration, lluardour Waste Opera-
tions and Emergency Response, Interm mle, Docember 19, 19e€; C.S. EPA
Order 144C.2-Health and Safety Paquircmants for Emplcyets EnqaSee 1R
C-6

Sampling and Analysis Flu. Tho Contractor will propare a SC.F
which will consist of tho followuis:
Fiold Sawlmg Plan. Tho FSP should rpocify and outline all
necessary activrttos to obtain additional sir. at.. It should contarr.
ua ovalution oxpl~intng what adbitlOn81 &U uo roquirod to adoquatbly
charactorito tho site, conduct a basolino risk assassment, and support
tho .valuation of -dial tochnologior m tho FS. Tho FSP should
clearly stat. ~wling &~octivosz nocorury oquipumnt; sqle typeb,
locations, and fr.quoncyz uulysos of into~ortz and a schodule stetx,q
when evonts will take placo urd whon delivorables w ill bo submitted.
o A project dascriptior, (rbould bo duplicatoC from the work
PhS)
'At lo- sitor it may bo nocasrary to rubart an interim wrk plu:
A sub~o~oat,
initially until amro is loammi about the rite.
=re
thorough yrojoct planning offort ca thon bo uro'd to drvolop final
workplans.
c-5

c 1 .
c Revisions or additions to c-ity tehtionr plans, rncluding
definition of c-lty relations program needs for each
re-di.1 activities
o Establishment of m-ity krfornntion repository(ies), one
of which will hour. a copy of the adPrinistrative racotd
o Preparation and da88Omin~tiOn of news releases, fact sheets,
slibr ahovs8 exhibitsr and other audio-vinul materials
dosigned to apprisa the coannunity of current or proposed
activities
o Arrangements of briefings 8 pre8s confenaces workshops, ar.d
publ~c arid other info-1 nuetin9s
o Analysis of co-ity attitudes toward the proposed actiocs
o AlSOS-nf of the successes and failures of +he conmnrty
relations program to date
o Pregrratron of reports and partrcipation in public asetrnqs,
project review meetuiqs, and other wetmgs a5 necessary fcr
the noma1 progress of the work
o Solicitation, solection, and approval of subcontractors, if
needod
Doliverabler &rid the 8Ch.duh for IUbOLitt.1 will be identified irr
the corunity relations plm drscursed under Ta8k 1.
Task 3--Field Iwestigations
m.8 CGfrfractor will ccriduct those investigations necessary to
characterize the site and to evaluatu the actual or potentiai risk to
human htklth anc the 8nvironnur.r posed by the site. Invtstrqatrcr.
c-e

Field Activities; u-s. EPA Order 1440.3--Respiratory Protection; U.S. LPA
acupatrorral Health Md Safety mul; and U.S. EPA Interim Standard
Cparatrnq procedures (SePtembat, 19821. The Plul should provide a site
background dtscuSsiOt. ~ c describe i personnel responsbilitres, protective
equrpment, health md Safety procedures and protocols, decontunation
procedures, personnel training, md type and extent of xmdrcal surveil-
lace. The plan should identify problems or hazards that my be
encountered and how these are to be addressed. Procodures for protectinq
third palfies, such as ViSitOlS Or the surrounding eomunity, should
also be provided. Standard operating procedures for ensuring worker
safety should be referenced and not duplicated in the nsP.
Community Relations Plan. The contractor will prepare a coununity
relatrons plur on how cititer.8 want to be involved ir. the process based
on intenriows wrth conrnaurity representatives and leadors. The CLP will
descr- the types of intomatron to ba provided to tho public and out-
line the opportunrties for coznnarrnity coamant and input during thr Rf/FS.
Delrverables, schedulo, ratting, md budgat r.quiremnt8 should be
included in the plm.
The work plan u.d ccrrosponditg acrrvfty plans will be subuutted to
$PA a8 specified in the Contract or as discussed in the initral mctir.G(s).
The coctractor will providr a quality reviow of a11 prcject plarzinq
deliverabler .
Tbr ceatraeter will provid. tha poraonaol, servicas, materials, md
equiprwnt to undome a community relatiom program.
This progrm urll
h utegr8trd Cfowly with all romedial rorponn activities to ensure
community undoratanding of actions being uk.n and to obtain commnity
input on Rf/PS progress.
CoPlaunity relations support provided by the
contractor will includo, but amy not bo 1rPrit.d to, tho following:
c-7

egional flow directions and quality, and the likoly effects
of any altomatrvu that are devo10p.d involving the pumping
and dirmption Of ground Water flat. Rorults from the
-ling program should estiaute the horizontal md vartical
distribution of contaminants, the cont.nrinurtsD mbility, and
predict tho long-term disposition of contaminants.
Soils and Sedinunts Invostiqatiorr. Dotemine the vertical and
horizontal extest of COntAmh&tiOll of rurface md nrbsurface
soils md wdinmnts md identify any uneeruintios with thLs
analysis. Info-tion on local background lovols, degree of
hazard, location of SmFleS, techr.fque8 used, arid mothods
of analysis should bo urcluded. If mtirl efforts indicate
tht buriod wasto nu). bo pramat, th. prrobable locations ar.d
quantities of the80 rubsurfac0 n8teS should k identified
though the use of appropriato geophyric~l arthods.
Surface Water Investigation. E8t-t. tho extent md fate of
any contamination in the nearby marface uatars.
should include an .valuation of posr~blo futuro discharges rri
tho degree ot contaminant dilution expctod.
hir Investigaticn.
This effort
co&tamnation from those contaminants found to be present at
tha 8ito.
Investigato the extent of atmospheric
This effott should &s808s tho potectial of the
cocanants to enter the aasphore, local wind patterns, and
the urticiptec! fate of airborne contaainants.
Informtion from this task will bo sunmrited and includoa in the
RInS roprt appendher.
Task 4-S.m~le kralysis/Validaticr
The contractor will devolo~ a data management systerr including
field 10~5 , sample management and tracking procodures, ark d0cumer.t
control ard rnvcntory proceaurrs for both laboratory cat6 and field
c-10
.
as9

3b0
Site invostigatlon activitirs will follow the plans developed in
Taak I. Strict chaln-of-custody procoduror will bo follwod and all
suaplo location8 will bo idontifiod on a aito YP. Tho contractor vi11
provido mnagmont and QC rottiow of all actittitfor conductod under this
task.
Actfvltios mticipatod fot this Sit0 U o as follows:
o Sumeying and napping of tho Sfto.' Dovolop a map of the site
that lncludos topographic infornutlon and physical features cn
and noar tho sito.
If no dotai1.d topographic map for the
sit. and surrounding arm exista, a runmy of th) site will be
conductod. Aorial photographa should bo usod, when available,
along w ith infomation gathorod during tho prolirainary site
visit to ibontify phymicrl foaturoa of tho uoa.
o wasto Charactoritation. mtorarino tho locatlon, type, and
quantitlos as well as tho physical or chomlcal characteristics
of MY wart0 rrsrlning at tho sit. If hazardous substances
' are hold in coauirmnt vosaola, tho intogrity of the
cmtairlat ruuetura and tho chuaeteristicr of tho contents
will bo doterrind.
0 Wdroqooloqic Invostigation. Dotoan. tho prosonco and
potoatial oxtont of ground wator contamination.
Effolctt
ahauld begin with a survoy of prrviour hydrogeologic studios
and otho? existing data. Tho summy should rdbross tho soil's
retontion caprcity/PHchanirnu, dfschugo/rochargo arers,
1
Hay bo condueto& undor Taak 1 as part of tho alto visit or llmited
invostigation.
c-9

eport.
large quantities? and/or bOc8uso they are currently in, or
potentially UY arigrato into, critical oxposure p8thWayS
(e-g., drinking water)
0 Exposure Asses-ne. The contractor will identify actual or
potential uponrro plthv8ySt characterito potentially exposed
populationsr and .valuate the actual or potential extent of
oxposuro.
o Toxicity AssesrPwnt. Tho contractor will provide a toxicity
as~sament of thore chrricalr fmad to k of concern during
sit. investigation aetivltios. This will involvo an assess-
ment of the types of adverso hoalth or anvironznental effects
asrociated with chemical OXp1UrOSr tho nlationshipr between
lugnitudo of uporruos 8nd 8dv.r8a effoctr, and tho related
uncertainties for contaminant toxicity, (o.g.? woight of
ovidance for a chemical'# carcineyudcity).
o Risk QIaracterlzatiorr. Tho contractor will Integrate
information dovolopod during the u

4
\O
.p-
wasuremntc to ensure that the data collected during the rnvrstrgation
are of adequate qualitY urd WantrtY to Support the risk absessmrrt and
the ~ s . Collected data should be validated at the appropriate field or
laboratory QC level to deternine whether it is appropriate for its
rntenaei cse. Task mmbqement md quality controls wrll b;6 provided by
the contractor. The contractor will incorporate infomatior. from this
task into the Rl/FS report appendixes.
Task 5--Datr Rtbluation
The contractor wall mblY20 all Site investigation data and present
the results of the ~alyses in bn org.nized and lwical manner sc that
the relationships between site fnvestigbtion remlts for each medru =e
apparent. The contractor wall prepare a s-ry that describes (1) the
quantities urd concentrations Of spcific chemicals at the site ma the
Mbient levols rurroundmg the site; (2) the n-r, locations, ana
types of nearby populations urd activit~er; and (3) tho potential
transport owchrnrm, and the expocted fate of the cohtminant in the
enviroamont.

o Actual expencitures (including fee) md direct labor hours for
the reporting period and for tha cumulbtivo term of the
project
o Projection of expenditures neaded to -lot. the project and
an explanation of significant deputuros from the original
budget e st im te
Monthly reports will k submitted to U.S. tPA as specified in the
contract. In addition, the activities conducted a& tbe conclusions
drawn during the remedial investigatton (Taaks 3 -9h 71 wili be
documented in an RI report buyporting data md hfornution should be
included in the apperibxes of the report).
and ruhmit a draft RT r ope to EPA for reviw.
draft RI report are receivod, the contractor will prepare a ftnal RI
report reflecting these co-nts.
Tho contractor will prepre
One8 cawrnts on the
Tbsk O-Rmmdial Alternatives Developorat and Screening
Tho cor.tractor will dovelop a range of dirtinct, hazardous waste
nunagemant alterr.ativ08 that wrll rrmeCLate or control any contamrnatcd
medra (soil, susface water, gr0ur.d water, sediments) reairling at the
site, as deemed nec8srary in the RI, to provide adequate protectron of
humur hralth urd the environment.
The potential altercatives should
encompass, as aggropttate, a range of alternatives in which treatment IS
usoa to redue8 the toxicity, mkifity, or wlum of wastes but vary in
the degree to which long-tern managantent of nsiduals or Wtrebted waste
is requrod, one or =re alternativos involving conu-nt with little
or no UObtornt8 md a no-action alternativo. Alte?mtiVe8 that involve
aninul effort8 to reduce potential exposures (e.9.8 site fencing, deed
restrrctrons) should be presorrted as .limited action' alternatives.
Tho following steps will be conducted to detomrine the appropriate
range of alturnativer for this site:
C-14

identified as early as poSSrbh to determine whether there is a need to
conduct treatability studies to better estimate costs and performance
capabilities. Should treatability studies be detemined to be
necessary, d tertinq plan identifying the types and goals of the
studies, the level of effort needed, a schedule for completion, and the
data management gufdelfnos should bo submitted to EPA for reviw and
approval.
equipment, vendors, and 8n8lflfC81 sorvices will be procured by the
contractor.
Upon EPA apprOVa1, a test facility md any necessary
Upon completion of tho tosting, the contrrctor will .valuate the
results to assess the technologios with respect to the goals identified
in the test plan.
results should be preparod by tho contractor rnd presented in the final
RIDS roport.
review activities for this task.
A report swmarizing the tosting program and its
Tho contractor will IaIploment a11 management and QC
Monthly roportr will bo preparod by tho contractor to dorcribe the
tochnical and finurcirl progross at tho OTR rito.
following items will bo roportod:
o Status of work and tho progross to date
Each month the
o Percontago of tho work coap10t.d and tho status of tho
schoduh
o Dffficultios oncountored and eorroctfvo rctions to be taken
o Activitior plannod for tho noxt reporting poriod
o Any chat,ger in key project porsonnol
C-13

technology's ability to 0ff0ctiv.1~ addr~rr tho contaminants
at a0 sit., but will also take into account a toehnoloqy's
-1mntability and cost.
Tho contractor vi11 select
repterontAtiV0 procorr options, as appropriate, to carry
forvard into altornativo dovologannt. Tho contractor vi11
identify tho nod for troatability tortlng (as doscribed under
Task 7) for thoro tochno~ogior that Uo probable candidates
for conridoration during tho dotailod analysis.
o Confiquro and Scmn Alton4tivor. Tho potantfa1 tochnolaqies
and procorr optiona will bo cambinod into Islrdia-rpocific or
-sitwide rltOrnAtiVOS. Tho d.vr1ap.d rltornrtivos should be
dofirrod with ro.p.ct to sit0 and configuration of tho ropre-
rontativo procorr optionst timo for r.rwdfation; ratos of flow
or troatmontt spatial roqutroaonta, dirtumr for disposal;
and roquirod pemitr, iaporod limitations, and other factors
nocorrary to ovaluato tho 8ltOnUtiVOS. If mny dirtinct,
viab10 option8 u o 8v8ilablo md dmlopod, 8 rcrooning of
rltomrtioor will b. conduct.6 to liait tho numbor of alter-
natives th8t uird.r90 tho 6.tail.d 8nrlyrfs and to provide
eonriderrtion of tho mort praLhin9 procosr options. The
altornativor should bo rcreon.6 on a genoral bisir w ith
roapoct to thoir offoctivonorr, implamontability, and cost.
Tho contractor will moot with tPA to dircurr which alterna-
tives will bo ovaluatod in tho dotailed analysis and to
facilit8to tho idontification of action-rpocifie ARARs.
Tho emtractor. will conduct a dotai1.d malyrir of altomatives
which will canrirt of an individual malysir of oach altornrtivc against
a sot of ovaluation critoria and a comparative mrlyrir of all options
against the ovaluation critoria with roqmct to on. anothor.
C-16

medial retia ObjOCtiVOS to protoct human hoalth and the
enviromnt Should bo d0v010p.d. Tho abjoctivor should rpe-
effy tho contmtinant(8) and media of concern, tho exposure
route(r1 and rocoptor(s), and UI accoptablo contaminant level
or rango of lovels for oach o~cposuro rout. (i.o., preliminary
romodiation goals).
Prolfrrinary romdiatfon goals should bo establishod based on
readily available information (0.9.~ Rids) or chemical-
spocific ARMS (o.g., HCk). Tho contractor should meet vith
EPA to discuss tho rumdial action objoctivos for tho site.
AS mor. information is colloctod during tho RI, the con-
tractorr in canrultat~on with will rofine romedial action
objoctivos as appropriato.
Conoral rompair0 actions will bo dovolopd for oach medium of
int0r08t dofining COnfUfMnt, trort#llt, OxCavition, pumping,
or othor aCtb8'hir singly or in dination to satisfy remedial
action objoctivos. Volumes or rroar of modi. to which general
rorponso actions may apply &all bo idontifid, taking into
kccount roquirmmonts for protoctivonoss as idontifiod in the
rawdial action objoctivos urd tho chomdcal urd physical
churctari8tica of tho sit..
o Idontify urd Scmn Tochnologios. Wsod on tho dovol0p.d
qonorrl rosponso actions, hu.rbou8 wart. tror-nt tech-
nologior should bo idontiffed urd reroenod to onsuro that only
thorn t.chrro1oqios rpplicablo to tho contaminants prosont,
thoir physical matrixr and othor sit. chrrrctoristics will be
considorod. This screoning will bo basod prhrily on a
1
Preliminary tomdial action objoctiver aro dovolopod 8s part of the
project planning phaso.
c-15
I'

o Comity AccaPt.ncel addresses the isrues and concerns the
public m y have to each bt the alternatives.
The urdividual urblySrS should includes (1) technical descrip-
tion of each altarnative that outlines the waste manageraant strategy
involv.6 and identifies the key ARILRl AsSociated with each alternative;
and (2) a discussron that profiles the prfozmmca of that alternative
with respct to each of the evaluation kiteria. A table suamatizing
the re8ulU of this malysis rhould be prepared. On- the individual
analysis is completer tho AlternAtitnS will k con~arod md contrasted
to one mother with respect to ea&. of the evaluation criteria.
Monthly contractor rep-9 r@qUfrmtS for the IS are th8 same
as thou specifird for the Rf undor Task 8.
Th. amtr8ctor w ill present the results of Tasks 5 and 10 in a FS
report. Support data, bfOXmatiO8r me calculations will be included in
appendixes to the roport.
draft VS report to EPA for roviru.
been received, thr conttactor will prepare A final FS report rcfiectanq
the co-nts.2 -pies of the final repott wrll be made and disttrtuted
to thou individuals identified by =A.
The contractor vi11 pnpare and submit a
Once comawnts on the &aft FE have
'These criteria will be addressed in the Rot once cements on the
RI/FS mrt md proposed slur have been received and will not be
includod in tho RI#S report.
'Thv fur.1 FS report m y k baud with the firul Eu report.
wDh3 91/006
c-18
30 7

\
?PO
The evaluation criteria are as followr:
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cverall Protection of Human Health and the Envrronmet.t
addresser whether Cr not a remedy provider adequate protectrcr.
and Cascr~bes how risks pored. through each pathway axe elm-
inated, reduced, or controlled through treatmnt, engincerrnq
controls, or inrtitutronal controlr.
-
Comvlru.ce with ARAR8 addrerrrs whether or not a reamdy vall
meet all of the applicable or relovant and approFriate
requiromants of other Federal and State environmental statutes
and/or provide grounds for invokins a waiver.
Long-Term EffectrvarAess and Permanence refers tc the a bility
of a r-dy to nuintain reliable protoction of human health
and the environment ovar time once clemup gocis hrrve beer.
m4t.
Raduction of Toxicity, nobility, or Volum Through TreatmeKt
ir the anticipated perfornunce of th. treatment technclcqies a
romudy EA^ employ.
Short-Term Ef tectivenerr abdrirse8 the period of time medad
to achieve protectroa md any adverse -acts on human health
urc tha onvironamnt that rub k pored during the toEstructron
a d im@l.#ntation period until clemup 90.18 &re achieved.
mleanntability is the techarcrrl and adninistrbtrve
fOa8Lbility of a teaady, includfng the availability of mate-
riais U unricer needod to q l m n t a puticular option.
- Cort includor ertimted capital and operatron and mintenancc
costs, md not prerent worth costs.
State Accoptancr (SupFort Agency) abdresrer the technical cr
aCmrnistrrtive issues and concerns the rupport agency my k k e ~
rrgatdmt erch alternativa.
C-17

Appendix 0
BIBLIOGRAPEY OF TECHNOLOGY PROCESS
RESOURCE DOCUMENTS

.. .
. *
Appendix D
Bibliography of Technology Process Resource Documents
1. Containment Technologies
CaPPinS
The Asphalt Institute, Nov. 1976. Asphalt rn
Hydraulics. Manual Series No. 12 (MS-12), The
Asphalt Institute.
Erady, N.C. 1974. ,The Naturs and Properties of Soils,
8th Ed,, MacMillan, NY.
Brawner, C.O.. Ed. 1980. First lnrernational
Conference on Uranium Mine Waste OIS~QSPII.
Society of Mining Engineers AIME, NY.
Chamberlain, E,J,, and A.J. Gow. 1979. Effect of
Freezing and Thawing on the Permeability and
Structure of Soils. Enginearin$ Geology, 13,
Etsevier Scientific Publlshing Co,, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, pp. 73-92.
Danibal, D,E,, and H.M. Liljestrarlt, Univ. of texas.
Jan. 1984, Effecfs of Landfill Leachates on Natural
Liner Systems. Chemical Manufacturer’s
Association.
England, C.S. 1970. Land Capabilify: A Hydrologic
Response Unit in Agricultural Watersheds. ARS
41 -1 72, Agricultural Research Service, U,S,
Department of Agriculture,
Ghassemi, M. May 1983. Assessment of Technology
for Constructing and Installing Cover and Bottom
Liner Systems tor Hazardous Waste Fecilities. Vol.
1, €PA Contract No. 68-02.3174, work
assignment No. 109, U.S. €PA.
Kays, W.5. 1977. Constructron of linings for
Reservoirs, Tanks, and Pollution Control Fecilities.
John Wiley 8 Sons, NY.
Krnet, P., K.J. Quinn, and C. Slavik. Sept. 1981.
Analysis of Design Parameters Affectlng the
Collection Efnciency of Clay Lined LendMs. Univ.
of Wisconsin Extension.
Lambo, W.T., and R.V. Whitman. 1978. Solid
Mechanics, SI Versron. John Wiley and Sons, NY.
Lutton, R.J. 1982. Evaluating Cover Systems for Solid
and Hazardous Waste. SW867 (Revised Edition),
U,S. EPA, Washington, DC.
Lutton, R.J. et at. 1879. Design and Construction of
Covers for Solid Waste Landfills. EPA-600/2-
79-165, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati. OH.
Morrison, W.R., and L.R. Simmons. 1977. Chemical
and Vegetative Stablljzation of Soil: Laboratory and
Field Investigations of New Materials and Methods
for Soil StabiliZatkm and Erosion Control. Bureau of
Reclamation Report No. 7613.
Oldham, J,C., et al. 1977, Materials Evaluated as
Potential Soil Stabilizers. Paper No. S-77-15
Army Engineers, Waterways Experimental Station,
Vicksburg, M3.
Richards, L.A. 1965, Physical Condition of Water in
Soil. In: Methods of Soil Analysis - Pert . C.A.
Black, Ed., American Society of Agronomy, Inc.
Schroeder, PAR,, et al. The Hydrologic Evaluation of
Landfill Performance (HELP) Model. Vol. 1 ,
EPA/630-$W*84*009, U.S. EPA.
Tchobanoglous, G., et al. 1977. Solid Wastes;
hgrineering Principles and Management lssuea.
McGraw-Hill, NY.
U.S. €PA, Construction Quality Assurance for
Hazardous Waste Land Disposal Facilities. Public
Comment Draft, J.G. Herrmann, Project Officer.
EPA/530*SW-85-02l1 U,S, EPA.
U.S, EPA. July 1982. Draft RCRA Guidance
Document Landfill Design, Liner Systems and Final
Cover. US. EPA.
US. EPA. 1983. Lining of Waste Impoundment and
Disposal Facilities. 3W870, U.S. EPA.
U.S. EPA. Procedures for Modeling Flow Through
Clay Liners to Determine Required Liner
Thickness. EPN530-SW-84-001, U,S. EPA.

i , ?-\;
oldham, J.c., et al. 1977. Uterialr Evaluated u Potentral Soil
Stabilizers. paps No. S-77-1S Umy Engineers, Watenays Experinrental
Station, Vickrburg, W.
Richards, L.A. 1965. Physical Condition of Water in Soil. In:
Methods of Soil Analysis - Put . C.A. Black, Ed., Amoricu! Society of
Agronomy, Inc.
Schroeder, P.R., et 41. The Rydroloqic maluation of Landfill
Performance (HELP) nodel. Vol. 1, EoA/S3O-SW-84-009, U.S. EPA.
Tchobanoglour, G., et al. 1977. Solid Wastes: Engineering Principles
and Management Issues. ncGrw-Hill, NY.
U.S. EPA. Construction Quality Assurance for Hazardous Waste Land
Disposal Facilities. Public Comment Draft, J.G. ItUrmnn, Project
Officer. EPA/S3O-SW-85-071, U.S. tPk.
U.S. EPA. July 1982. Draft RCZU Guidance Document Landfill Design,
Liner Systems and Final Cover. U.S. &PA.
U.S. EPA. 1983. Lining of Waste Imp0 undmnt and’ Disposal ?acilitiea.
SW870, U.S. LOA.
U.S. EPR. Procoduros for Modeling Flow Throuqh Clay Liners to Determine
Roquired Liner Thickness. EPA/530-SW-84-001, U.S. EOA.
Warner, R.C., et a1. Demonstration ana Evgluation of the Hydrologic
Effectiveness of a Three Layer Landfill Surface Cover Under Stable an2
Subsidence Conditions - Pharo I, Final Project Report.
Wuner, R.C., et 41. Multiple Soil Layer Liuudour Waste Lancfii:
Cover: Dosign, Construction, &r+rrmwntation urd Monitoring. In: Land
Disposal of hazardous Wute Proceodinqs of the Tenth Annual Research -
Sm8im.
DUST cQer#)Ls
Utter, L.J., Jr., .nb R.J. Paquette. 1967. Highway Enqineerinp. 3d
~d., The ~oaa~d ~~’esr CO., nY. pp. 726-728.
HORIZONTAL BARRIERS
Buroau of Reelmation. Pressuro Grouting. Techaicrt Nemo 646.
U.S. EPA. Handbook for Evaluating Remedial Action Technology Plans.

SEDIMENT CCUTROL BARRIERS
U.S. EPA. August 1972. Cuidolines for Erosion md Sediment Control
p1anning urd Implementation. U.S. EPA, tavrronnuntal Protoctron
Technrcal SeN1c.s.
U.S. EPA. Sept. 1978. Management of bot- Sodbent Containing Toxic
Substance Procedure, 3rd vs - Japm neetfng. U.S. ERA.
U.S. EPA. June 1982. Handbook - Remedial Action at Waste Disposal
- Sites. EPA-625/6-6-82-006, U.S. tPA, Cincinnati, OM.
Lutton, R.J., et a1. 1979. Design and Construction of Covers for Solid
Waste Landfills. EPk-600/7-79-165, U.S. LPA Cincinnatil OH.
U.S. =A. July 1982. Draft RCRA Guidance Documoat Landfill Design,
Liner Systems, and Final Cover. Q.S. ZPA.
-
VERTICAL BARRIERS
u.S. EPA. June 1982. Handbook - Ramdial Action at Waste Disposal
Sites. tPA-625/6-6-82-006, U.S. =A, Cincinnati, 011;.
Bureau of Reclamation. Pressure Grouting. Technical Ham. 646.
Shuster, J. 1972. ContrOll.6 ?reezing for Twworafy Ground Support.
Proceedings, 1st North Anerican Rapid Bccavation and Tunneling
Conf erence.
Xanthakos, P. Slurky Walls. McGraw Hill, NY.
Bomor, T., et al. 1981. Hazardous Waste Incineration Engineerinp.
Noyes Data Corporation.
Kern, O.Q. 1950. Dtocess Heat Transfer. &Gr8u-Hill, NY.
Kohl, A., and F. Riesenfeld. 1979. Cas Purification. Gulf Publishrns
co .
Perry and Chilton Chemical hqineors' Handbook. 9th Ed., 1973,
McGraw-Hilt, NY.
0- 3

Research a d Mucation Association 1978 -ern Pollution Control
Technology, vol. 1, A ir Pollution Control. Research and Education
Aa soc ration.
BIOLOGICU TWZATHENT
Baneiald, L.D., md C.W. Randall. 1980. Biological Ptocasr Design for
Wastewater Treataant. Ptentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Aorobic Biotreatnnt Reference: Clark, J.W., W. Viessmn, Jr., md J.
H-S. 1977. Uator Supply urd Pollution Control. IEP, Dun-Donnelly,
NY.
Eckenfelder, W., Jr. 1980. Principles of Water Quality Management.
CBI Publishing, Boston.
Pair, C., J. Geyer, md 0. Okun. 1968. Water and Wastewater
Engineerins. Vol. 2, John Wiley, NY.
Junkins, R., et al. 1983. The ACtiV8t.d Sludqe Ptocerr: Fundamentals
of op. ration. Science Publishers, Ann kbot, HI.
Manual of Practice No. 16, Anaerobic Sludge Dimstion. EPC?, 1968.
-
netcalf c Mdy. 1912. Wastewater tnqinoeriaqr Treatment, Disposal,
Reue.. 2nd Ed., ncGrau-Hill, NY.
Overcash.
Wartes .
1979. Design of Land Treatment Syrt- for Induruial
Shrevo, R. 1.. urd J.A. Brink, Jr. 1977. Chdcrl Process Industries.
McGraw-Hill, IY.
smith8 L.D., ot al. 198C. Proceodings ?itst National Symposium/
Workrhop, Rotating biological Contractor Technology. University of
Pittsburgh.
U.S. =A. Doc. 198s. Guide fot Idontifyinq Cleanup Alternativas at
HuardowIWUte Sitor .nd Spillr. tPA/600/3-63/063; bPTfS PB86-144664,
U.S. EPA.
U.S. SPA. 1980. Hazardour Waste Land -8a-tr LOA SW 014, U.S. LPA.
U.S. EPA. Dee. 1984. Permit Guidance n4nual on Wardous Waste Land
Treatrarnt Damo!WU8tiOn8. Draft, tOA 530-bw-84-015, U.S. LPA.
U.S. EPA. Process Dosign Manrul, Sludge Tre8f#nt and Disposal. U.S.
EPA .
D-4
3/3

Vesilirh, P.A. Sludgr Treatment and Disposal.
Audrieth, L.F., md B.A. Ogg. 1951. The Chemistry of Hydrazine. John
Wiley, NY.
Berkawitt, J.B.8 et ala 1978. Unit oPer&tfOnS for Treatment of
Industrial Wastes. Noycos Data Corp., Puk Ridgo, NJ.
Butler, J.W. 1964. Solubility md PH C&lCUlAtfOXkS. Addision-Wesley.
Duffey, J.C., S.B. Gale, md S. Backenstein. Electrochemical Runoval
of Chromate, and Other Metals. In: Cooling Towers. Vol. 2, pp 44-50.
Hatcalf C Eddy, Inc., revised by Tch~b~iogl~u~, C. 1979. wastewater
Engineering: Treatamnf, Dfsposal, Reuse. 2nd Ed.
ncauqh, n.A., urd V.J. lhrkOniS. 1986. SU~orCritfc81 ?bid brtraction
Principles md Practice. buttonorth Publishers, Boston.
Roductior. by Direct Current (Electrocheaka1 Troatmat) Roferences:
Scull, G.W., urd X.D. Uhrieh. tlectrochaical -81 of Heavy Metals
in the Prosonce of Cholatiaq Agents. krdco tnvironnntal Processes,
Iac., Amherst, NY.
Simpson, D.X. Safety Handling Hydrazine. Propared for the Water fndus-
trial Power Conference, Southfield, MI, Oct. 16-19, 1983.
Tsusita, R.A., et a1. 1981. Pretreatnurnt of Industrial Wastes Manual
of Practice.
E.
IN SITU TRU-
No. FD-3, Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington,
Ahlert, R.C., and D.S. Ibsson. In-Situ and On-Site Bfodeqradation of
Industrial Landfill Lo8ch.ta. blTIS, Springfiold, VA.
American Potroloum Institute. reb. 1982. Enhancing the Hicrobial
Dogradatha of Undorground Gasoline by Increarinq Available Oxygen.
TW# m C h &8titUu.
References on tho use of H202 in Subsurface bioroclamation: American
Petroleum Instituto. 1985. ?easibility Studior on the Use of Hydrogen
Peroxide to Enhance Microbra1 D.grations of Gasoline. APf
Publication 4389.
Baker, R., et a1. Oct. 1986. In Situ Treatment for Site hmodiazior..
Paper prasented at Third Annual Pat&rdour Waste Lad and Macaqement
Conferrnce, Seattle, Uh, and Portlanc, OR.
D- 5

Nyer, E.K. 1985. Treatrwnt Methods for Orqrnic Contaminants:
Biological Hothods - In Situ Treatment. In-Stoundwater Trratmont
Technoloqy. Vu! Nostrrnd Remold. pp: 10-108.
U.S. tPA. 1985. In Situ Treataent- Bloreclamation. In -dial
Action at Waste Di8p0sal Sites. Rovis.6, 1cpA/625/6/-85/006, 0,s. EPA.
U.S. EPA. Sopt./Elov. 1984. R.Vi.W of In-Place Treatnuat Techniques for
Contaminated Surface Soils. VOl. 1, Technfcal Evaluation, Vol. 2,
Background Informatron for In Situ Treatment. sA-Sm/%84-003a, and
EPA-540/284-003b, (mIs 38-124881 Uld 38-124899)# U.S. LPA.
Ward, C.W., urd M.D. Leo. 1965. In Situ Technologies. In Groundwater
Pollution Control. Canter and ltnox, a 8 0 8 Lewis Publishers.
Wetzel, R.S., et al. August 1986. Field Demonstration of In Situ
Biological Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater urd Soils.
EPA/600/9-86/C22, U.S. =A, pp. 146160.
Yaniga, P.ki.8 md W. Smith. 1964. Aquifrr itortoration via Accelerated
In Situ Biodogrrdation of 0rg.nic Conurinurts. In Proc
UP1 Conference on Petroleum liydrocubons and Organic
Cheromisinoff, P.N., aad ?. Lflerbwch. 1980. Carbon Adsorptior,
li.ndbook. scimce Pubiis~ors, Ann Arbor, Ilf.
Cheremirinoff, #., and -1, D. 1983. Liquid ?iluation. Science
PubliShOrS, km ubor, MI.
DobbS, ReAei ud 3.M. Cohrn. Apzil, 1980. Carbon Adsorption Isotherms
for Toxic -8lliC8. BPA-600/8-80-023, U.S. BPA.
Gossot, J.M., ot a1. June 1905. mass hurafer Coofficiimts and Henry's
Constant8 for Packed=Touor: Air Strippia9 of Volatilo Orqurics:
IWaruroaont and Correlrtion. ~xdst-8~18, ?inal Report, U.S. Air
?orce.
kvanaugh, M.C., awl R.R. Tnusel. D.C. 1980. Design of Aeration
Towers to Strip Volatile Conf.ornurts fra Drinking Water. Journal
AWA.
-
D-6

-ern Pollution Control Technology, Vol. 2, Water Pollution Coctrol.
Research and Education Association, 1978.
Schwoitzor, P.A. 1979. Handbook of Separation Tochniquer for Chemical
Enginoerr. McGrav Hill, NY.
Shukla, Harirh M., urd Hicks, Ret. P~oc.~S Design Manual for Stripping
of Organics. EPA/600-/2-84-130, U.S. EPA.
Treybal, R. 1983. -8s Transfer Operations. 3rd Ed. kGraw-Hill, NY.
SOLIDS DEWATERING
netcalf and Eddy, Inc. 1972. Wastewater Enqinoerinq: Collection,
Tra8tnnnt, Disposal. McCirav-Hill, KS.
Perry and Chilton, Chdcal hqineors' Handbook. 5th td., 1973,
kCr&~-H~ll, NY,
Research md Education Aarociation. 1978. Modern Pollution Control
Technology Vol. 11, Solid Walt. Disposal. Rer~uch urd Education
ksociation.
SOLIDS PROCUSING
Given, I.A. 1973. Mining Enqinoerinq Handbook. Society of Mining
Engineers, NY.
Tagqert, A.F. 1951. El~~nOntS of Ore DressinQ. John Wiley, NY.
SOLIDI~ICATIOh', FIXATION, ANL STABILIZATION
Technic81 Handbook for Strbilization/Solidification Alternatives for
Rdial Action at Uncontrolled Eatardous Waste Sites. Envrrormefital
Laboratory, U.S. &my Engineers Uatonays trporinunt Station, Vicksburq,
Hs .
U.S. =A. Sopt. 1982. Guide to the Dis~oral of Chamically Stabilize6
and So1idifiod Wart.. tRA Doc. tlo. SW-872. Municipal Environmental
Resouch Laboratory, U.S. =A, Cincinnati, OH.
U.S. EPA. June 1982. Ramdial Action at Warto Dirposal Sites. Munic-
ipal Enviroamonu1 Re8euch Laboratory, U.S. -A, Cincinnati, OH.
Ahling, 8. Nov. 1979. Destruction of Chlorfrutod Hydrocarbons in a
Cemnt Kiln Environmental Science and Tochnology. Vol. 13, No. 11.

Bnmner, C.R. 1984. Incineration Systems Selection md Design. Van
Nortrand Reinhold, NY.
hviroment curad., Environmnt.1 Protection Service, Envrronmental
&pact Control Directorate, Waste Management Branch. 1982. DeStrUCtLGR
Technologies for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Bared on a report to
the waste Management Branch by M.M. Dillon Ltd., Consulting Engmeers
and planners, Toronto, Ontario, -rub..
Frankel, I., Sanders, N., .nd Vogel, G. 1983. Survey of the
Incinoration nuaufacturing Industry. E, Much 1983.
~ournal of the Air Pollution Control ksociation.
No. 7.
July 1982, vol. 32,
kuber, J.D. 1982. Burning Chemical Wutes as me18 in Cement Kilns.
Journal of the Air Pollution Control AsS~~htbn, July 1982, Vol. 32,
No. 7.
McBride, J.L., and Heimback, J.A. Skid Mounted System Gives California
Hazudous Wastes Hot T U. Pollution tnqineer:inq, July 1982.
HcCarthy, J.J. Fa. 1982. Technology AaSeSSment of the Vertical Well
Chomical Roactor. tOA-600/2-82-005, Prepared for U.S. EPA, Municipal
Ihvironaontal Reaouch Laboratory, Offico of Rosoarch .nd Developent.
Oboracker, D.A. 1984. Huudour Wute Incinoration Porforaunce
Evaluations by tho United Stator tnvironmaat.1 Protoetion Agency.
=A-600/D-84-285. Pr0pu.d for U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH.
Poterr, J.A., T.W. ttugbs, and R.E. Wurninghan. 1963. Evaluation of
Hazardous Waste Incineration in a C-nt Kiln at San Juan Cement.
Monsanto Research Co., Dayton, OH.
Soobold, J. A. Practical ?rue Derign. Ch.rric.1 LEqineorinQ,
Docamboy 10, 1984.
U.S. Congross, Offica of Technology kseaIIYnt, Industry, Techaology,
and mloy#nt Program. 1985. Superfund Stratmay--Preventing a Toxic
Tosorrow.
U.S. =A. kpt. 1981. Bqinoerinq Budbook for Ruardour Waste
Incineration. =IS Report No. 9881-748163, Oreparod for U.S. =A by
nonsrnto &much bzp., Dayton, a.
Weltzman, L. 1983. Comant Kilns as Hazardous Waate Incinerators.
Environmental Prwress, ?eb. 1983, Vol. 2, No. 1.
-
Wilholmi, A.R.8 mb I(aogp, P.V. Wet Air Oxidation--& Alternative to
Incineration. cm, Aug. 1979.
Williams, I.R., Jr. 1982. Pyrolytic Incineration Destroys Toxic Wastes
Recovers Energy. Oollution Pluit.aerir,p, July 1982.
0-8

?I\%
cleaning Pipelines: A Pigqinq Prher. Chemical Enqineorin~, Feb. 4,
198s.
u.S, =A. Oct. 1983. DemOnStratiOn of Seurr Relining by tho Insituform
Process, Northbrook, IL. t?A-600/2-83-064.
mr. 1980, Omration and Uintenmco of Wastewater Colloction
Systems. Manual of Practice No. 7, WX?.
DRUM AND DEBRIS RMOVAL
-
U.S. EPA. June 1982. Handbook - Romedial Action at Waste Disposal
Sites. EPA-625-6-6-87-006, Cincin~ti, OH.
Donaldson, LC., C.U. ChilirrguiUr, aad T.?. Voa. 198s. Enhanced Oil
Rocovory. S’udamentals urd Anal~sos, 1, tlsevior Science Publirhors
B.V., Amsterdam, The Nethexlaads.
Icoltunirk, D.L. In Situ Ut Stripping Cloms Contaminated Soils.
Chemical Enqineorin~, Auqurt 18, 1386, po. 30-31.
Patton, C.C. 1961. Oilfield Water Syatams, Norman, Oklahoma. Cw.pbt?l
Petroleum Serios.
Schumchor, H.H., td. 1980. Enhanced Recovory of Residual and Heavy
- Oils. Noyes Data Corp., Duk Ridge, NJ. (Contains references.)
Pourifoy, R.L. 1910. Construction Planning, ipment and Methods.
2nd Sd., ncGtaw-Hilf, NY. (Somowhat datod but a good overview of solids
handling oquimat.)
Argonno National Laboratory. Feb. 1982. tnviromntal Impacts of __
Sanitary Lamifills and Associated tar Rocovory Systams. (ANL/cNSV-27),
kgonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL.
D-9

Tchobmoglous, Thoison, a d tlf8888n. 1977. Solib Wastes - Engineerin9
Principals md M~nagOm8nf Issues. McGrav-Hill, NY.
GROVNDWATUt COLLEcTI~/P~INc
Bureau of Raclamation. 1978. Drainage Manual. U.S. 80, Washington,
DC, 286 pp.
Bureau of Rocl.aution. 1981. Cr0Wbvat.r WU. 2nd Ed., U.S. GPO,
Washington, DC, 480 pp.
~reeze, et a1. 1979. Groundwater. Prerrtice-Hall Inc., hglewod
Cliffs, NJ.
0
Johnson Division, UOP, Inc. 1975. Groundwater ana Wells. Johnson
Division, UOP, Inc., Saint Paul, klN.
U.S. &my. 1971. Dewatering: Groundwater Control for Deep Excavations.
Tochnical Manual No. 5-818-5, Propared by tho Arpy Engineers Waterways
Exprimnt Station.
U.S. Doparunent of Agriculturo. 1971. Soction 16, DraiMg8 of
Agricultural Land. In SCS National Engineering Handbook. Engineering
Division Soil Consemation Service, Warhington, DC.
U.S. EPA. June 1982. Handbook for Remedial Action at Wamte Disposal
Pacilities. EPA-625/6-820-006, Prepued by Municipal EnvironmentaS
K8SmtCh Laboratozy, Cincinnati, OH.
U.S. EPA. RCRA Groundwater Uonitoriny Tochnical Enforcement Guidance
Documon+ (TEGD) .
ATMOSPmIC DISCIURQ
IV - DISPOSAL TECHN0Ixx;ILS
CCA Corp. 0.c. 1981. tvaluation and Selection of Models for Lstimatiq
Air Wrrlonr from ~rudous Waste Troatmnt, Storage and Disposal
?aciliti.s. tPS-4S0/3-84-020.
Kohl, A., and P. Riosonfeld. 1979. Gar Purification, 3rd Ed. Gulf
Publishing Co. -.
Vogel, C. May 1985. Mr.Emirslon Control at Hazardous Waste Managemcz;’-
Facilities. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Asmociation, Kay 19e5.
3/ 4

U.S. gPA. Sopt. 1982. Pat0 of Priority Pollutants in Publicly Ownad
Traatmant Works. Volums I and 11, LPA 440/1-82/303, U.S. =A, Watar
and warts magomant Sarias, Effluont Guidolinos Division WH-522.
U.S. EOA. July 1980. TraAt.bilftY Unrul, Val- Treatability Data.
EPA 600 8-80-0428, U.S. EOA Rosoarch and Dovalopmt Sarier.
Vorsar, fnc. Doc. 1979. Uatar-Ralated Environmntal Fbte of 129
Priority Pollutants. Volws I md I:, NTIS Pb80-204381, Versar, Inc.,
Springfiald, VA. Praparad for U.S. tPA, Wuhington, DC.
wDR2 80/022
D-11

Appendix E
DOCUMENTATION O? ARARs

Appndix E
DOCUWLNTATION OF ARARS
me aecorapanying tala pr8sentr a suggested format fur wrizrng
the identification and documontation of MARS in th8 RIDS process.
This foxmat assum88 that tu0 pr8viOUS W S idontification st8ps have
tdrrn placo during tho RIlrS. ?irst, it arsumos that a list of F.drral
and State ARARr h u boon dovolop.4 through conrultations botw8.n the
lead and support aganciar. This lirt ahould include chaaicai-,
location-, and action-rpecific raquirewnts and, in tha case of multiple
ARARs (8.g., both a Ped8r.l md Stat8 rquir-nt for a particular
ch8mical), tho ARAR to bo u rd for the rito or aft8matfVO (ganrrally
th8 mor8 stringant) ahould bo sp8cifi.d. Second, it arsuams that
identified roquiromnts rnd tho r84sOnr for thOir applicability or
ralrvanco and appropriatonors hrvo be811 intrgrrtod into the narrative
dorcriptionr Of 8aCh alt8NtiV8 a8 p8- Of tho mD*tail.6 &n&ly8iSm
chaptor in tho tS report. Thir appendix, tharoforr, romos a8.a summary
Of tho for O8Ch rltOrlWtiv@ rad hdk8t.r Wh0th.r tho dt8mrtfV8
18 UltiCfWtd fo wt tho80 a, Or, if not, v&t tup. Of WriV8t
vould bo r.quir.6.
Tho suuqortd format for tho documnution of ARARs is pt8SOnt8d
hora in tho formr of UI oxrqlo. Tho -lo ir intondd for illusmatfV0
purpo8.S Orrlyt tho iburtifid for tho Smph aft8mativos
may not ba appropriate in a opuific sit. rimation.
Tho sit. in.* -10 was a battory and cleaning rolution storaqe
facility op.rrtd 8nd C108.d prior to tho offoctiv8 drto of th8 RCRA
hazardow wuto storago ngulationr. Tho sit0 ir rho 1ocat.d in a
floodplain. Tho #it. conrirtr of hr~ .roar of conulinatod mil:
Ar8a 1 is contaminatrd with lradr uoa 2 ir contaminated with %E.
Thoro i8 rho Qround Wat8r US0Cirt.d hth tho Sit0 th.t
contrinr lovolr of X Z a8 high rr 100 ppb urd lord a8 high a8 SO0 ppb.

Tho alternativos evaluatod in dotail for the site are:
o ita amative 2--Capping of the cont.arfn&ted soilt natural
attenuation of the ground water
o fitemtiva 3-In ritu roU vapor extraction of the
m-conurninatad soil# capping of tho load-contaminrtod soil:
ground -tor prrsp/trmat with offsit. direhug. to a nearby
crook
o Altomative +-In situ soil vapor oxtraction of tho
n=t-conta,min&td roih situ fmtioa of tho had-
contaa&mtd uoa, follawod by rot1 mpr ground water
prmap1tn.t with offrite discharge to a nouby crook
o Altenutitn S-Incino?ation of tho TCE-contaminated soil;
offsito disposal of nonhatudaur a& in tho Subtitlo D
facility; Ln situ ffxation of tho load-cont.ai~tod soil,
toll& by a mil CAP; ground Waf@? pU8p/tnat with off-
sit0 discharge to a nearby creek
FOE this oxmp10, it ha8 hen a88umod th&t the TCE ir not a RCRA-
listed or characteristic waste but that th8 10ad-cont.mfnatod area is
hazardous bocauso of its chuactoristic of E? toxicity. Polfawino
in situ fixation, tho load-c0nt.lsinat.d soil ir anticipated to bo
nonimmrdoor. kcman nom of tho altornativor involver tho placeman:
of Rclu hazardous vasto (load-contaminated roil), the land disposal
roruictiolrr uo uamod to bo neithor applicable nor rolevant and
appropriate .
Tho exunple also usws that p~st-clorurm cuo nquirements of
RCRA (e.g., ground water monitoring) will gonorally bo rolovant and
apptoprfate vhorever closure is performed with waste in plaC*.
E-2

Finally, it is also assumad that the RCRA location standards, vhilr
not applicable because none of the alternatives involve m-
regulated treatment, Stora9e1 or disposal, ar. nonetholass relevant
and appropriate to all the action altenatives. Typically, the
rationale for detonainations of applicability or relevance and
appropriateness will be integrated into the dareription of alter-
natives in the detailed analysis of tho FS report.
The following table identifier tho applicable or relwant and
appropriate requirements for each of tho five rlternativor, indicates
whoth8r tho alternativo fr expected to achieve that standud, and notes
any ARAR waivers that may be required.
WDR391/0Sl
E-3
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5
v" 3
i
i
E
3
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I
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331
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/5 s'

Appendix F
CASE EXAMPLE OF DETAILED ANALYSIS
32-9

PVRPOSE
Appondix F
CASE E W L E OF DETAILED ANALYSIS
This appondix providos an erur~ple of how the rosults of the
individual and coarparrtivo uralysos of r.Pldi.1 altonatives may be
presonted in tho FS report.
tho individual analysis consists of a narrativo description of the
altornativo including a discussfon Of haw the alternative poriorms with
respoct to ea& of the .valuation criteria.' n o comparative analysis .
that follows the individual UdySfS conriats of nurativ. discussion
summarizing the rolatlw porfomance of the a1tOM8tiV.S in relation to
on. rnothor.
AS discussod in Chapter 6 of this guidance,
Tho &mount of inforp.tion prorontd in a datailod analysis will
dopond on tho coaploxity of tho sit. ud on tho oxtent of investigations
and analysis conduct&. In addition, u notd in Chapter 6, tho level
of dotail and oxtont of discussion for the individual mbfactors.under
each critorion will vary basod on the rolevaneo of that particular
eritorion to tho altorn~tivos boing eorrsidorod urd tho scopo of the
action boing takon. Thorofofo, tho .uunt of dotail m irod to
adaquately docunnt tho nsults of tho ov8lWtiOnS and tho spocific
rubfactorr that vi11 actually bo discussod may diffor ramowhat frca that
pn-t.6 tbf8 CIS0 8-10.
'The critorir arm discu8s.d in tho follauing ordor: ovorall protection
of human hoalth and tho onviromntt qliurco with ARARs; long-term
offoctivonorr and pormanoncor reduction of toxicity, mobility, or
volume through troataontt short-term rffoctivonosrt iaplomontability:
and cost. C-ity and state rccopt.nco will gonorally not bo
addrossod until tho ROD following ncoipt of formal comnonts on the
RI/FS roport and the propose! plan.

? 1.
I j l .
-., ,
1. I
The reador rhould also h op in mind that an actual suns toport
will typically includ~ ~ P S Plus, C SChmtiCS, M d C08t dotails that
Would bo prosontad in previous chapters of the report (0.9. , ~ovo~opmant
and screening of CUternativoS) Or in +he detailed analyrir chapter
itself. The purpose of thi8 particular 8XrPlph is to givo readers an
idea of the typos of infornution that rhould bo providod whon doscribing
'individual altornati~or and discussing thoir porfom~~co againrt the
evaluation critoria.
Tho sit0 usod in this oxanc~lo ir an old battory and cloaning
soluticn storago facility locatod in a rural am.. mropor handling
and rtor8gO aCtiVitlOS at thf8 8itO frOa 1%8 t0 1978 r08ult.d in both
soil and ground -tor contamination. Tho arm of matmination toferred
to as Mea 1 contain8 25,000 cubic yards (cy) of contaminated roil with
concontratiens of load oxcooding 200 mg/kg (conmntrationr of load reach
SO0 mg/kg at rrvoral lomtionr wfthin thir aroa). Thoro ir also a dir-
croto ar-a of approxir~rtoly 20,000 cy of TCE-contaminated soil at the
site roforrcd to a8 &oa 2. krrlyris of roil ramplor from this area
show TCE concontrations up to 6 porcont and slightly elevatod levels of
metals compared to background.
identify a human horlth or onvironmontal risk from thoro metals, there
is a small posribility that hot spots of -tal contamination may have
beon missod.
Piguro F-1 prOSOntS 8 8fraplirtiC #Up Of tho 8itO.
Although tho risk assessment did not
The roflr of both koas-1 and 2 aro fairly prPlrrb1e.
aff0Ct.d 8mfOr f8 rh.llOW, With tho W8t.X trbh lying
approxi~natoly 12 foet undor the sit., urd is currontly used for drinkir.g
vator.
ZUr aquifor hr tho chractorirtics of a Clara ZIA aquifor
as definod un&r U.S. EPA's Ground Wator Clrrrification Systom. The
aquifer consists of fracturod bodrock, making ground wator containment
tochnologies difficult to implement. Ground vator oxtraction my also
be dffficult due to the fractured bodrock.
A plum of TCE above the
5 ug/l !!axham Cor.taminant fcvcl (MCL) (measured as high as 50 pPE) 1s
estimated to be moving in the drrection of residential walls It In
F-2

I
FIGURE F-1
Snr MAP
CASE EXAMPLE
.

interstitial volocity of 65 ft/yr. Tho noarost residontirl vel1 is
600 feet from tho site boundary a d tho plum0 of contaminatod ground
vator is likoly to reach tho -11 in an ostimt~d 1 to 3 yous at
concentrations axc~oding fodOrrl drinking Water standards. SIPlplino
conductad during tho RI shows that no existing residantirl volls ara
currently contaminatod.
Tho oxposuro pathways of coacotn idontifiad during tho basoline
risk assosmwnt include diroct contact with pOSSibl0 ingortion of con-
taminrtod soil (1 x loo3 rssociatod OXCoss cantor risk) , urd potential
ingostion of contaminated ground w~tor h tho futuro through oxirting or
newly installod offsito wolls (2 x loo2 Associated axcess cancor risk).
Tho )(cL for TCE (S ug/l) has boon dotominod to bo 8 rolov~nt m d Appro-
priato rumdirtion lovol for tho contaaia8t.d ground wator at this site
sinco tho ground w~tor is urd for drinking wator.
spocific ride rrsossmont, tha Was dotorminod to bo sufficiently
protoctivo as tho aquifar rdiation gml.
Basod on tho sito-
Tho risk rss.r&mont also concluded that 200 -/kg for load in soil
would bo a protectivo lovol for 0xp.ct.d rito oxposuros along with a
1 x loo6 oxcoss cantor risk love1 for TCE-contaminated soil (56 ppml.
Basod on invostigations of rctivitios at tho sit., the TCE-contaninated
soil has not baon dotorrainod to bo a listod, ERA hazardous vaste since
the cloaning solution rocords indicrto tho solutions contained less than
10 prcont TCE. ROYOVO~, tho lord-contaminqted soil is a RCRA hazardous
wasto by chrractoristic in this instmco duo to EP-toxicity.
tho wuto is boliowb to hrvo boon disposed at tho sit. aftor
Nov-r 19, 1980 (tho offoctivo dato for most of tho RCRA treatment,
to rag^^ md disposal nquiroa#nts).
None of
Tho sit0 ir 1ocAt.d in a stat. with .n,authorited RCRA program for
closure which subsunros Fodoral roquir-nts and spocifios more stringent
stat. roquiromonts. Thorofora, only tho stat. closuro roquirunents need
to bo analyzod for potontial applicability or rolavanco and appropriate-
ness to the romedial alternativas considored. No potonzial loeatior-
F-4
3 33

i
lD.terminationr of h at sturduds/r.qulrmontr a10 applicable or rele-
vant and appropribto uo nude 011 a sit.-specific basis and, in some
cases, on M altornatfve-spocific basis. Th8?8f0?8, the ARAR deter-
minations in this oxample should not bo construed necossatily as
appropriate rationales for such 6.tarPfrutions at othor ritos.
WDR3 74/05 7

DETAILm ANALYSIS
Cas8 fX-10
INDZVXDUAL ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
The ass.nrb1.d rowadfa1 action a~tornativos r8pr888nt a rango of
distinct vast8 magowant stratogios which addross tho human h8alth and
environmental conc~rns rssoeirtd With the sit. Although th8 solected
alt8rnativ8 will b8 further refind as necossuy during the predesign
phase, tho doscription of th8 altomativos and tho analysis with rospect
to tho nino critoria prOS8nt.d bolou rofloct tho fundm8ntal components
of tho various rlt8rnativo hazardous Walt8 srrugemnt approaches being
considor8d for this sit.
Th8 primary co81pon8nts of 8ach rltornatfve ar8 listod in Figure 2
and 8 t8chnic.l d8scription of the80 coarponents is pr8sontod.
t.chnical doscription, a discussion of the altornativ8 w ith rospect to
oV8rrll pratoction of human hoalth and tho onvironmont; cw~plianco with
ABMs; long-tom offectivon8ss and porm~n8nc8z roduction of toxicity,.
mobility, or volumo through traatmont; short-tom offoctiv~ners;
implemmntability; and cost follows.
After the
Tho analysis of 8ach alt8rnativ8 w ith r8spoct to overall proteczior.
of human hoalth urd tho envirorunont provid.8 a rumnary .valuation of how
tho altornativ8 rducos tho risk from pot8ntirl 8xposut8 pathways
through troatmont, onginooring, or institutional controls. This
8V8luatioa also examin88 whothor alt8rnativ8s pose any unaecoptable
short-tam or crorr-modfa impacts.
The major P8dorrl and Stat8 roquir~nts that &to applicable or
r8lOVant and approprirtr to oach &lt8M&tiVe U8 id8ntifi.d. The
rbility Of oach 8lt8m&tiVO to w8t all of its rospmetiv8 ARARS or the
nood to justify a waiver is notod for oach.
F-6
335- .

FIGURE F*2
ALTERNATIVE COMPONENT'S
CASE EXAMPLE
Ground wmt
Monitoring
Natunl Altwation
ExoIdiorr Walb 0
~Airstrpoino
1
A
C
t
I
Q
Y
I .by%:-
g:9.::..'.:;:c. ..
-
..:. e ;.;.,;. : ..... ....:.. --
. ... ....... .... ... . . . . .
.I. . ,: : ' .
-;.;.
a
a

Long-tom Off8CtfveneSS and POwOnC. U8 OvAluatod with respect
to tha mgnitude of residual risk and tho rdoqu8cy and reliability of
controls used to manage r-ining waste (~ntr8At8d vrrto and troaant
residuals) over the long-t8=- ut8rnAtiVOS that afford tho highest
degrees of long-tern 8ffOCtiVOn8SS and pomanence are those that h AV8
littlo or no vasto r-ining At tho sit. such that long-term nuintenance
and monitoring aro unnecessary and nliurce on institutional controls is
minimirod.
Tho discussion on tho reduction of toxicity, mbility, or volme
through uoatamnt AddrrSsOS tho mticipatd prforamea of tho troatment
t8ChfiOlogi8S a r&y m y employ. This 0V~lUtiOn rolates to tho statutory
proforenee for rolecting a tamedial ACtiOn that employs treatment
to reduco tho toxicity, mobility, or voltam of hatardour substancos.
Aspects of this CritOXiOn includo the amount of waste troatod or
destroyd, tho robetion in toxicity, mobility, or volume, the irre-
vorsibility of tho troatmont procoss, md tho type urd quantity of
r8SidUlS r8SUlthg fm Ury tZ0A-t p-088.
Evaluation of altornativos wfth ruspct to short-term offoctiveness
takes into account protoction of workors and tho coamunity during the
remedial action, environwntal impacts froan inplomrnting the action, and
tho tho rrquirod to achiove cleanup goals.
The analysis of bplenmntability deals with tho technical and
administrative foaribility of implementing tho alternatives as well as
tho availability of necosrary goods m d aorvieas.
includor such it- at:
This criterion
tho ability to construct and optate components
Of the AltOMAtiVOS; tho Ability tO ObtAfIl SOWiC.8, CapACitiOS,
oquipPwnt, and rpocialirts; the ability to mnitor the porformncr an2
effectivenors 'of toci~no~ogios; and the ability to obtain nocossary
approvals from other agencios.
The CO8t estimate8 pr8S8ntOd in this report are ordor-of-magnitude
level estimates. Those costs are based on a variety of information
including quotes from suppliers in the aroa of the site, generic Ur.1:
/" f
F-8 3 37

I
Capital costs includ8 tho88 8xp.nditurrr r0quir.d to implement a
ramdial action. Both dirrct and indir8ct costs u 8 COnSid8r8d in the
d8V8lOpamnt Of C8pit.l COW 8Sthat8S. Dir8ct Colt8 lnClUd8 construe-
tion costs or 8xp.nditur8a for 8q~ipmOntr labor, and matrrials required
to implement a romodial action. Indir8ct Coats includo those assaciat8d
with 8nginoorin9, pi9litting (a8 rOqUir.d), colutnrction 88nagamontr and
other sorvicor necessary to cury out a ramdial action.
Annual OCn coatsr which includo -ration labor, mrint~runce
mat8rialr, and labor, onorgyr and purehasod a o ~ i ~ h8V8 e s ~ also b88n
dot8min.d. Th8 .stat88 includ8 thOS8 Out costs that may b8 incurred
8V.n 8ft.r th8 initial r8PI.di.l ICtfVity iS C-1.t. Tha pr8S8nt worth
costs hav8 bo8n dot8min.d for 30 yo8rs at a f pomnt discount rate.
Tha no-action rltornativo providos a bamlh8 for comparing oth8r
alt8rrut~tna. b.c.uro no ?dial activitior wuld bo hplanontd vith
tho no-utbn rltornatitn, long-tom human hoalth urd onvirorrpl.nu1
risks for tho #it0 oasontirlly wuld bo tho a m
th8 bas8lino risk assosmmnt.
I8 thoso id8ntifi8d in

,
f i
(. I-
- ,
*. I .
. .
Criteria Asaosment
Altemativ. 1 provides no Control Of OX~OSUXO to the contaminated
mil and no toduction in risk to human hoalth posed through the ground
vator.
It also allows for tho postfble continuod migration of the
contaminant pluw and furthor dqradation of tho ground wator.
Becauso no action is boing trkon, it would not meet any rpplicablo
or relovant and appropriato roquir-nts nch as tho for TCE.
This alternrtivo includos no controls for oxposuro and no long-term
management PHOSU~OS. All current and potontirl futuro risks would
ramin undor this altamativo.
This alternetivo provides no roduction in toxicity, mobility, or
volum of tho c0nt.nrinat.d soil or ground urtor through treatmont.
Thore would bo no additional risks prod to tho comunity, tho
yorkors, or the onvironnwnt as a romlt of this rlternativo boing
implomentod.
Thore aro no impl.nnntrbflity concerns posed by this remedy since
no actfor. woulC bo takon.
Tho presont warth cost 'and capital cost of Alternative 1 are
ostimatod to bo SO since thoro would bo no action.
ALTERNATIVE 2-05: -S
All of the miaing rlternrtivos hrvo four cempononts in couunon
(us0 of institutional controls, roconstruction of access road, erection
of a fence around tho sit., and ground vrtor monitoring). Although the
doscription of thoro caapononts is not ropoatod i n tho discussions for
oaeh altornativo, differoncor in thoir plmned implomontation aro ider.-
tificd whoro appropriate.
F-10

0 Institutional controls: The a tant owner h s agreed to ailow
the state to place a deed restriction on the site which would
prohibit soil excavation m d construction of buildings on any
. part of the rite still containing hazardous materials upon
1
completion of the remedy. In addition, a local ground water
well regulation requiring state review. of all installation
plans for ground water wlls would be usod to prohibit the
installation of drinking V8t.X supply ~011s in contaminated
puts of tho aquifer.
o Road reconrtmction: Soar of the road on the site (primarily
near Area 2) would be restabilized rad improvod to allow
construction activities md tho movauent of materials.
o Fencing: Approximately 1,600 foet of fencing would bo
installod uound tho perimeter of the sit. to 'nrtrict public
access. Signs wuning of the pnsutco and potontial danger of
hazardous materials would bo posted on the fonce to further
discourago uruuthoritod access to tho sfto.
o Ground water monitoring: nm new monitoring wells would be
installed offsite.
Analytical results f rm the new wells,
SOIH of tho oxirting wells, and tho rosidential wells woulC be
usod to monitor future conditions and to assess the effec-
titnn.rs of tho final action. Supling would bo conducted
qurrtorly with four replicato 8mpl.S at each -11. The
Srrplor umld bo analyzed for volatilor md mota18 and results
ampard to background values usin9 tho Studont's T-test.
th. 0.m valuo of m y compound at any facility boundary well
is groator th.n background at the 0.0s riqnificmca level in
hro ruc~rrivo sampling rounds, rppropriato investigative and
redial action(s1 wuld bo initiatod a8 nocossary.
'The lq&1 authority to implement deod restrictions vi11 v uy from state
to State. Thereforo, a key factor to consider during the evaluation of
inrtitutlonal controls is whether 8 particular state can actually
impose restrictions on spocific activities or whether their ruthoritics
are limited to nononforce.ble actions such as deed noticos.
F-11
If

ALTERNATIVE 2--CAP AND NATURAL ATENUATION
~h. prbary components of Altornativo 2 arm capping of boar 1 aRd
2 and natural attonuation Of tho contun.Inatod ground wator. Two caps
would be installod, a 3-acrO cap 0V.r Ator 1 (load-cont~minatcd roil)
and a 3-acre cap ovor Ana 2 (TCt-cont.nrinatod Soil). Tho cap would be
consistont with tho Stat0 RCRA landfill Cl08~rO roquiremonts. while
those roquiramentr &ro not applicrblo rincm tho action does not involve
tho disposal of any RCRA hatardour ~a8tor certain cloruro roquiromonts
havo novortholoss boon dotorminod to ba rolov8nt and rppropriato to thls
alto~ativo. Tho Stato’s RCRA requir-ntr uo mor. rpocific and
strinqont than the Fedora1 roquiremonts, which r8quire a cap to have a
pomoability loss than or oqual to tho paranability of natural
undorlying soil. The soil/clay cap8 would includo a 2-foot thick
corpp.ctod clay burior layor with 8 pernrbil~ty not to oxcoed
10’’ =/seer 8 goonot drainago layOrr and 8 *Or hyor -1 to the
avorago frost lovol (approxi.amtoly 3.5 faat) -0 tho barrier layor. .
Thir covor layer would includo 6 inch08 of topsoil and 3 foot of com-
pactod nativo roll mat8rials. Tho drainage 1ay.r and tho oxtra frost
protoetion dopth aro nocossary becauro tho rainfall rat0 would exceed
surfaco m off and ovaporrtion ratos, and tho averago frost depth (3.5
foet) is groater than tho minimum 2 foot of COVO~ rocomendod by t.S.
EOA.
A goonot drainago layor was choson for this altomative since the
Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Porformanco (HELP) d o l showed it to
bo mor. offoctive than sand in controlling loachato production but it is
cosnparablo in cost.
Tho XELP mod01 prodicted a 7S to 80 porcont
roduction in loachato production. Cootoxtilo layors would bo laid on
eithor rid, of tho goonat drain to prownt clogging. A minimum slope of
3 percont uould bo providod to moot rtato roquirwmnts. To achieve this
slope, it is ostimtod that 4,000 cy of backfill matorial from elsewhere
on tho site would havo to be placed prior to cap construction.
To determino the effoct of natural attenuation on the contaminated
ground water, tvo assumptions about the subsurfaeo have boon made.
F-12

First, dospit0 tho fractured naturo of tho bedrock, it has boon assmod
that the nrbsurfaco is h~og~noous to facilitate tho ovaluation.
Second, tho patontial for reduction in TCE concentrations has boon
assess& using a hydro9~olo9ic mod01.
fact that the cap would roduco oxirting loachato production by 75 percont.
This modo1 prodfctod that tho concontration of TCE in tho ground vator
would bo roducod to a 1 x log4 oxcoss cancor risk lovol (280 ug/l) at
the odgo of tho contu~in8t.d soil uoas within 35 yous, a 1 x 10'
OXC~SS caneor risk love1 (28 ug/l) in 60 yeus, and a 1 x IOo6 OXCISS
cmcor risk 1ov.l (2.8 ug/l, approxinutoly mal to the MCL) in
approxhtoly 100 your.
ThO modo1 took into account the
An altornato water supply would bo tncludod in this altornatit*c to
provido a safo and roliablo sourco of drinking vator until lovofs in the
aquifor roachod accoptablo 10~01s. The altoznato aystam would consist
of two now comunity vOllsl installed upgradient of tho contamination,
1,000 to 2,000 feet froar the site and a wator arin along tho county road
to foedor pipes for oach resident. The raquired pumping capacity is
ostiauted to be 100 g p and the umlls muld provide water for tho four
residrntr 1ocat.d closest to tho sfto, downmadient of tho contaminated
plmno.
The -11 water wuld be monitored for Tcf and load as part of
tho sito-wid. Planitoring plan on a srariurnual basis until tho net lovels
aro mot and thon theroaftor consistont wfth the relov~t and appropriate
aspects of tho RClU port-cloruro cuo program.
Critoria Assessment
Although psotoctitn of human health since upomre to all
contamimtion wuld k cantrollod, Alternative 2 wuld allow continuod
migration of the exirtinq contaainatod gnud wator. It Auld provont
exporun to tho coatuinatod soil and wuld mininit. furthor reloaso of
contaminants to tho ground water by limiting future infiltration through
the cap.
'Tho actual location ai thoso wolls would bo detormfnod during prodosiqn
activitios.
F-13

This altrmativ0 would control oxposuro to tho contaminatod ground
water through provision Of an alternate supply of drinking vator and
do8d restrictions until tho McL fOf iS 8vOntually roachod. Tho
ground water MY requit0 UP to 100 yoars of natural attonuation to reach
tho chemical-spcific ARAR Of 5 Ug/l of TCE at thr, odgo of tho cont8m.i~t.d
roil. Landfill cloruro roquiromonts uo not applicablo to
this altornativo sin- the planned actions do not involvo tho disposal
of m y RCRA hrtardous wastot hQwwr, cortain landfill cloruro
raquiremonta h aw boon dotom~ind to bo nlovant and appropriate.
altornativo would moot tho RCRA landfill cloruro roquiramonts by
constructing 8 SOil/clay cap that -8tS tho Stat0 RCR# standards, and
the guidmco spocifications that tho load urd support agoncios have
agrood aro to bo considored (TBC)
In ordor for this altornativo to r-in offoctivo owr tho long-
This
tom, cuoful nuintonmco of tho altomato vator supply through monitor-
ing and priodic ropir of pips md pumps and caroful maintonance of a
hoalthy tngot~tivo layor over tho caps wuld bo roquirod.
damago of tho caps uould bvo to be roprird.
tion in tho cap's hpermoability could rorult fn incrrased loachate
production, rubsoquont ground wator contamination, and the potontial fcr
diroct contact with tho contaminatod soil. Bocauso tho contaminate2
soil would rumin onsitr and bocauso tho ground vator m y romain contam-
inatod above hoalth-barod lovols for 100 yoarr, long-term monitoring,
mhtonanco, and control would bo roquirod undor this altornrtive.
altomato wator supply and institutional controls uould bo urod to limit
risk to prosont &d potential futuro usor8 of the contaminatod ground
vator. The institutional controls would only bo offoctlvo with a hish
dogroo of certainty in tho short tom, not ovor in tho long tom; once
all dorign a d conrtmction activitios aro comploto.
municipality cannot mnur tho onforcoability of tho local wator use
r.gulation boyond a tow yoars. Bocauro this altornativo would have
hazardous substancor onsito, reviov would bo conductrd at loast every
5 yoats to onruro that tho romody continuos to provtdo adequate
Any erosional
Pailuro to addrrss reduc-
protbetfon of human hoalth ar.d tho enviromont in accordance with CERCL;.
s 1 21lC).
F-14
Tho local
An
343

withfn an astinutod 6 month8 of boginning conrt~ction, the caps
and tho altomato wator supply wuld bo instalhd prwentinq direct
exporure and roducing ground wator contaminant migration.
Provision of
the alterrrato wator rupply would alleoiak tho ti8k from ingostion of
contaminatad ground wator.
The potential for a rlight, tamp0r.q
incroaro of risk to tho coaPmrnity (ub workerr) duo to particulate
emissions during construction of the cap8 wuld bo controlled throuqh
tho US. of dust control toehnoloqier (..go, vator or foam sprays).
NO SpCial tOChnfqUO8r WtOrflilSr FdtS, or labor Would bo
roquirod to conrtnrct oithor tho wollr or crpr.
clay are available locally, within 20 milos of the rito. About
50,000 cy of roil and clay would be mdod to COMtmJCt the caps.
action could bo enhurc.6 by ~thrging tho cap8 U mom contamination
woro dircovored and by oxp8nding tho a~tonmto w8to~ rupply if mor.
rosidontr woro affectad thrn originally 08tiaat.d.
Tho nativo soil md
The 30-yoar prorent worth art of this altornative is ostimatod to
bo $4,800,000, with a capital coat of SJ1200,0O0 urd an annual Oen cost
of S60,OOC. Tho capit81 colt ir prl.muily for tho inrtallatfon of the
caps. The .nnurl OLH cortr am primarily for t h ground water
monitoriag proqru md for maintaining tho capo.
This altornative conrirtr of capping Aror 1 (lord-contminatod
roil) With the 8- 80il/Clay Cap a8 dorcribd in AltOMatiVO 2 (2 feet
of clay undorlyfng a surface drainago layor md 3.5 foot of roil), using
in situ vapor oxtraction to trort tho TCE-cont8akinrtod soil in Area 2,
The
,

extracting the ground water, and treating it onsite through an air
stripping system and discharging it to a tributary of North Creek.
me soil vapor extraction trchnolopy involves COlhCtiOn of soil
vapor from the unsaturated zone by applying a VaCUIIDI at a series of
extraction points. The vacuum not only draws vapor fram the unsaturated
zone, but a h0 d8Cr8a88S the preSSUr8 udund the soil particles, thereby
releasing additional volatiles. In addition, due to the pressure
diffrnntial, Clem ai? fr- the atamphere 8nt8rS the Soil to replace
the uctractod air.
Pilot tests conducted during the RI showd vapor extraction to be a
feasible md effective tochnology for r.PloVing TCZ frora the soil at this
rite. It is anticipated that the 'PCE can be removed to 56 ppm which is
the 1 x loo6 risk level for the direct contact 8XpOSUr8 route vlthin 3
to 5 years. This ropresents a 99.9 percent reduction in the concentra-
tion. To provide fluibility of operationr the cont.lafMt8d area vould
bo divided into two discreto areasr each with its own vapor extraction
ryrtmm.
The major components of each vapor extraction system would
include: 20 extraction U811Sr the nec8SSay piping and ValVeS, and a
positive displacement blowr (vacum pump). The air discharged woult be
sent through two activrted carbon units and the carbon would be
regonerated for reuse.
88CaUS8 the evacuation and collection of volrtiles would be throqh
a vacuum ryste~, volatile contaminants would ba controlled as a single
point .nission. The potential for fugitive losres of air contaminants
would bo minimal.
A g m d
water extraction scenario consisting of fiva wells at a
combined pumping rrto of 300 gpm VIS select& after a series of
numerical simulations with a variety of well urangomonts. This
arrangement vas found to provide more rapid restoration of the shallow
aquifer than other arrang8ments 8VllUat8d (880 Chapter b Of the FS).
The three onsite extraction wells would bo located withi3 the TCE pl--e
but downgradient of its center. They would reverse the natural crctL?f
F-16

The ground watrr modo1 shahtion for this scrnario a sswd that
the soil r8medial action would include tr88tlMnt of th8 TCE-contaminated
soil to lev818 indicated rbov8, m d th8t th8 h&d-contminat8d soil
would be capped. Tho simulation indic8t.d that tho rhallov aquifer
could be r8stor8d to 5 ug/l (MCL) in 25 to 40 y8arr. Without soil
romediation, from 60 to 100 y88rS would bo requirrd.
Monitoring vould
b8 ur8d to det8rmfn8 when the ground Water elranup goal of 5 ug/l had
been roached at the boundarias of the W8StO nunagemant u ea and to
8VuUAt8 the 8ff8CtiVOn8SS Of the 81tetn8tiVO.
To troat tho utzaetd ground V8t.1, 8n air strippor uould be
constnrcted on tho sit.
packod tower, her8 air onterr at tho bottom 8nd 8xhaustr at the top
while th8 ground water flows down through the modi..
would be 8pproxiPutely 45 f88t tall urd 4 f88t In diametor and would be
designed to m et fh. porformanco goal of S ug/l Tcf concentrations.
exhaust air would bo dischatged through carbon bod8 to colloct tho
volatile8 by adsorption, Tho carbon would bo sont offsit8 for rogonera-.
tion upon bed oxhumtion.
tho ground vator, no protroatmont to prettont fouling of the rfr stripper
would bo toquired,
Tho air strippor wuld be a countor-current
Tho air stripper
DOC~UH littlo iton or othor motals aro in
Upon caaplo*Aon of ground wator trratmnt, tho vator vould be
dirchrrged offsit8 to the noarby trfbutary of North Crr8k.
pormit would bo obtained bofore Implemontation.
An NPDES
The

Criteria Assosnnent
This altomativo would PrOtOCt both hmm health a d the environ-
ment. Soil vapor oxtraction and the cap OVor tho contaminated soil
would redu'ce risk to h\nnan health by diroct contact and soil inqertion.
Ground water oxtraction and onsite troatment wuld reduce tho threat to
human health by ingestion of contaminated ground watorr and reduce the
possibility of further environmental dogradation.
This alternative would Wet the )3cL for TCL. To met action-
specific ARAR., the air troatment Systems for this alternativo uould be
dosigned to met Stat. air pollution control standards.
analysis also indicates that the ground water treauaent system can be
designed to meet State HPDES UmitrtiOnS which will result in no
excoedancos of the Water Quality Standards in the croak.
treatment of the TCE-contminatod soil would ba conducted ontirely
ia situ and the TCE i s not a listad, RCRA hu8rdous waster placement of
RCRC, hazardous waste would not occur and the land disposal restrictions
would not b. applicable nor relevant .lid appropriate.
over Arm. 1 would met the State ReRA roquir.nwnts for landfill closure
as under Altornative 2.
Preliminary
Because the
The cap constructed
To provide for long-te.m offectiveness of this altornative, careful
z~intonance of the controls would be needed. As discussed for
Altornative 2, the alte~ato water supply urd cap would roquiro maiz-
tonance. Further ground water contamination is reducod by romoval of
TCE through soil vapor extraction.
adgrate rapidly, failun of the cap wuld incroare tho potontial risk
through direct contact but poso littlo or no concern for furthor gr0ur.d
water contamination. Hunun hoaltb risks pos8d by ingestion of ground
vator in the future would be roduced to less than 5 ug/l by tho pump a5d
troat systms. However, bocauso of the fracturod naturo of the bedrock,
tho ability of the pump and troat systom to effectively reach the c1ear.w
qoal is fairly uncortain.
Becauso lead is not expectod to
To detogmine its long-term effectiveness and
to lessen tho uncortainty of reaching cleanup goals, the ground ware:
pump and treat systems would be monltorod under a long-term prooram.
F-18

vapor oxtraction is m irreversibh treatment process that would
rduce tho toxicity of contaminated soil by removing over 99.9 percent
of TCB from 20,000 cy of soil.
1
The TCZ would be collected on carbon,
The air strippar would also tduC8 the toxicity and mobility of TtE in
the ground water.
carbon 8nd destroyed during regeneration nuking this ground vater
treatment component irreversibh. This altmnative would leave
25,000 cy of untreated lrad-cont&minated moil onrite under a soil/clay
cap. his altenative meets the statutory preference for using
treatment as a principal e lmnt since the principal threats aro
addressed through treatmont.
Contaminants in the air rtream would be colhcted on
During oparation of the vapor extraction myitom, the contaminated
roil wuld -in U1ICOV8mdr although tho face to bo inrtallod around
the site would dimcourage trerparr8rS and 1hlt potrntial expomure.
Although unlikely, the possfbilfty of a -11 additional risk through
inhalation to the m i t y
would exist i f the extracted air collection
SyStm Vlr8 ta fail. AS With tho Vapor 8XU8CtiOn thore is
the slight additional ri8k of failure of the air collectior! system on
tho air rtrippor.
would be u rd to 8hirlZO my faflutor of the components.
oxtraction and traatmont myrteau are installed, th4 contaninant plum.
w l d bogin to r od0 from its current prition.
40 yrars #urd be roquirwl to roach ground vator romdirtion goals, and
3 to S your of roil vapor 8xtrretiOn uould bo nqufrod to reach soil
rrmodiation goals.
Safoty t.chniquor includin9 mnitoring the equipment
Once the
BonMn 25 and
ITCE would bo destroyed by Incineration when the carbon is r8g8n8rated.
F-19
I

This altonative involves tho use of proven t8chnologios. The cap
r0quir.r 25,000 cy of mil and clay to be brought to the sitor placed,
and graded to mnstmCt tho Cap. The onsite air strippar and both
gaseous carbon adsorption SySta tOq’~it0 avaihblo equipment. Operation
of the alternative would require frequent monitoring of the ground
Water and the air t0 888.88 the ~ff~Ctiv~n~SS Of the .Oil vapor
extraction and ground water axtraction m d troamant 8yst.m~.
ling oparating conditions would be nocesrary to improve tho
offectivenesr of there ryst-. Soil vapor extraction usas roliable
oquipmant.
detemino tha -rating pruwtrrs of the alternative, such as air flow
rate in the air strippar, the blower 8 p.d in the vapor extraction
systam, and TCE in the uthaust gas.
expanded if additional contamination wate discovarad.
Control-
Enginmering judgnnnt would be roquirod during operation to
All Of the components could be
The 30-yoar prarent w o e cort is ortinrated to be 57,300,000 with a
projectad 53,300,000 for capital .rp.nditurer and $440,000 for yrar 1
annul OCH costs.
by the ground uatar treatment system.
The mort .1Lp.nsIve it= is the SOil/Chy cap followed
ating tha soil and ground water treatlprnt systems from year 1 to 5.
Aftor year 5 the OCH costs would drop to approximately S200,000 to
continuo ground water treafanant and monitoring.
The OCH costs wuld cover oper-
ALTERNATIVE 4-IN SITU SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION, IN SITV SOZL FIXATZ2N,
CAP, AK3 GROUND WATZR PUXP AND TREAT
This altaxnative includas in situ soil vapor extraction of
TCE-contamimtad mil (Area 21, in situ soil fixation of
lead-contaminated roil (Area 11, cap (Area 1) , urd ground water pump ar.2
tr8at COBpOSHntS Of Altam8tiVO 3.
Tho moirture content of the roil h8S been detomined to be
approximately SO porcent udor worst case conditions.
infomation and results fran vendor tests, it h&8 been detormined that a
minimum dose of onc part solidification reagont to two parts soil 1s
required for migration control of lead.
Using this
Testing has show that the
r-20 3ct9

optimum solidification reagent mixture would consist of approximately So
percent fly ash and 50 Parcant kiln dust. Thus, approximtely 7,000
tons each of fly ash and C-nt kiln dust would k required. The
reagents vould be added in situ W i t h a backhoe. As one area of the soil
is fixed, the .quimnt could be nr0V.d onto the fixed roil to blend the
nut saction. It is 8nticip.t.d that the soil volrrpn wuld oxpand
approximately 20 p8reent due to the fixation p ~ors. This additional
volume would bo uS8d to achieve the needed slope for the cap.
A RCRA
80il/chy Cap PhCed 0V.r the 8Olidifi.d mtrtial f8 n8C8SSaty to
prevent infiltration md additional hydraulic stress on the fixed soil.
It is estimated that the fixation would reduce lead mfpration by
40.parcent and that the fixed sofl wuld pass the EPTox levels for lead.
Criteria Assessmnt
This altOmatiV8 would protect human health and the enviromnt.
This alternative protects against direct eontact w ith contaminated soil
and further ground water dmgrrdation by treating put of the soil and
fixing and capping tho r-ining roil.
contaminated ground wator by collecting m d ttrrting the affected
aquifer to hoalth-bared levels.
It psotwtr, against ingestion of
This alternative moats the KL for TCE and action-specific ARAPS
such as air and water dircharqe limits. A8 with Aftornative 3, the lard
disposal nrtrictionr are not m ARAR for this alternative since
placement door not occur. The cap wuld moot State RCRA requitunents
for landfill clororo.
Tho 10n9-t8rP effectivrnesr of this alteMatiw wuld be enhanced
by tho rpplicatiorr of tsaatmont technologier that roduce the inherent
muds por.6 by the sourc.81 all of the contaminated soil would be
trertod or immnallitod by fixation and the contaminated ground water
would also be extracted md treated.
failuro in Area 1, the fix& soil would pose ltttlo if my risk of
qround water contamination.
tven in the unlikely event of cap
The potential for cap failure would be

minimirod through the maintenance program.
roquiro a 5-yoar review.
This altOrnativo vould also
soil vapor oxtraction and air stripping with gaseous carbon
ad8orption ara irrovorsib~o. Soil fixation would roduce tha mobility of
lard by about 40 portont but would incroaso tho volumo of contaminated
soil from 25,000 cy to about 30,000 cy.
ca~lplotely irrovorsiblo, tho possibility oxists that tho contaminants
could rogafn s a mobility should tho crp fail. Howovor, tho risk would
bo small. Tho rosidul soil rrruining follaving troatamnt would not
pro a risk to human hoalth or tho onvironmnt. This altornative
satisfies the statutory proforonco for using troatment as a principal
elomont sinco it addrorsos principal throats posod by the site through
troatment.
Although this tochnology is not
During tho vapor oxtraction procoss, tho contu~inatod soil would be
uncov.red and tho ptontial uists for contaminant roloaso into tho air
(although the risk would bo aull duo to tho control systun that would
bo used). In situ roil firtation vould roloaso sema puticulato autter
into tho rtnrorphoro. XQVOVO~, tho fixation procoss would roquire only a
fow wnths for impl.raantation, lossoning tho lfkolihood of any potential
risk.
Dust control aOthod8 wuld b8 usod to limit the rolease of
particulato mttor.
Xmplomentabillty information for tho soil vapor oxtraction system,
tho cap, and tho ground wator p p
and troat systo~u to bo urod for this ovalution, is pravidod undor Altornatitn 3. As for tho additional
fixation pmeess, vondors noodod to fix tho soil aro roadily available.
Tho noces8ary roagents 4x0 available within SO milos of tho site.
of the corpononts could be urp.ndod if .bbiti~!ml contadnation was
d is covorad .
Tho 30-yoar prosont worth cost of this altornativo is estimated to
bo 510,200,000.
Tho primary cost items aro tho cap, tho ground water
treaMerrt ryrten, and tho soil fixation of Aroa 2. Tho capital cost is
estimated to be 56,200,000, with an annual ocn cost of 5480,000 for
F-22
All
.

first 5 years.
Aftor Year 5, tho 06n Costs vould doctease to 5200,000
for ground vator treatment and monitoring.
This alternativo contains companonts of Alternative8 3 and 4 but
introducos a thorn1 dostruction copponent to addross tho TCE-
contrminatod roil. The had-contunlnatod roil in Area 1 would be fixed
and covorod With a SOiI/Chy Cap, doscribod in Altem&tiVO 4. The
ground wrtor would be addrosud through pumping md txeating, via an air
strippor, as describod in Altornativor 3 and 4. The TCE-contaminated
soil in Area 2 would be excavated and trertod onsit. by r thormal
dostruction unit.
For tho purposos of this analysis, tho thormal dostruction unit is
us& to bo a rotary kiln unit. Tho apoclflc typo of lnclnerrtion
would bo d0torPlin.d in tho Rdlrl Dorlgn pharo rftor cmpotitivo bidding
h r talcon placo. Tho incinorator #urd bo mbilitd, oporrtod, and closed
according to tho spoclflc raq~ironmnt8 found in ZECRA, Subpart 0 (40 cFR
264.340). Tho nrbrturtivo rrquir.lwntr of tho pomritting procoss,
though not applicable bocausr tho action door not involvo RCRA-regulated
hrtrrdour bmSt.8 havo boon dotozminod to bo relovant and rpptopriate. A
dlseussion of tho ARARa rrraefatod w ith tho rasmdfation of Arra 1 ahC
the ground vator CUI k found undo? Altrnutivo 4.
It is 0rthst.d that approximately 20,000 cy of contaminated soil
would noed to ba utavrt.6 urd tnrted.
mo risk fra tho remaining
soil would not uccood 1 x 10" oxeoss cancor rirk hvol as soil
contaAnh9 TQ at coacontrrtlons grorter thrn S6 ppa would be oxcrvated.
Thoto u o still sao uneortrintior with this trolumo ortinuto ro it would
bo nrcossrry' to Samp10 during oxcavrtlon to dotomino whon sufficient
mtorfrl has boon romovod.
Incinoration of roils contaminated with organic compounds is a
provon tochnology. Conservative ortinutos about the organic and
F-23

mirture contontr were nude to dovelop the incinoration component.
incinerator would bo OPOrated continUoUSly (24 hoUrS/dry
in order to roduce the t hem1 stress on the refractory, although somo
d m ti= would bo required (20 WtCOnt) for r8gul.r aintenutco. Due
to the noed to maintain continuous oporation, a waste pile for the
purposo of tomporary storago wuld be constnrcted in accordurco with tho
relevant and apptOpri.tO rquirmwntr of RCRA (40 CFR 264.251) which
roquires a liner and loachate collection systom. This rtorage vauld
ensure operation during periods of poor tmathor when excavation may not
bo possible.
T ~ O
365 days/yoar)
Tho incinerator would operate at a food rate of 3.5 tonshr. At
this feod rate an& assuming that about 2Or0O0 cy of mterial wuld be
excavatedr more than 1 year uould be rmquired for incinoration. About
30 g8llOnr/hr of fuel oil would bo roquir.6 to run tho incinorator.
is assumed that tho incinerator would be operated to achiovo
99.8 porcont TCE removal fraP the mil and a destnrction officiency as
required by RCRA. Specific opiating practicer to meet tho performance
abjectivosr including 99.99 pucont destruction of rtack emissions as
dictatod by Subpart 0 of ERA, would be dotormined through a trial burn
at the site after installation of the incinerator. Other performance
standards includo hydrogen chloride emissions not to excrod 1.8 kghr
&nd particulatr utter omissions of less than 0.08 grains per day
rtandud cubic foot.
The facility would US. a dry 8crubb.r ryrtem for omission control,
which would alraost olhinato tho nood for wastewater treatmont.
vator f ra dsrion control and fraQ docontamination procedures would be
treated in tho onsite ground water treatmont systom.
and.colloet.6 ash ir ass- to bo nonhuarbous and can be disposed of
in a -lid warto disposal facility in caapli.nco with Subtitle D of
RCRA. In the wont that they cannot be dolisted due to the presence cf
motah, either residual8 will bo nunagod as part of tho closure of
Area 2 (load-contrminated roil).
t-2 4
Any
It
Tho roridual soil

Critoria Asserrmnt
This altomative would be prot@ctfve of human hoalth a d tho onviroment.
~ho contaminated ground water would be collected rnd trortod,
rducinq furthor the threat Of ingosting contaminrtod ground water. The
risk from ingosting ground water wuld ba lowerod to loss thrn 1 x ioo6.
The diroct contact risk wuld be rm9uc.d by fixing soil excooding
200 mg/kg lord and incinerating TCE-contdnated soil with an excoss
cancer risk level greator than 1 x 10 -6
Although this alternative would involve the excrvation and placm-
ment'of wasto, thus nuking the land disposal restrictions r potontial
ARhRr TCE-Contaminated soil at this site i8 not a ERA hazardous waste
and therofore these requireawnts wuld not be applicable.
The U.S. $PA
is undertaking 8n LDR rul.Puking that Will rpeeifically apply to soil
and dobris. Until that rulemaking is eomplet.6, the CLRCU program will
not conrider tho land dirporal rortrictio~ to bo rolovant and rppro-
priato to roil and d8brir that doer mt contain RCRA-rortrictod wastes.
Tho 1Ong-toHl Off.CtfVOn088 Of tbi# 81t.matfVm fS enh8nC.d by the
dortruction of about half of tho eont.lain8t.d roil by thermal destruc-
tion and roduction in the mobility of coatrmimts in the other half
through fixation. Tho ground vator pump and ttaat component is also
effoctivo but wuld raquin long-tprm -gamont or monitoring and maih-
ternnee. Tho aroa wh.ro soil ir t.Iw.8 for iacineration would not
roquin long-tom .onitorring whoroar tho c0nt.rrinat.d roil that is fixed
would remain undor a cap mb would nqrtin long-tom monitoring and
nuintumncm. Thia altrrnativo could bo .nh.ncad to effectfvaly control
greatu uoar of contunination or different contrainants (i.e.8 possible
emtalr in Ana 2). Bocauw tho fixod soil will rauin onriter this
altorn8tiVO would nquiro a S-year nriru.
This alternative roduces tho toxicity, mobility, and oolur of soil
ContUfIkmntr by iacinoration. Incineration wuld destroy an estimatod
99.0 percent of the hazardous constituent8 prorknt in the roil of Area
2, barod on previous exporionco with this tochnology at other rites.

Appracinutely 18,000 CY of treated 8011 that would poso minimal risk to
h a
health or the environment would be disposed offsite in the local
mUicip.1 landfill.
ApPtoxbAtOly 30,000 Cy Of Iofl in Area 1 would
r.rpain although tho PlObilitY of tho lead would bo reduced by
approximately 40 percont through fixation. Virtually no risk from this
mil would exist as long AS the cap is properly mbintained to control
exposuro. Ninety-six percent of the contaminmts in the ground water
would be r.nroved and eventually destroyed as discussed under
A1tOmAtiVeS 3 m d 4.
This AlternAtivO met8 the Statutory preforence
for using treatmont as A principal el-nt since it addrorses the
principal threats posed by the sit. through treatment.
Fixation would roquin approx~tely 6 WnthS to cosapleto and would
potontially ralease particulate matter into the air.
incineration would require approxiartely a y eu rnd MY release
volatiles into tho air. The lninor risks frop both situations to both
wrkarr and the m i t y
would be toaporary.
covers would bo u rd to further d nUte tho likelihood of risk. The
additional risk to wrkorr through operating an incinerator (because of
the caaplexity of the equipment m d the high oprrtional tempratures)
would be mitigated through the propor use of safoty protocols, proper
drainage controls, and restrictions on access to contaminated areas.
Although omissions from the incinerator would comply with all air
quality rogulationr, potential Accidental reloases could temporarily
affect air quality in the vicinity of tho sit.
Excavation and
Air monitoring and foam
Thi8 AltarnatLw inherently difficult to implement duo to the
incinu8tion ccmponent.
-ration of an incinerator i s mechanically
CapPlU .ab has stxingent monitoring tequirmnnts to provide proper
prforrmce. Conroquontly, the incinerator ud associated facilities
In
rvire highly trained staff and A substantial rnrount of attention.
addition, it may be necessary to postpone the Iqlrmentation until ac
available mobile incinerator can bo found. ff- mota1 concentrations in
the mil are very high, incineration would not be used and the soil
vould be fixed along with the soil in Area 1.
F-26

It has been ertimatod that tho PtOsOnt Wrth cost for this altcrna-
tiv. wuld be $16,0OO,~or Primarily because of tho incinoration componezt.
The capital cost would b. $13r000~000 and the first year annual
O&M is estimated at S1,2001000 with m8t Of tho Cost as a result of
oporating the inelnorator.
$2oOrO00 since only the ground vator troatamnt and monitoring syrtrar
would b8 oporating.
Subroquont yoar OCM costs wouldbo about
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
In tho follwing UWlySi8r tho a~tomrtivos are ovrluatod in
rolrtion to on. mothor for oach of tho ovaluation criteria.' The
pU-88 Of this 8n81y8fS i8 to idontify tho -1btiVO 8dV8n-g.8 and
All of tho altornativosr oxcopt AltOMatiVO 1 bo action), provide
adoquato protoction of human hoalth rnd th8 onv&rolm#nt.
diroct contact and g d
vator ingostion aro roducod to cancer risk
and 5 provent furthor migration of tho contrrinatod ground watar by
rxtrrcting and tnating tha plw to horlth-bard ARM lmtols.
Usk through
1Ov.h th.n 1 X lod throtrgh OWh 9.thvry. UtOmatiV.8 2, dr
AltuMtivo 2 rchiotnr protoction by provonting urporuro through
capping 8Jtd natural rttoaurtion of the conunrfnrtod grouad water.
AltOmatitn 3 codfn.8 trrrrtPwnt to ndum tho rirk f- th
TCE-cont~inrtod roil rad 9round vator and capping of tho lord aroa.
Alternatives 4 rnd 5 roduco rirkr po8.d by all portions of tho site
through troatmont.
I
Stat0 and community accoptar.ee will bo addrorsod ir. the ROD follo~*;:S
comments on tho RfnS roport and tho propored plan.
fP P-2 7

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Thoro is son10 UcortaintY .bout tho Potrntial prosonco of umtals i n
tho x~-containat~d soil of Aroa 2.
If mota1 concontrations of concern
are present, only Alt0rnatiV.S 2 and 5 would protect against direct
Contact and furthor ground-vator contamination through a cap and
incinoration, nspoctfv.lY.
Incineration of -tal-contminatod soil may
rosult in a hazardous -St0 rosfduo which uould havo to bo disposed of
in a hazardous waste landfill.
oxtraction to r d y tho roil in AroA 2.
Altomativos 3 and 4 roly on vapor
Soil vapor oxtraction would
not lowr risks frols mota18 to human hoalth or tho onvirarmwnt.
Tho evaluation Of tho Ability Of tho AlternrtiWS to comply with
ARARS includrd a roviov of chemical-specific and action-spocific ARARS
that vas prosontod o~rllor in tho roport.
Thoro uo no known
location-specific ARMS for this sito. All altornatlvos will moot all
of thoir rospoctivo ARARa ucopt tho no-action altorn~tla.
Aftornativos 4 and 5 afford tho highoat dogroos of long-tom
offoctivonoss and po-nonco bocauro both altomrtivos use treatment or
fixatfor: tOChnOlogiOS to nduC0 hazard# po8.d by All known WlSfOS at the
sit. whilo soma c0ntaminat.d roil would ramah aftrr implomontation of
both altOmAtiVO#, it -1d bO fhOd to mobilfty. T~OSO tu0
altornativor diffu only in tho tuhnology u8.d to -At tho TCE-ladon
roil. Although fncfnorrtton veuld dortroy mro Tct th.n roll vapor
o%trrcfion, both altomrtivos rduco rfrk8 pord by th*uarto to a 1 x
loo6 cmcor risk levels thmugh both tho ground wator md soil pathways.
Altunativor 4 urd 5 -1d roly on a soil/cl&y Cap to control
infiltrat~on, a r r ~ a tochnoloqy ~ r if properly auint~inod In
addition, Altornatitn 5 vould alro oploy a rolid warto landfill to
mnago tho rorlduo from incinoration. Upon coaplotion, SOB. long-term
nuhtonanco of tho cap and ground wator monitoring would bo roquirod fcr
both altornatives until tho altornativo has mot tho horlth-bared cleanw
F-3 5
.

goals for ground water, at which point the mnftoring CM be
discontinued.
These alternatives would have a-st no long-term
relirnca on institutional controls.
Alternative 3 eliminates the risk of exposure at the site to the
same levels as AlternatiVes 4 and 5 in the short-term; however, it
relies solely upon 8 cap for controlling the Wart. remaining in Area 1.
Although capping is 8n Offectfve 8nd aCCeptd approach for reducing risk
from diroct contact w ith Y8SteSr it 18 le88 ralirble in the long-term
than trsamnt to ramove or fix contaminants in roil since the inherent
hazard of the lead would ramain.
however mall, would exist, the long-term effectiveness of Alternative 3
would not be as reliable 88 AlternatitnS 4 ud 5. Lonq-tem managuner.t
requirwnts for Alternative 3 are sbrilu a8 thore of Alternative 4 or
5; -ration of the ground water
r.quir.6 for 25 to 40 yeus.
Altunative 3 i s greater than the cappod uels under Alternatives 4
and 5.
Since a potential for cap failure,
8nd moat syrtrau would be
Hwewr, the c8Pp.d area under
Alternative 2 leaves all of the contaminated waste at the site and
relies solely upon a cap and institutional controls to prevent exposure.
Although the alternate water supply lwers the risk of ingesting cor-
taminatod ground water from existing wells, the local municipality esti-
mate$ that the wtirtfng regulations to be ured as institutional controls
would not be effective w ith a high dogree of certainty for more thar. 5
to 10 years in preventing tho installation of now wells and the
ingestion of coatrrirutod ground water.
Altunative 2 also has long-tam ground water Plonitoring and cap
nuint.nrnc0 roquiz8aonts (mowing, revogetation, cap repair) which are
more critical for the offectiveness of this 81teMatiVe since all of the
waste (without any typo of treatment to roduce their mobility, toxic:tsr
or volttlll.) rrnuinr at the site under the caps.
F8ilute to detect a
problan with the cap m y result in direct contact with the contaminated
Soil and further decradation of the ground water through leachate FrCduction.
Monitoring will continue until the health-based cleanup qoals
F-36

ut8m&fiVmS 4 and 5 ur8 treatatant or fixation t8ChnOlOga8S to
raduca the inh8rant hazardr porad by a11 known warto at th8 rita.
of thare rltamativar kuld aithar trart, fix8 or axcavrta and
~0th
Incinerrta a11 rail poring mra than r 1 x loo6 axcam cancer risk level
by ingertion. Both rltarnativar treat th8 ground wrtar rad than treat
tho contaminatad air strarm frm tha air rtrippar with CAC.
Raganaration of tho GAC ultiaatrly dartroyr tha TCL. Tha soil vapor
axtraction system alao contain8 GAC grraour traatamnt.
altmrnativar also fLx tha roil contamhatad with had8 raducing the
mobility of tha lard by an a rthtod 40 porcant.
coaplataly trartr a11 of tha roil at the rita.
produce 308000 cy of ftrr.4 roil, and 18,000 to 20,000 cy of treatad
roil. Undor Altunativa S, 188000 cy of soil (with 99.8 porcant of tho
doatroy.6) tmuld ramin. Undar Altornatitn 48 208000 cy of roil
(with 99.9 porcont of tho T& tamV.d urd u lthtaly d8rtroy.d) would
ramin.
for trartnmnt as I principal alawnt.
Both
Nmithar rltarnrtive
Both altarnativos
Thra hro altmmativar would rrtfrfy tha rtrtutory prafarrnee
Altornrtive 3 troatr tha principal thraatr porad by tha roil and
tha ground wator -6 thus rho utiSff88 tho Statutory prafarrnca for
tr8atYnt a8 pr%llCiP.l 0l-t.
Am-toly 2StOOO Cy of
h.da-Mt& mu voold -ita. Hm8r8 th8
mobility of this load is vory lw. Altmtiw 3 roduear tha toxicity
of 20,000 y of TCL-eontrainatad roil by using roil vapor axtraction’at
Ana 1. ~tUllativ, 3 also raduc88 tho OOlumO urd toxicity of contdnatod
ground watar.
Altarnative 2 w.8 no trartrwnt tachnologias. All of tha
contaminated roil, controfhd by r CAP, ud all of tho contaminrtrd
ground watar would main, although tha contaminants In tho groundwater
will naturally rttanurta.
F-3 7

Altamative 2 is anticipated to h aw the greatast short-tom
effaetivenass. Alternative 2 presents the least amount of risk to
workat., the comunity, and the enviromnt. SOQI p~rticulato emissions
fram cap installation is mticipatad during implamantationr houevar,
dust control nrthods should radum this risk.
could ralease volatile8 during excavation activities or soil vapor
axtraction.
Tha othar alternatives
Thara -irrions m y ba more difficult to control.
The tima raquirad to achiave short-term protection vould be shorter
than for m y other alternstiva.
It is antieip8t.d that only 6 months
would bo t.quir.6 to inlt.11 a naw c8P 8nd to provida m alternate water
8Upply. Altem8tiV.S 3 m d 40 bVOlVh9 V8pot @xtraCtiCin r8quiro 3 to
5 yaur before the risk frcrn direct soil contact ud ingartion is
controlled.
Altarnrtfwr 3 and 4 ara vary rinrilu w ith nrpct to ahort-term
effectivenasr.
tha most tima of tha rourca control actions. mare is a meall potentmi
for risk to the cammunity, workers, and tha environmant through volatile
emissions during extraction to the air in tha unlikely event of control
failure.
Xraplmmnting the m il vapor axtraction syrtaa raquires
Alternative S would taka longar to Uplament than Alternative 2 and
has a greatar potantial of ralarring volatiler to tha atmosphere during
excavation than A1tarnrtivar 3 urd 4.
Altarnativa S wuld take laas time than Altenutivar 3 and 4 rinco
incineration would require lerr tinw than roil vapor axtraction to
rewdiata the mil to -fa levels.
Of volatila aairrionr during excavation that would nead to ba controlled.
Altarnativa 5 has tha diSadVant8go of requiring incinerrtion aquipment
(the mrt technfcally comg1.x equipone of my of the alternatives)
which could increara the risk to workers in the event of a failuro.
Careful implemantation of standard safety protocol8 would lossen this
risk.
F-3 e
Reuaver, -1-ntation of
Rowever there MY bo a possibility

Altomativo 2 would ba tho simplost to Constmet md oporato.
while construction Of a cap would hrvo significant matorials handling
r.~~iromnts, tho mataria18 8re 8VaihblO locally.
could incorpor8to 0th.r U.88 of contamination if discovarod during
activitios at tho sit., specifically if motals bacuma an issuo at
Area 2. Oariodic ~mintOn8nC. of tho cap should control its taliability
in tho futura. The ground ~8tar mnitoring program would dotarmino the
affectivanars of tha cap at docrearing futuro contamination of the
ground vator.
drinking wator daspito tho fracturad naturo of tha rquifrr.
Wnsion of tho cap
Tho alternate vator supply would reliably supply safo
Construction roquir.nunts for Altornativo 3 are fairly simple.
Altorrutivo 3 h8S mora oparational raquiroamntr than Mtotrutivar i
and 2 kcaura 02 tho soil vapor axtraction ry8t.m and tho air stripper.
~l with tho othor altornativar, if additional contamination is found at
tha sit., tha coapolr.ntr could bo shod to includo tho additional uear.
EIQWvor, if nt.18 won found in Ama I, mil v8p? oxtraction wuld not
offoctiwly trut tho soil urd mothor tachnology would naad to ba used
to control tho risk from diroct contact.
Soil vapor oxtraction is a fairly rrliabla tachnology bOt8uSe cf
its mchanicrl rirsplicity. Vory littla dwntfaw ir anticipated.
HOWVar, b8 With any in fitu tr08t#nt .Ylt.OL, 8ampl.S throughout tho
roil (both varying in location rad in dapthh, art bo taken fraquontly to
dotamino th. offoetivonorr of tho technology.
Altonutivo 3 would roquin roadfly avrilabla onginwring sarvices
and mp MtUials. An air rtrippor could nrdily bo obtainad and con-
rtructod onrito. All of tho troa-nt tachnologior proporad for this
altomatavo aro protnn.
offoctivanors of tho ground vator oxtractiosr ryrtr in tho fractured
rquifor.
Hwovar, it would bo difficult to evaluatr the
It would ba difficult to dotorrfna vhon to install oxtraction
wells to intorcapt contamination sinca tho frreturor would ba difficult
to locata. Additional treatability stu&ier for tho soil troatmont cam-
F-39

ponont of this altemativ. md son10 frrcturo traco analysis would holp
ensuro the succoss of this altornativo.
Altomative 4 is DID?. compfox than Altornative 3 bocauso of the
in ritu soil fixation caaponont. Whilo this coaponont has no additional
operation roquirmmmnts, it vould roquire additional construction
tochniquos that would AVO to bo suppli.6 by specialists in this area.
Vendors for roil fixation uo roadily available. Additional treatability
wrk may be required to optimize tho rorgont doses. Other than tho
in situ solidification -nomr Altornativo 4 is aimilar to
Alternative 3 in tom of iaplanontrbility. HIQVW~~, tho solidification
componont could be easily u rd on Are8 2 if significant motal'
contamination weto found.
Alt8rnative 5 i8 tho mSt CO6ple% altOmatiV0 to COMtNCt and,
during implam.ntition, to operato
frmquont downtiam duo to wchanical caaploxity. ktcinorrtion could
reliably mot tho clo.nttp goals.
located and brought onsit@. During opration of tho inclnerator, this
altomative would toquire the most attention becausa incfnorat~rs
roquire poriodic sampling of the residuo and modification of operatinc
pararmtors. HOWOVO~, the incinorator vould oporato for slightly more
than a yoar, wheroas the roil vapor axtraction syrtizn of Alternative 4
vould operate for 3 to 5 your.
)Iob?ev*?, doapito anticipatod
A laobilo incinerator would have to be
As with Alternrtitns 3 and 4 8 soma initial troatability work would
ba nocmsury to dotomine oporating pumoters.
constructing, and oprating tho incinorator, tho other implomentability
aSp.ctS of this alt8rmtitre lire siolilu to Altornat~vos 3 and 4.
Incineration uould also not bo offoctivo in treating Arra 2 soils if
metals a?'. dotermind to ba a horlth risk. The ash would be a hazardous
waste undor this rconuio and would require disposal at a RCRA
Subtitlo C landfill.
F-40
Other than locating,

- COST
Alternative 2 hat a lowor present Wtth and Om cost that
Alt~rnativo 3, but b8CaUSO Of tho additional Cap roquirod, it has l
higher capital cost (54,200,000 VOrSUS 53,300,000). Tho cap is on. of
tho most oxpanrivo components to COnStnrCt. Altornativo 4 has higher:
capital, Om, and prosont worth cost than Altomativos 2 8nd 3.
Alt8rnatiVO 5 has tho high8St Capital ~313,000,000), first yoar OCM
(S1,200,0001, md proront wrth -st (316,000,000) of all of tho
altornativos b8eauso of th8 inCin8rrtOr caapon8nt. Tho cost dotails of
all of tho altrrnativos aro includd in tho rppondfx to this FS report.
STATE ACCEPTANCE
To bo addr8ss.d in th8 ROD.
To ba addrossod in tho ROD.
F-4 1