Baden-Württemberg - Lichens of Wales

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Key to the Determination of Lichen Genera and Algae 1 Organization and Use of the Key The general key makes possible the determination of the most important commonly distinguished lichen groups according to the growth form of the thallus or the form of the fruiting body. In a second step following after the lichen group, genus keys leads to the lichen genus. The species keys are likewise brought under the corresponding genera, where they are treated in alphabetical order. In front of the general key for the determination of the lichens is concise key for the determination of the most important algae occurring in lichens. The keys are alternative keys. Normally at any given time two contrasting possible choices are presented, of which one is correct for the species being keyed, the other is not. The two matching choice possibilities are designated with the same numeral. The correct alternative leads either directly or indirectly, by further alternative pairs, to the name of the species. Example: Determining a brown foliose lichen with a light underside: 1 Thallus yellow 2 1* Thallus brown 4 2 Thallus with fruiting bodies Lichen A 2* Thallus without fruiting bodies 3 3 Thallus on bark Lichen B 3* Thallus on rock Lichen C 4 Lichen underside black . 5 4* Lichen underside whitish Lichen D 5 etc. The alternative 1/1* with the possible choice “Thallus brown” leading to 4. here leads to the fitting possible choice “Thallus underside whitish” to no further alternative, but directly to the name of the species keyed (Lichen D). A yellow lichen with fruiting bodies would key out by alternative 2 to (Lichen A). The keys are arranged so that the decisive differentiating characters are at the beginning, so that often a “rapid keying” is possible, that above all dispenses with the consideration of other mentioned characters. At the next place are often characteristic attributes, which will not be used under any circumstances in accordance with the contrast in the case of the alternative. The goal of the genus key is not the keying of the entire genus. These keys frequently lead in the interest of easier keying to groups of genera (“GS”= group key), where differentiation according to taxonomically relevant characters avoids many unnecessary problems, because the keying out of the similar often presents no difficulties. In the determination keys are given in the case of keyed species at times also the lichen substances, as a rule however only so far as they may be determined with the help of thin layer chromatography and are significant. Abundant side by side lichen substances are as a rule not known (e.g. Lecanoric acid is side by side with Gyrophoric acid); accordingly known sometimes as the lichen substance syndrome, with which is designated a group of biosynthetic related substances. If the name of the lichen substance is in parentheses, it occurs only in low concentration (and is then often difficult to demonstrate with TLC), if before the name is placed “±”, then the material may also be lacking. The reference to an illustration (symbol ) helps verify the keying result at hand by examining the photograph. Considering the large variability of many species one must notwithstanding from time to time choose between considerable habitual differences of that to be determined and the illustrated example. In the genus keys only judicious illustrations are put forward, when a large part of the species in question are illustrated and consequently essential habitual attributes of the genus are rendered. “↑” attached to the species name means that species in the corresponding genus were described earlier. A number in parentheses “(18)” behind the species name means that the species in the same key, keys out at another place (here at alternative 18). Author names behind a species name lets us know that the species concerned in the main part (in the case of the genus) will not be further considered. “!” after the alternative number means that still another possible choice is given. See topic 7 for additional symbols and abbreviations. 2 Key to the Lichen Algae Presented are only genera and groups the knowledge of which is necessary or helpful for the keying of lichens in the following genus keys. Most of the algae treated are recognized without great difficulty. Squash preparations and sections through the lichen thallus are enough for identification. A thorough going determination becomes problematic, since the algae in the 34
lichen thallus are often deformed and the typical form is only acquired after first isolating and cultivating. 1 Cell content of the algae ± blue-green, rarely brown-green or ± brown. No defined chromatophore, no recognizable pyrenoid, coloring diffuse (blue-green algae) 2 1* Cell content of the algae pure green, yellow-green, orange-green, orange, brown- orange, or yellow with defined chromatophore, sometimes with pyrenoids (green algae) 7 2 Cells single or in 2-8 gelatin packets (colonies), spherical to ellipsoidal, all more or less similar formed, never branching threads (squash preparation !) . 3 2* Cells in branching threads 4 3 Cells surrounded by a thin, slimy, colorless, not or indefinitely layered gelatin envelop, usually in colonies of 2-4. In very rare silicate lichens (Phylliscum) Chroococcus 3* Cells with ± thick, clearly encased together, for the most part inflated gelatin envelop. The envelop often reddish or violet near upper surface parts of the lichen thallus (“Gloeocapsa s.str) or yellow-brown to brown colored (“Xanthocapsa”) Gloeocapsa 4 Threads made up of several cell series, branching. Cells mostly brown-green, in aspect mostly ± elliptical to rectangular, 9-15 x 3-11 µm. In small shrubby to filamentous lichens on seeping moist silicate rocks (Ephebe, or Spilonema) Stigonema 4* Threads made up a of single cell series, unbranched or false branching 5 5 Cells uniformly rounded, about 3-7 µm wide, in unbranched threads (with occasionally intercalated colorless cells: heterocysts), either lying loose in a gelatin mass and then chain- or pearl necklace form (gelatin lichens) or clustered in gelatin spheres (e.g. in Sticta, Nephroma, Pannaria, and Parmeliella) Nostoc 5* Cells usually not uniformly round, broader than 5 µm, not rosary-like, sometimes branched (branching often not to be observed in the lichen) 6 6 Threads not tapered toward the tips, cells oval, about 9-16 µm long, with isolated intercalated cells (heterocysts). E.g. in Polychidium, Thermutis, and Petractis Scytonema 6! Threads tapered toward the tips, heterocysts only basal (characteristic difficult to see) Calothrix and related genera 6* With other characteristics: algae not surely accessible. 7 Cell content orange, green-orange, orange- yellow, or red-brown, in the lichen thallus more often even yellow-green (to green). Cells very thick-walled, cylindrical to barrel shaped, rarely globose, to branching threads, but in the lichen thallus even occurring in single cells or short cell series. Lichen thallus in the case of abrasion often orange, gold-yellow, gold-brown, or brown-yellow. In crustose lichens or species with fine hairy thallus threads Trentepohlia 7* Cell content pure green to yellow-green. Abraded thallus not colored orange, gold-brown etc.: “pure green” algae of the order Chlorococcales and Ulotrichales 8 8 Cells ± subcylindrical with rounded to slightly regenerated ends, single or united into short in short threads. Chloroplasts along the wall. In coniocarpic lichens Stichococcus 8* The majority of the cells spherical, ellipsoidal to egg-shaped, single or in clumps or in small packets, not in threads . 9 9 Cells narrowly ellipsoidal to broadly fusiform, often curved (with only one convex side), with one chloroplast against the wall, without pyrenoid (e.g. the leading species of green algae of Peltigera, and Solorina, in addition Dibaeis, and Omphalina) . Coccomyxa 9* Cells spherical to short ellipsoidal 10 10 Cells mostly in pairs, separated by a thin to normally thick wall, 4-7 µm in size, attacked by the lichen fungus in the form of haustoria . . micareoid green algae 10* With other characteristics, if paired, then larger: (other) coccoid (coccoid or chlorococcoid) green algae (e.g. Trebouxia, predominantly spherical, 1-celled, with central, ± lobed chloroplast; Myrmecia, spherical to ellipsoidal, peripheral chloroplast; Gloeocystis: cells rounded to eggshaped, surrounded by a thick gelatin envelop and united into colonies (in Bryophagus). 3 Determining the Lichens: Overview of the Key 1 The fruiting body is a 1-2.5 cm high stalked capfungus with lamellae on the underside. The basic thallus gray to deep green, squamulose of small globules Omphalina 1 Fruiting body is not a cap-fungus or fruiting body is lacking 2 2 Fruiting body is a nearly ephemeral, narrow club-like, unbranched, cream colored to above all slightly orange colored above, non lichenized, ± fleshy fungus, -2 cm. Thallus of closely overlapping green, sometimes coalescing into a knobby crust. Sp. 8-12 x 1,2-3.5 µm. On peat or sandy soil Multiclavula vernalis 2* Fruiting body otherwise, not a cap fungus, or fruiting body lacking . 3 3 Lichen consisting of a basic small foliose, squamulose or crustose part covering the substrate and a ± upright, peg-form, cup-form or other formed, simple to branched part I: Fruticose Lichens 35
Page 1 and 2: 555 Color photographs 55 Black and
Page 3 and 4: One by one I thank numerous colleag
Page 5 and 6: of metabolism and in metabolic inac
Page 7 and 8: 1.3.2 Extension of Areas Occasional
Page 9 and 10: The lichen species are for the most
Page 11 and 12: through a pore, as a rule it is a p
Page 13 and 14: which are then described as macro-,
Page 15 and 16: Argopsin - - - orange Arthothelin -
Page 17 and 18: abrasion or a cut is to be recommen
Page 19 and 20: the case of bark habitats, since ba
Page 21 and 22: providing a process for this in the
Page 23 and 24: Alliance: Parmelion perlatae James
Page 25 and 26: near desert region occurring or lac
Page 27 and 28: Greenwich as well as 47°31’ and
Page 29 and 30: axial mass: to be found in the thol
Page 31 and 32: paraphysoid: arising before or duri
Page 33: Symbols in the Keys: ! refer to ill
Page 37 and 38: 5* Thallus not with yellow or pale
Page 39 and 40: cyphellae. Lichesteric acid, Protol
Page 41 and 42: 30 Thallus underside consistently f
Page 43 and 44: Rhizines black to brown-black, scat
Page 45 and 46: 27 On dry calcareous soils (dry gra
Page 47 and 48: Hymenium contains small globose to
Page 49 and 50: 2* On wood, rarer on bark . 3 3 Ap.
Page 51 and 52: 26* Sp. colorless 27 27 Sp. 2- to m
Page 53 and 54: 66 Thallus with Trentepohlia algae,
Page 55 and 56: 102* Ap. with margin, nonpruinose,
Page 57 and 58: 2 Thallus with conspicuous pycnidia
Page 59 and 60: places, very thin, KC+/C+ (transien
Page 61 and 62: 14 Soralia dusty gray-green to dark
Page 63 and 64: ±(Squamatic acid). Above all on Co
Page 65 and 66: Macentina stigonemoides 70* Thallus
Page 67 and 68: Thallus crustose, thin, usually gra
Page 69 and 70: larger, thallus not radiate- rosett
Page 71 and 72: Similar to A. umbilicata (↑), Lec
Page 73 and 74: Thallus crustose, little differenti
Page 75 and 76: loose hyphae (arachnoid). Photobion
Page 77 and 78: own, sometimes (as in A. ciliaris)
Page 79 and 80: such progressive eutrification of t
Page 81 and 82: violet. Hym. and Hyp. colorless to
Page 83 and 84: only rarely fruiting and overlooked
Page 85 and 86:
in the region, yet lacking in regio
Page 87 and 88:
13* Sp. 2 celled, only a few old sp
Page 89 and 90:
forests. (Pruno-Fraxinetum), m.acid
Page 91 and 92:
the remaining indigenous epilithic
Page 93 and 94:
Bellemerea cinereorufescens 20 Thal
Page 95 and 96:
Porpidion tub. - bor-med-mo - r.rar
Page 97 and 98:
25(28) x 2.5-3 µm. Thallus whitish
Page 99 and 100:
8* Epihym. blue-green, olive, olive
Page 101 and 102:
celled. Thallus finely granular to
Page 103 and 104:
Up into the montane zone on dying m
Page 105 and 106:
subneutroph.-r.acidoph., m.photoph.
Page 107 and 108:
Rhizocarpetum alp. - arct-alp - Alp
Page 109 and 110:
Biatora epixanthoidiza (Nyl.) Räs
Page 111 and 112:
(Determination ↑ Hypogymnia) Intr
Page 113 and 114:
anisotomic- dichotomous ( ). Branch
Page 115 and 116:
amplitude of Pseudevernia f. (↑)
Page 117 and 118:
11 On rock dwelling yellow-whitish
Page 119 and 120:
B. leptocline 42* Sp. narrower, 9-1
Page 121 and 122:
surfaces, subneutroph.-neutroph., m
Page 123 and 124:
ornamented (spirally ordered ribs).
Page 125 and 126:
quinone containing yellow to red co
Page 127 and 128:
K-, also partially yellowish-gray t
Page 129 and 130:
cinnabar- to dark red or brownish-r
Page 131 and 132:
31 Thallus yellow to yellow-orange.
Page 133 and 134:
Caloplaca alociza (Massal.) Migula
Page 135 and 136:
smed-mo/alp - v.rare (R); süSch (U
Page 137 and 138:
anombroph., a-/m.nitroph., e.g. in
Page 139 and 140:
thickened above. Asci clavate, Cand
Page 141 and 142:
Caloplacetum sax. -s’mieur-med(mo
Page 143 and 144:
C. rufescens sits on high relief li
Page 145 and 146:
Psoretum - s’mieur-med - v.rare (
Page 147 and 148:
5 µm, often shrunken at the septum
Page 149 and 150:
Usually on lime-rich rocks up into
Page 151 and 152:
(Key includes Cetrelia, Corniculari
Page 153 and 154:
11* Thallus otherwise colored. Ap.
Page 155 and 156:
habitats, like Parmelia stygia (↑
Page 157 and 158:
Stichococcus. Exc. indefinitely dev
Page 159 and 160:
Chaenotheca gracilenta (Ach.) Matts
Page 161 and 162:
10 Usually growing on whitish crust
Page 163 and 164:
anitroph., Char. Chrysotrichetalia
Page 165:
1 Podetia (at least at the base) wi
show all

Baden-Württemberg - Lichens of Wales

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?