Towards Economic Empowerment for Disabled People: Exploring ...

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9.3 Contribution Made 369 9.4 Suggestions for Further Research 370 Appendices 372 I Participant Information Sheet 372 II Third Party Confidentiality Agreement 373 III Semi-structured Interview Schedule: Scheme Beneficiaries 374 IV Semi-structured Interview Schedule: Scheme Staff and Managers 375 V Semi-structured Interview Schedule: Organisation Representatives 376 VI Semi-structured Interview Schedule: Relatives 377 VII Semi-structured Interview Schedule: Government Representatives 378 VIII Kenya: Occupational Roles and Stakeholders groups of Interviewees 379 IX Kenya: Occupational Roles and Stakeholders groups of Focus Group Participants 384 X India: Occupational Roles and Stakeholders groups of Interviewees List of Interviewees 386 XI India: Occupational Roles and Stakeholders groups of Focus Group Participants 391 XII List of Contributing Organisations and Agencies 393 List of References 395 VIII
Figures Figures, Boxes and Tables Figure 1 The Vicious Cycle of Poverty and Disability 25 Figure 2 The Relationship between Poverty and Disability 26 Figure 3 The ICF Model 45 Figure 4 DFID’s Twin-track Approach 53 Figure 5 The Wall of Barriers 55 Figure 6 The Wall of Barriers to Economic Empowerment 71 Figure 7 The Basic Elements of a CBR Programme 75 IX Page Figure 8 Kenyan Wall of Barriers 190 Figure 9 Success Factors for Schemes in Kenya 224 Figure 10 Indian Wall of Barriers 272 Figure 11 Success Factors for Schemes in India 323 Boxes Box 1 Social Relational Definition of Disability 7 Box 2 Research Hypothesis 14 Box 3 The Motivational Dimensions of Empowerment 49 Box 4 Six Key Principles of Emancipatory Research 117 Box 5 Indicators of Scheme Success 125 Box 6 Indicators of Social Model Influence 125 Box 7 Research Questions 127 Tables Table 1 Disability Etiquette Checklist 8 Table 2 Potential Success Factors 126 Table 3 Sampling Grid 132 Table 4 Kenyan Case Studies: Sampling Grid A 134 Table 5 Kenyan Case Studies: Sampling Grid B 135 Table 6 Indian Case Studies: Sampling Grid A 137
Page 1 and 2: Towards Economic Empowerment for Di
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The social model of disabi
Page 5 and 6: Abstract Acknowledgements Contents
Page 7 and 8: 5. Researching Disability: Approach
Page 9: Part Two: Research Findings 257 7.8
Page 13 and 14: Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB Asia
Page 15 and 16: WHO World Health Organisation WPA W
Page 17 and 18: effectively bar them from opportuni
Page 19 and 20: NGOs and disability organisations,
Page 21 and 22: 1.3 Disability and Impairment Histo
Page 23 and 24: 1.4 Disability Terminology Disabili
Page 25 and 26: conducted between 2002 and 2004) to
Page 27 and 28: disabled people to take advantage o
Page 29 and 30: training institutions and sheltered
Page 31 and 32: empowerment for disabled people acr
Page 33 and 34: econsideration of what is considere
Page 35 and 36: Chapter Two Key Concepts of Disabil
Page 37 and 38: means that disabled mothers are not
Page 39 and 40: There is much evidence to support t
Page 41 and 42: dangerous working and living condit
Page 43 and 44: freedoms’. Therefore, in the lang
Page 45 and 46: hand, is “rooted in an emphasis o
Page 47 and 48: UPIAS viewed disability in terms of
Page 49 and 50: “Over the last few years, a new,
Page 51 and 52: etween persons with impairments and
Page 53 and 54: impairment has no part at all in de
Page 55 and 56: attributes many of the apparent cri
Page 57 and 58: fighting poverty. She gives an exam
Page 59 and 60: identity and life choices” (Tate
Page 61 and 62:
a cause of the other. Interestingly
Page 63 and 64:
of those for whom the promotion of
Page 65 and 66:
points out, disabled people may als
Page 67 and 68:
National governments and internatio
Page 69 and 70:
disabled persons will not be realiz
Page 71 and 72:
institutions, such as the family, t
Page 73 and 74:
tended to downplay the impact of im
Page 75 and 76:
seem insurmountable and poverty is
Page 77 and 78:
development. Gergis, for example, s
Page 79 and 80:
various international agreements, i
Page 81 and 82:
accessibility. They point out, for
Page 83 and 84:
“it incorporates the extreme form
Page 85 and 86:
with disabilities will necessarily
Page 87 and 88:
(ibid). The usual benefits of forma
Page 89 and 90:
activities of each sector impact on
Page 91 and 92:
The World Disability Report (WHO &
Page 93 and 94:
from which he was able to train oth
Page 95 and 96:
not produce results” (2008, p10).
Page 97 and 98:
local community, mostly with privat
Page 99 and 100:
about the effectiveness of skill de
Page 101 and 102:
objectives, such as poverty-reducti
Page 103 and 104:
This view of society reflects the i
Page 105 and 106:
people. For example, Marks and Spen
Page 107 and 108:
most of those opportunities. Strate
Page 109 and 110:
Chapter Four The UNCRPD and Previou
Page 111 and 112:
In the 1970s, two important UN decl
Page 113 and 114:
for employers to recruit disabled p
Page 115 and 116:
Lindqvist refrains from calling for
Page 117 and 118:
The Declaration refers to various v
Page 119 and 120:
inding UN Convention, in order to f
Page 121 and 122:
Article provides a clear framework
Page 123 and 124:
concerned and to the petitioner”
Page 125 and 126:
Chapter Five Researching Disability
Page 127 and 128:
oppressive nature of disability res
Page 129 and 130:
inclusiveness promoted by social mo
Page 131 and 132:
their subjects upside down. The con
Page 133 and 134:
adhered, at least in part, to the e
Page 135 and 136:
can also be of great value. Abberle
Page 137 and 138:
people change conditions and build
Page 139 and 140:
success achieved by various economi
Page 141 and 142:
provide a framework for examining t
Page 143 and 144:
Interview and focus group checklist
Page 145 and 146:
feel are more appropriate. This cha
Page 147 and 148:
Approaches Routes Inclusive schemes
Page 149 and 150:
Inclusive Approaches Segregated App
Page 151 and 152:
studies were conducted; Thirdly, Ch
Page 153 and 154:
Although this sampling grid shows t
Page 155 and 156:
imposed on participants (Copestake
Page 157 and 158:
isk that, as Mangen points out, suc
Page 159 and 160:
Stakeholder Group Organisation Repr
Page 161 and 162:
evidence was then gathered by scrut
Page 163 and 164:
were then re-examined to consider w
Page 165 and 166:
5.15 Ethical Considerations Ethical
Page 167 and 168:
would be regarded as confidential a
Page 169 and 170:
a positive light, particularly as m
Page 171 and 172:
My decision to rely on written tran
Page 173 and 174:
conclude, the desire to achieve bot
Page 175 and 176:
Kenya is a democracy, with multi-pa
Page 177 and 178:
greater that the authorities conced
Page 179 and 180:
The survey found no significant dif
Page 181 and 182:
as the UN Standard Rules. Section 1
Page 183 and 184:
so that all forms of discrimination
Page 185 and 186:
campaign of awareness-raising, in o
Page 187 and 188:
to “strengthen capacity of DPOs
Page 189 and 190:
6.8 Government Perspective In addit
Page 191 and 192:
economic activity. This would help
Page 193 and 194:
members and developing their organi
Page 195 and 196:
the Government’s list of prioriti
Page 197 and 198:
“there is a chronic lack of marke
Page 199 and 200:
ange of views on this issue can per
Page 201 and 202:
evenly divided between those who we
Page 203 and 204:
supports the observations of Torore
Page 205 and 206:
Figure 8: Kenyan Wall of Barriers P
Page 207 and 208:
individuals, in 2005. This improvem
Page 209 and 210:
various impairments and their paren
Page 211 and 212:
impassioned plea to the parents pre
Page 213 and 214:
a huge scale, including some who ar
Page 215 and 216:
Nairobi’s central bus stations, w
Page 217 and 218:
“the project is not just about en
Page 219 and 220:
At the time of research, PWDSTO had
Page 221 and 222:
eneficiaries can make to their fami
Page 223 and 224:
enrolled should be able-bodied. Abl
Page 225 and 226:
None of the participants, however,
Page 227 and 228:
few formal jobs, and was not sure h
Page 229 and 230:
and regional branches of the Kenya
Page 231 and 232:
and hospitals. The project also has
Page 233 and 234:
Although the workshops are all long
Page 235 and 236:
Project Administrator claimed that
Page 237 and 238:
Case Study Table 11: Summary of Ken
Page 239 and 240:
odds with the social model. They si
Page 241 and 242:
frequently by staff and organisatio
Page 243 and 244:
where service providers were trying
Page 245 and 246:
the schemes, and each of these sche
Page 247 and 248:
the study included some family memb
Page 249 and 250:
fully commit themselves to the grou
Page 251 and 252:
support such projects. It is intere
Page 253 and 254:
models, rather than depending too h
Page 255 and 256:
typically comprising two or three v
Page 257 and 258:
has led to the under-reporting of d
Page 259 and 260:
are rarely accessible, and that tra
Page 261 and 262:
India has signed up to the Agenda f
Page 263 and 264:
10 multinationals - revealed that t
Page 265 and 266:
example, included a new section on
Page 267 and 268:
While the majority of State disabil
Page 269 and 270:
working together and sometimes inde
Page 271 and 272:
the kind of disability movement tha
Page 273 and 274:
At the time of research, the Govern
Page 275 and 276:
25% for general categories). Accord
Page 277 and 278:
comments suggest that at least some
Page 279 and 280:
These views were endorsed by one Ch
Page 281 and 282:
A range of views were expressed on
Page 283 and 284:
vulnerable to exploitation, which c
Page 285 and 286:
“there has been a sea-change in a
Page 287 and 288:
approach Government offices to ask
Page 289 and 290:
Scheme activities are not limited t
Page 291 and 292:
young people from poor economic bac
Page 293 and 294:
The training centres receive some G
Page 295 and 296:
Rozgaar beneficiary revealed that
Page 297 and 298:
which their families started to see
Page 299 and 300:
Perhaps the major activity of the E
Page 301 and 302:
widows and orphans. Beneficiaries a
Page 303 and 304:
understand the member’s views on
Page 305 and 306:
example, a mother, whose husband ha
Page 307 and 308:
career guidance, job placement and
Page 309 and 310:
The interpreter explained that by
Page 311 and 312:
This case study represents another
Page 313 and 314:
Although the groups had not been fo
Page 315 and 316:
mainstreaming and advocacy. When di
Page 317 and 318:
According to project documents, APD
Page 319 and 320:
The Technical Training Institute, e
Page 321 and 322:
eflected, and they were working har
Page 323 and 324:
The job placements that had been es
Page 325 and 326:
One organisation representative exp
Page 327 and 328:
that are being developed on the tra
Page 329 and 330:
their support when faced with new p
Page 331 and 332:
At the time of my visit, there were
Page 333 and 334:
considered suitable for mainstream
Page 335 and 336:
courses, as this was needed in the
Page 337 and 338:
influence. In terms of both success
Page 339 and 340:
to the social model are shown in ye
Page 341 and 342:
stated that “we don’t look for
Page 343 and 344:
With lack of motivation, on the par
Page 345 and 346:
placed to assist them. The Leonard
Page 347 and 348:
disability in India. LCD’s Region
Page 349 and 350:
participants felt that this approac
Page 351 and 352:
elated factors. In fact, over half
Page 353 and 354:
The task of empowering those with i
Page 355 and 356:
Chapter Eight Kenya and India: Comp
Page 357 and 358:
visited, in both countries, incorpo
Page 359 and 360:
obstacle to self-directed employmen
Page 361 and 362:
An interesting comparison can be ma
Page 363 and 364:
Governments have been faced with a
Page 365 and 366:
case studies, selected for the stud
Page 367 and 368:
Many of the inclusive schemes inclu
Page 369 and 370:
The sugggested association between
Page 371 and 372:
success factors relate closely to t
Page 373 and 374:
tended to emphasise the importance
Page 375 and 376:
8.5 Conclusions This comparative an
Page 377 and 378:
Chapter Nine Final Conclusions The
Page 379 and 380:
Vidya Sagar scheme in Chennai and t
Page 381 and 382:
Several other contextual difference
Page 383 and 384:
If services are going to continue t
Page 385 and 386:
empirical evidence gathered in Keny
Page 387 and 388:
Appendix I Participant Information
Page 389 and 390:
Appendix III Semi-Structured Interv
Page 391 and 392:
Appendix V Semi-Structured Intervie
Page 393 and 394:
Appendix VII Semi-Structured Interv
Page 395 and 396:
24 24/06/10 NCPWDS Director Governm
Page 397 and 398:
72 12/07/11 73 12/07/11 74 13/07/11
Page 399 and 400:
Appendix IX Kenya: Occupational Rol
Page 401 and 402:
Appendix X India: Occupational Role
Page 403 and 404:
Arunim Representative 47 15/02/11 M
Page 405 and 406:
96 11/03/11 Royal Gardenia Human Re
Page 407 and 408:
4 08/02/11 SSK Bangalore 5 10/02/11
Page 409 and 410:
India Ability Foundation Action on
Page 411 and 412:
Albu, M. (2005) ‘Economic Empower
Page 413 and 414:
Controller and Auditors General (20
Page 415 and 416:
Government of India (2007) Report o
Page 417 and 418:
ILO (1983) C159 Vocational Rehabili
Page 419 and 420:
Lund, F. & Skinner, C (2005) The In
Page 421 and 422:
NCAPD (2008) Kenya National Survey
Page 423 and 424:
Sen, A. (2004) Disability and Justi
Page 425 and 426:
UNDP (1993) Human Development Repor
Page 427:
Zarb, G. (1992) ‘On the road to D
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