Local NGOs in national development: The case of East Timor

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(Clark 2003). Najam (1996) lays out various ways in which NGOs’ diverse accountability requirements can be met, including through codes of conduct, standard setting, and evaluation of programs as well as through transparency and reporting about financial and other matters. A related thread in the literature relates to NGO partnerships. Originally ‘partnership’ was understood by NGOs as ‘a code word to reflect humanitarian, moral, political, ideological or spiritual solidarity between NGOs in the North and South that joined together to pursue a common cause of social change’ (Fowler 1999). Today partnership can mean almost anything—donors have partnerships with NGOs (Yonekura 2000) and NGOs have partnerships with the private sector (Murphy and Bedell 1999). The concept has been stretched almost to the point of meaninglessness. Hateley (1997) presents an analysis of partnership as either one-way and vertical in nature or two-way, more equal and mutual. Fowler (1998) believes that ‘authentic partnerships’ in which each partner plays an equal, if different, role and in which accountabilities are mutual, are rare, and Ahmad (2006) concurs. However, Hilhorst’s anthropological study of a Philippines NGO illustrates how local NGOs, which are generally seen as ‘at the mercy’ of funding agencies, may be more powerful in relation to the donor than is usually imagined. These relationships are not simply contracts—they are negotiated processes, often of ‘multiple realities’ and multiple meanings. Even when donors and NGOs share the same language, their meanings or interpretations of it may vary (Hilhorst 2003). There has also been a lively debate about the effectiveness and impact of NGO programs. Most official evaluations and reviews of donor-supported programs have found international NGOs (who frequently work in partnership with local NGOs) to be quite effective (AusAID 1995, DANIDA 1999, Riddell et al. 1997) but because of the diversity of NGOs and the range of work they undertake, it would be naïve to assume that problems do not exist. The literature often focusses on many of the problems, rather than the successes, and these may include ineffective programs with undesirable side effects, undermining of state programs, patchy services, jealousies and 36
competition between NGOs, and poor coordination (Fisher 1997, Pfeiffer 2003, Stiles 2002). NGOs have been criticised for failing to evaluate their work, and the question of whether and how NGOs learn and adapt has also been raised (Fowler 1997). Whilst some of this literature implicates local as well as international NGOs it is often focussed more on the latter than the former. However, even where NGO work is undoubtedly effective, development agencies are often critical of the small scale of NGO impacts. In response, some studies have investigated strategies for ‘scaling up’ NGO efforts generally (Chambers 1992, Edwards and Hulme 1992a and 1992b, Uvin and Miller 1999). However, when Uvin, Jain and Brown (2000) examined five Indian NGOs, they found that there were two major approaches to scaling up actually adopted by them: the first involved expansion, while the second involved increasing impact without getting larger. For example, they created other organisations, or persuaded others to adopt their strategies in a variety of ways. They become ‘catalysts of policy innovations and social capital’, creators of new knowledge, and of new organisations (Uvin, Jain and Brown 2000:1418). The question of the capacity of international NGOs to develop the capacities of their local partners is another key issue emerging in the literature (Kaplan 1999, 2000, Low and Davenport 2002). Fowler’s (1997) ‘capacities framework’ provides a useful analytic tool for examining NGO capacities, which, combined with his model about how NGOs take development action, provides a useful framework for the investigation of NGOs in this study, without constraining it. There is clearly a tendency for capacity building to focus on donor system requirements, rather than on analysing the NGOs’ context and reviewing appropriate roles and strategies (Hudock 1997). There is thus a risk that local NGOs lose sight of their own mission and values and are not reflective enough of changing circumstances. A study of large South Asian NGOs suggests that the capacity to survive and become sustainable in the longer term is critical, and this requires NGO leaders to become ‘donor savvy’, having a vision of their organisation’s future, but being flexible about how to reach it, gain the trust of donors and legitimacy in the eyes of constituents, remain politically neutral, innovate, meet complex state and donor requirements, and develop social cohesion (Banerjee 2003). Pacific NGOs urge 37
Page 1 and 2:
Local NGOs in national development:
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thanks are due p
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements
Page 7 and 8: 5.1.4 Return to development program
Page 9 and 10: 8.2.4 The School for Activists (Esc
Page 11 and 12: GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS ACFOA Australi
Page 13 and 14: FRETILIN Revolutionary Front for an
Page 15 and 16: OMT Organizacao Mulheres Timor (Org
Page 17 and 18: WORDS IN LANGUAGES OTHER THAN ENGLI
Page 19 and 20: SUMMARY This thesis explores the ro
Page 21: NGOs’ survival and development, a
Page 24 and 25: Earlier development theory has also
Page 26 and 27: interested in those organisations w
Page 28 and 29: provided by the Commonwealth Founda
Page 30 and 31: Phase 2: Community development: in
Page 32 and 33: interviews to identify what had hap
Page 34 and 35: The key questions this thesis addre
Page 36 and 37: Timorese, and to this end, the defi
Page 38 and 39: HAK, FOKUPERS, ETADEP, and Caritas
Page 40 and 41: Table 1 NGOs selected for case stud
Page 42 and 43: accounts of the roles of the releva
Page 44 and 45: have not identified individuals in
Page 46 and 47: many stakeholders, and how they dev
Page 48 and 49: CHAPTER TWO POST-CONFLICT AND TRANS
Page 50 and 51: ut added a different third rational
Page 52 and 53: As Fowler (1997:30-33) recognises,
Page 56 and 57: more than skills training for indiv
Page 58 and 59: Pearce suggests that CPEs of the 19
Page 60 and 61: undermined. Further he found that g
Page 62 and 63: The above studies illustrate the si
Page 64 and 65: ‘the control of violence is a maj
Page 66 and 67: As Mercer (2002) points out, civil
Page 68 and 69: influence on state policies, they s
Page 70 and 71: ather top-down approach of NGOs and
Page 72 and 73: ‘consent’ (meaning learning tol
Page 74 and 75: 2.6 Civil society and donors A sign
Page 76 and 77: donors supported in Latin America t
Page 78 and 79: Goodhand and Chamberlain (1996) als
Page 80 and 81: Thirdly, the role of the internatio
Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER THREE HISTORY OF GOVERNANCE
Page 84 and 85: cosmological perspective, Portugues
Page 86 and 87: Catholic schools educated 60 per ce
Page 88 and 89: 3.3 Civil society in the Portuguese
Page 90 and 91: decolonisation talks had begun, a b
Page 92 and 93: Overall recovery of the economy fro
Page 94 and 95: movement as a whole, and this arran
Page 96 and 97: others he described as ‘semi-corp
Page 98 and 99: (2) High level politics-grassroots
Page 100 and 101: sponsored radio, began broadcasting
Page 102 and 103: However, a major turning point in t
Page 104 and 105:
was barely able to function before
Page 106 and 107:
CHAPTER FOUR THE STORMY TRANSITION
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Agreement and distributed it clande
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The only bilateral donor with a phy
Page 112 and 113:
eflected in donor assessments and p
Page 114 and 115:
(Brunnstrom 2000: 9). Timorese also
Page 116 and 117:
‘representative, community based
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NGOs were reluctant to allow the UN
Page 120 and 121:
were created, and East Timor was fi
Page 122 and 123:
The CNRT Congress In August 2000 th
Page 124 and 125:
The Constitutional Commission and t
Page 126 and 127:
justice in Indonesia; the need for
Page 128 and 129:
4.5 NGOs and the new government Onc
Page 130 and 131:
law still applied. In June 2005 the
Page 132 and 133:
CHAPTER FIVE THE CASE STUDY NGOS: C
Page 134 and 135:
Caritas East Timor’s Rural Develo
Page 136 and 137:
It is probably fair to say that the
Page 138 and 139:
Additionally Caritas East Timor was
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clinics were run by various religio
Page 142 and 143:
knowledge of the local context and
Page 144 and 145:
training in general analysis. Howev
Page 146 and 147:
staff also participated in one exch
Page 148 and 149:
Diocese comprises 26 parishes. Cari
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ways in which a Catholic organisati
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fluctuations in its staff size from
Page 154 and 155:
Government was through its service
Page 156 and 157:
work soon expanded to areas around
Page 158 and 159:
closely monitored by a nearby Indon
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CRS period. 136 As the situation wo
Page 162 and 163:
only able to grow things on small a
Page 164 and 165:
provided international training opp
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way of working with communities and
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use of tractors, and shifting towar
Page 170 and 171:
people in key roles who were broade
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CHAPTER SIX HAK ASSOCIATION (PERKUM
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6.1 HAK in the late 1990s: its earl
Page 176 and 177:
international NGOs: HIVOS (Netherla
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Jakarta. 196 While in Jakarta they
Page 180 and 181:
6.4 Beyond the emergency: HAK’s n
Page 182 and 183:
HAK 2001a:8). Throughout this perio
Page 184 and 185:
Pursue justice for the victims HAK
Page 186 and 187:
Liquica. HAK’s Branch offices wor
Page 188 and 189:
The association started with around
Page 190 and 191:
(Yayasan HAK 2001a, 2002). 228 But
Page 192 and 193:
There were also a number of HAK’s
Page 194 and 195:
At the same time HAK was involved i
Page 196 and 197:
Empowerment, Policy/Advocacy, Inves
Page 198 and 199:
challenges, the organisation had to
Page 200 and 201:
Assistance Coordination (NDPEAC) in
Page 202 and 203:
from over 120 members, and an agree
Page 204 and 205:
Rights Office and related bodies, a
Page 206 and 207:
HAK 266 (FOKUPERS 1999). Their init
Page 208 and 209:
NGOs, Amnesty International, and th
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Timor Japan Coalition. After UNAMET
Page 212 and 213:
provide training and education to w
Page 214 and 215:
1. To ensure that women can live fr
Page 216 and 217:
women candidates, among them its ow
Page 218 and 219:
Domestic Violence legislation. The
Page 220 and 221:
nation’s overarching Penal Code,
Page 222 and 223:
7.6 Strengthening FOKUPERS’ own c
Page 224 and 225:
assistance model to strengthen wome
Page 226 and 227:
uild their organisational and staff
Page 228 and 229:
CHAPTER EIGHT TIMOR AID AND SAHE Th
Page 230 and 231:
groups in Australia, North America
Page 232 and 233:
Timor Aid also played a role in hea
Page 234 and 235:
problem. 331 This growth also cause
Page 236 and 237:
The change of Director and implemen
Page 238 and 239:
In early 2002, with support from Ge
Page 240 and 241:
Civic education and youth civic edu
Page 242 and 243:
traditional cloth, woven on a porta
Page 244 and 245:
(EC). From mid-2001, Timor Aid bega
Page 246 and 247:
language, enabling a number of trai
Page 248 and 249:
continued the focus on capacity bui
Page 250 and 251:
learned the lesson to not accept al
Page 252 and 253:
HAK went to a workshop organised by
Page 254 and 255:
groups and university students on t
Page 256 and 257:
these sectors together. Other organ
Page 258 and 259:
SAHE continued its original ideas o
Page 260 and 261:
were not always asking for immediat
Page 262 and 263:
This capacity to access resources w
Page 264 and 265:
CHAPTER NINE CHANGING NGO ROLES AND
Page 266 and 267:
Table 2 Phases in the study period
Page 268 and 269:
5. Independence—the initial 12-18
Page 270 and 271:
already had relationships, and foun
Page 272 and 273:
Ministries, both as individual NGOs
Page 274 and 275:
9.2 Overview of LNGO roles It is no
Page 276 and 277:
It is also evident that since many
Page 278 and 279:
weakened NGOs, at least temporarily
Page 280 and 281:
workshops on development issues (su
Page 282 and 283:
time and develop new strategies. Ex
Page 284 and 285:
international NGO partners. Helping
Page 286 and 287:
assess and reassess the context in
Page 288 and 289:
FOKUPERS, were formed to protect po
Page 290 and 291:
Their experience suggested that two
Page 292 and 293:
disputes. Similarly KSI, a research
Page 294 and 295:
that the national leadership tended
Page 296 and 297:
some scepticism about, and distrust
Page 298 and 299:
10.2 Local NGOs in development Deve
Page 300 and 301:
development, providing early and co
Page 302 and 303:
10.3 NGO roles in post-conflict pea
Page 304 and 305:
also became active (de Araujo 2004)
Page 306 and 307:
and UN Volunteers. 2006). UNDP was
Page 308 and 309:
promotion than others. For other of
Page 310 and 311:
of clean water and sanitation, lack
Page 312 and 313:
hard to come by, and government res
Page 314 and 315:
Appendix A Preliminary Lists of NGO
Page 316 and 317:
PAS PAS Dili, Baucau, Lautem Satilo
Page 318 and 319:
Lorosae Rumah Raykat I (Baucau) YCD
Page 320 and 321:
sector, official donors were only p
Page 322 and 323:
Grupo Feto Foinsa’e Timor-Lorosa
Page 324 and 325:
Yayasan Halarae (means ‘Land Care
Page 326 and 327:
Roman Luan Roman Luan is a local NG
Page 328 and 329:
had been very evident after the Asi
Page 330 and 331:
new director again in mid-2005 it s
Page 332 and 333:
13. How did the organisation get re
Page 334 and 335:
Since May 2002 35. What changes in
Page 336 and 337:
Christian Children’s Fund Lola do
Page 338 and 339:
Joachim da Costa 15 June and 1 Octo
Page 340 and 341:
CIDA Afonso Aleixo 5 July 2004 Afon
Page 342 and 343:
Peter Zwart Caritas NZ Clare Danby
Page 344 and 345:
• HAK Foundation: HIVOS Counterpa
Page 346 and 347:
Appendix F Some Examples of Officia
Page 348 and 349:
AusAID In March 2001 AusAID began t
Page 350 and 351:
A mid-term review of that Program i
Page 352 and 353:
CIDA, CANADA Canada Fund for Local
Page 354 and 355:
REFERENCES Abdela, L., 2003, ‘Kos
Page 356 and 357:
Banerjee, N., 2003, ‘The capacity
Page 358 and 359:
Bryant, R. L., 2002, ‘Non-governm
Page 360 and 361:
Chambers, R., 1992, ‘Spreading an
Page 362 and 363:
Constantino-David, K., 1997, ‘Int
Page 364 and 365:
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
Page 366 and 367:
East Timor NGO Forum, 2000d, INF: N
Page 368 and 369:
Escobar, A., 2000, ‘Beyond the se
Page 370 and 371:
—— 1999, ‘Partnerships—nego
Page 372 and 373:
Hakena, H., Ninnes, P., and Jenkins
Page 374 and 375:
Holloway, R., 2004a, ‘What is civ
Page 376 and 377:
Jeffrey, A., 2007, ‘The geopoliti
Page 378 and 379:
Kingsbury, D., 2007, ‘Political d
Page 380 and 381:
Lillehammer, G. C., 2003, State-NGO
Page 382 and 383:
Marcussen, H. S., 1996, ‘NGOs, th
Page 384 and 385:
Minear, L., 2002, The humanitarian
Page 386 and 387:
Nyamugasira, W., 1998, ‘NGOs and
Page 388 and 389:
Pfeiffer, J. 2003, ‘International
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Rowley, K., 2005, ‘Cambodia after
Page 392 and 393:
Silliman, G. S., and Noble, L. G.,
Page 394 and 395:
Sustainable Development and the Env
Page 396 and 397:
United Nations, 2000b, Security Cou
Page 398 and 399:
USC, 2007, ‘USC Canada: Timor-Les
Page 400 and 401:
White, S. C., 1999, ‘NGOs, civil
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Local NGOs in national development: The case of East Timor

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