Subjects, Topics and the Interpretation of Referential pro.

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Acknowledgements This paper has benefited from discussion and comments on the part of several colleagues and friends, on various occasions. Special thanks to Roland Hinterhölzl, for careful reading and important discussions. I also thank Valentina Bianchi, Anna Cardinaletti, Luis Lopez, Annarita Puglielli, Francesca Ramaglia, Halldór SigurDsson and Alessandra Trecci for precious comments and relevant observations. Finally, I wish to thank Marcel den Dikken and three anonymous reviewers of NLLT for their helpful criticism and important suggestions. Usual disclaimers apply. References Abraham, Werner. 1993. ‘Null Subjects in the History of German: from IP to CP’, Lingua 89, 117-142. Ackema, Peter, Patrick Brandt, Maaike Schoorlemmer and Fred Weerman. 2006. eds. Agreement and Arguments, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Alba-Salas, Josep. 2004. ‘Lexically Selected Expletives: Evidence from Basque and Romance’, SKY Journal of Linguistics 17, 35-100. Alexiadou, Artemis. 1997. Adverb Placement: a case study in antisymmetric syntax, John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia. Alexiadou, Artemis and Elena Anagnostopoulou. 1998. ‘Parametrizing AGR: Word Order, V-Movement and EPP Checking, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 16, 491-539. Ambar, Manuela. 1992. Para uma Sintaxe da Inversão Sujeito-Verbo em Português, Colibri, Lisbon. Barbosa, Pilar. 1995. Null Subjects, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, MIT Cambridge, MA. ⎯⎯⎯ 2000. ‘Clitics: a Window into the Null Subject Property’, in J. Costa (ed.), Essays in Portuguese Comparative Syntax, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 31-94. ⎯⎯⎯ 2006. ‘Two Kinds of Subject pros?’, paper presented at the University of Cambridge. Belletti, Adriana. 2004. ‘Aspects of the Low IP Area’, in L. Rizzi (ed.), The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 2. The Structure of CP and IP, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 16-51. ⎯⎯⎯ ed. 2004. The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 3. Structures and Beyond, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Belletti, Adriana and Luigi Rizzi. eds. 1996. Parameters and Functional Heads. Essays in Comparative Syntax, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Benincà, Paola. 2001. ‘The Position of Topic and Focus in the Left Periphery’, in G. Cinque and G. Salvi (eds.), Current Studies in Italian Syntax. Essays offered to Lorenzo Renzi, Elsevier, Amsterdam/London, pp. 39-64. Benincà, Paola and Guglielmo Cinque. 1985. ‘Lexical Subjects in Italian and the pro-drop Parameter’, paper presented at the “Comparative Generative Grammar Fiesta”, Salzburg. Benincà, Paola and Cecila Poletto. 2004. ‘Topic, Focus, and V2. Defining the CP Sublayers’, in L. Rizzi (ed.), The Cartography of Syntactic Structures. Vol. 2, The Structure of CP and IP, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 52-75. Benincà Paola, Giampaolo Salvi and Lorenza Frison. 1988. ‘L’Ordine degli Elementi della Frase e le Costruzioni Marcate’, in L. Renzi (ed.) Grande Grammatica Italiana di Consultazione. Vol. I, Il Mulino, Bologna, pp. 115-225. Bonvino, Elisabetta. 2006. Le Sujet Postverbal en Italien Parlé: syntaxe, zones et intonation, Biblioteque des faits des langues, Ophrys, Paris. Büring, Daniel. 1999. ‘Topic’, in P. Bosch and R. van der Sandt (eds.), Focus. Linguistic Cognitive and Computational Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 142-165. 34
Calabrese, Andrea. 1986. ‘Pronomina. Some Properties of the Italian Pronominal System’, in N. Fukui, T.R. Rapoport and E. Sagey (eds.), Papers in Theoretical Linguistics, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 1-46. ⎯⎯⎯ 1992. ‘Some Remarks on Focus and Logical Structure in Italian’, Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics 1, 91-127. Cardinaletti, Anna. 1990. Impersonal Constructions and Sentential Arguments in German, Unipress, Padua. ⎯⎯⎯ 1997. ‘Subjects and Clause Structure, in L. Haegeman (ed.) The New Comparative Syntax, Longman, London and New York, pp. 33-63. ⎯⎯⎯ 2002. ‘Against Optional and Zero Clitics. Right Dislocation vs. Marginalization’, Studia Linguistica 56, 29-57. ⎯⎯⎯ 2004. ‘Towards a Cartography of Subject Positions’, in L. Rizzi (ed.) The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 2. The Structure of CP and IP, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 115-165. Cardinaletti, Anna and Michal Starke. 1999. ‘The Typology of Structural Dependency. A case study of three classes of pronouns’, in H. van Riemsdijk (ed.), Clitics in the Language of Europe, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 145-233. Cecchetto, Carlo. 1999. ‘A Comparative Analysis of Left and Right Dislocation in Romance’, Studia Linguistica 53, 40-67. Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding, Foris, Dordrecht. ⎯⎯⎯ 2001. ‘Derivation by Phase’, in M. Kenstowicz (ed.), Ken Hale: A life in language, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 1-52. ⎯⎯⎯ 2004. ‘Beyond Explanatory Adequacy’, in A. Belletti (ed.), The Cartography of Syntactic Structures. Vol. 3, Structures and Beyond, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 104-131. ⎯⎯⎯ 2005. ‘On phases’, ms., MIT, Cambridge, MA. Cinque, Guglielmo. 1990. Types of A'-dependencies, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. ⎯⎯⎯ ed. 2002. The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 1. Functional Structure in DP and IP, Oxford University Press, Oxford. D’Imperio, Mariapaola. 2002. ‘Italian Intonation: An overview and some questions’, Probus 14, 37-69. Duarte, Maria Eugenia. 1993. ‘Do Pronome Nulo ao Pronome Pleno’, in I. Roberts and M.A. Kato (eds.), Portogês Brasileiro: uma viagen diacrônica, Editora da UNICAMP, Campinas, pp. 107-128. Féry, Caroline. 1992. ‘Focus, Topic and Intonation in German’, Arbeitspapiere des Sonderforschungsbereichs 340, 20. Frascarelli, Mara. 2000. The Syntax-Phonology Interface in Focus and Topic Constructions in Italian, Kluwer, Dordrecht. ⎯⎯⎯ 2004a. ‘Dislocation, Clitic Resumption and Minimality: A comparative analysis of left and right Topic constructions in Italian’, in R. Bok-Bennema, B. Hollebrandse, B. Kampers-Manhe and P. Sleeman (eds.), Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2002, John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, pp. 99-118. ⎯⎯⎯ 2004b. ‘L’interpretazione del Focus e la Portata degli Operatori Sintattici’, in F. Albano Leoni, F. Cutugno, M. Pettorino and R. Savy (eds.), Il parlato italiano. Atti del Convegno Nazionale (13-15 febbraio 2003), M. D’Auria Editore, CIRASS, Naples, (CD Rom), B06. ⎯⎯⎯ 2006. ‘The Fine Structure of the Topic Field’, paper presented at the “Bantu- Romance Connection” Workshop, Leeds, May, 25-27. 35
Page 1 and 2: Subjects, Topics and the Interpreta
Page 3 and 4: (2) Aboutness-shift Topic > Contras
Page 5 and 6: The problem is, therefore, to defin
Page 7 and 8: Among the different types of Topic
Page 9 and 10: As is shown, the tonic vowels of th
Page 11 and 12: lunatico, è capace che domani non
Page 13 and 14: guarda devi uscire (Figure 10) a Ma
Page 15 and 16: Figure 11 Also in this case, recove
Page 17 and 18: introduce an overt one and consider
Page 19 and 20: Figure 14 Then, a new Topic is prop
Page 21 and 22: The subject QP in sentence (23) can
Page 23 and 24: in Frascarelli 2000, 2004a). As an
Page 25 and 26: 5.3 Rizzi’s (2006) Subject Criter
Page 27 and 28: component can forget about the othe
Page 29 and 30: the spirit of the present proposal,
Page 31 and 32: . [la storia che ha raccontato Leok
Page 33: (54’) … e [ [ [ogni studentej]
Page 37 and 38: ⎯⎯⎯ 1989. ‘The Null Subject
Page 39: SigurDsson, Halldór Á. and Joan M

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