205ARGUE

224 . See Ellis, vol. 1, part 1, pp. 27-32, for numerous historic accounts of casual public and family nudity in Europe.
See also Taylor, esp. 22; Lindsay 6; Laver, Modesty in Dress 145; Renbourn 14. Havelock Ellis writes that three
women recited poetry in the nude for Louis XI when he entered Paris in 1461, noting that nudity often played an
important role in ancient festivals (Ellis, vol. 1, part 1, p. 29).
225 . Ellis, vol. 2, part 3, p. 98.
226 . Wright 41; see also numerous engravings throughout the book.
227 . Robinson, Body Packaging 50-51; Ribeiro 45-49, 55. The sumptuary laws of 1463 and 1483 prohibited anyone
"under the rank of a lord . . . from wearing any gowne, jaket or cloke unless it be of sufficient length on a man
standing upright to cover his privy member and buttokkes." The phrase about "standing upright" was added in the
1483 law, because men of lower rank were getting away with wearing short tunics on the grounds that they were
covered when they were sitting down.
228 . Robinson, Body Packaging 62; Ribeiro 52, 68, 80-82, 175; Shields 289-91.
229 . Ribeiro 52, 82, 175. The clergy of the period condemned women to hell for exposing too much breast. In 1637,
for instance, Pierre Juvernay of Paris claimed that women who showed their breasts in this lifetime would have them
tortured in the next (Shields 291).
230 . Ableman 50, 68, 84. See also Lindsay 11. Aileen Ribeiro notes that by the mid 1860s, women had adopted
bathing costumes, "but it was not a universal practice for men to wear bathing costumes until the Edwardian period.
. . . Until that time, men could often bathe naked, although by the late 1890s a number of local authorities had begun
to put up notes enjoining the wearing of drawers." (Ribeiro 134, 183)
231 . "College Nude Swims" 114-15; Stein 14.
232 . McGregor County Park ("Hippy Hollow") in Texas also has a legal nude beach, though recently it has been
under attack by conservative local legislators. For a good history of its historical nude use, which is typical of other
nude beaches, see Harker. See also K. Goodrich for a perspective focusing on the challenges recreation managers
face in areas where nude bathing is controversial.