205ARGUE

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99 . For example, practically every extended family in Finland uses the sauna in the nude together on a regular basis (Edelsward 196). Anthropological data, in fact, show parental nudity to be "very common (if not ubiquitous) crossculturally." See Okami 54. 100 . Ableman 43. 101 . See Jones et al., esp. 11, 18, 223, 229. 102 . "Look & Function" 5; "Nude Beaches Help" 5. 103 . References to the extensive benefits of breast-feeding are numerous. See for example Gaskin (esp. pp. 8-16); Palmer; J. Easton 53; Genz 52-53; "Topfree At Last" 46; Hill 42; et al. In developing countries, use of breast milk substitutes or mixed feeding is associated with a four to sixteen-fold increased risk of dying from diarrheal disease compared to an infant who is exclusively breast-fed. Even in the developed world, incidence of diarrhea and respiratory infection are reduced to one-third in babies exclusively breast-fed. Breast milk, especially immediately after birth, contains important antibodies against disease, is highly nutritious and high in calories, and helps clear the baby's intestinal tract. It is ideally suited to the baby's metabolic and developmental needs, especially brain development, and is easy to digest. Breast-fed babies suffer less from gas, constipation, diarrhea, and intestinal infections, and are more resistant to colds, respiratory diseases, allergies, and many viruses. Formula milk, by contrast, is more difficult for the child to digest, causing increased stress on its digestive and excretory systems, and is a common source of allergic reaction. For the mother, breast-feeding encourages uterine contractions which help restore post-pregnancy muscle tone and prevent hemorrhaging, and has been associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer and other diseases. Breast-feeding also encourages psychological bonding between the parent and child. It is in many ways more convenient than bottle feeding: breast milk is always ready, at the right temperature, with no spoilage, no waste, no fuss with complicated equipment and procedures, no trouble with improper mixing, and no risk of contamination by external debris, a factor which is especially important in developing countries where water supplies are often unreliable. There is no contribution to another major industry with its accompanying environmental impacts. And breast-feeding is cheaper than bottle feeding. Health officials estimate that $25 million could be saved every year in welfare costs by more breast-feeding--which led the Miami Herald to comment: "Heck, that's enough to buy blinders for every Floridian offended by the sight of a mother nursing her baby in public." ("Florida Solons Exempt Nursing Mothers" 20) 104 . Genz 52. 105 . See Gaskin 170; Palmer 6; et al. In all, four billion dollars worth of baby formula is sold each year. 106 . Palmer 95.
107 . Glazer 138. 108 . "Florida Solons Exempt Nursing Mothers" 20. 109 . Baxandall, World Guide to Nude Beaches and Resorts 13. See also research by Ford. 110 . Marilyn Frye, The Politics of Reality, quoted in Craft 70. 111 . See Condra 129-34 for a detailed discussion of this phenomenon. For two excellent summaries of the arguments for topfree equality, see Craft, and Grueneich. 112 . Glazer 115. 113 . Fahringer 140-41. 114 . Grueneich 26. 115 . Glazer 116, 135; see also pp. 117, 136, 139. 116 . See Craft 71. 117 . Muschamp 321. 118 . For an especially thorough treatment of this subject, see Ribeiro.
Page 1 and 2: Preface 205 Arguments and Observati
Page 3 and 4: 10. The sense of "freedom" that com
Page 5 and 6: other North American tribes as also
Page 7 and 8: desire were the first and last cons
Page 9 and 10: Recent research by Sydney Ross Sing
Page 11 and 12: self-esteem, and showed increased a
Page 13 and 14: 82. By refusing to accept the need
Page 15 and 16: creatures of habit, especially in o
Page 17 and 18: As of 1983, about 2 million people
Page 19 and 20: 121. The "body language" of the nud
Page 21 and 22: Florida, for example, closed most o
Page 23 and 24: Christian historian Roy Bowen Ward
Page 25 and 26: foreign beaches while on tour overs
Page 27 and 28: In many pre-Christian pagan religio
Page 29 and 30: 192. II Samuel 6:14-23--King David
Page 31 and 32: Special thanks is due The Naturist
Page 33 and 34: "Florida Solons Exempt Nursing Moth
Page 35 and 36: Laver, James. Modesty in Dress: An
Page 37 and 38: Rudofsky, Bernard. Are Clothes Mode
Page 39 and 40: "West Germany." Clothed with the Su
Page 41 and 42: 19 . John Paul II 186, 189, 190. 20
Page 43 and 44: 40 . Flügel, Psychology of Clothes
Page 45 and 46: 66 . The exposure of breasts is ref
Page 47: 87 . For an excellent analysis of t
Page 51 and 52: 131 . It is interesting to note tha
Page 53 and 54: 155 . 1987 International Naturist F
Page 55 and 56: 180 . In Justice Douglas's concurri
Page 57 and 58: 196 . Legal questions about nudity
Page 59 and 60: 216 . Ward, "Why Must Public Nudity
Page 61 and 62: 233 . B. Franklin 15:180. In his ow
Page 63 and 64: 256 . Moral codes regarding dress a
Page 65 and 66: 281 . Kass 43; Poretsky 47; Seal 87

205ARGUE

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