205ARGUE

30 . Lewis 2: 528-29 (January 21, 1806). See also pp. 472-73 (November 7, 1806); Thwaites 4:185-87; LeValley,
"American Indian" 35.
31 . The Indians of California were recorded living nude in 1816, by Ludovik Choris, a Russian painter. See
LeValley, "American Indian" 35.
32 . Hennepin 168. See also pp. 228, 483, 493, 653, 665; and LeValley, "American Indian" 33-37.
33 . The customs of native dress in Florida were recorded by the French artist and map maker Jacques le Moyne, who
spent a year at a Huguenot colony from 1564 to 1565. See LeValley, "American Indian" 34.
34 . Sale 96; Cummins 94; et al. See also Sale 98, 177, and "Conquest of Paradise" 19-21. From their nakedness,
Columbus inferred the native people to be an inferior race. However, as Kirkpatrick Sale notes, "the Tainos were
not nearly so backward as Colón assumed from their lack of dress. (It might be said that it was the Europeans, who
generally kept clothed head to foot during the day despite temperatures regularly in the eighties, who were the more
unsophisticated in garmenture--especially since the Tainos, as Colón later noted, also used their body paint to
prevent sunburn.) Indeed, they had achieved a means of living in a balanced and fruitful harmony with their natural
surroundings that any society might well have envied." Columbus, however, noted that "they could easily be
commanded and made to work, to sow and to do whatever might be needed, to build towns and be taught to wear
clothes and adopt our ways." (Cummins 142, 12 December 1942; Sale 112) Although Columbus also wrote that
"they are the best people in the world and above all the gentlest," his record of the first encounter between
Europeans and New World Indians was filled with accounts of enslavement, murder, and rape (Sale 99, 140).
35 . Baxandall, World Guide to Nude Beaches and Resorts 60; Donald D. Kololani Mitchell, Resource Units in
Hawaiian Culture, 1982, quoted in "Secret Hawaii" 51, 64.
36 . Ableman 20-21.
37 . Rudofsky, Unfashionable Human Body 74. See also p. 24; and John Paul II 186, 189, 190.
38 . Robinson, Body Packaging 99-100.
39 . Nansen 58.