coaltech upper olifants river catchment wetland inventory ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

As indicated in the above table, the hydro-geomorphic classifications as defined by Palmer et al (2002) and Kotze et al (2005) have definite similarities and differences. The most significant difference between the two classification systems are the inclusion of artificial wetlands by Palmer et al (2002). A draft wetland classification system for South Africa was completed in 2006, after the wetland layer for this project was compiled. This classification is a hierarchical classification system based on the hydrological characteristics to determine the ecological character and functions of the wetlands. The definition used in this classification system is a definition as modified from definition in the RAMSAR convention and therefore includes seashores, rivers and dams. Wetlands can be classified into three levels. The first level is the System level, the second the Subsystem level and the third level the Functional Unit. The Systems level is the most general level and incorporates only three types, marine, estuarine and inland wetlands. Each level incorporates more detail until the wetlands are distinguished based on the habitat units in each wetland (Ewart-Smith et al 2006). This system can therefore be used to classify wetlands on a number of levels. This wetland classification system will be completed in 2007 and the will be applied to the National Landcover wetland layer. This classification system can also be applied to the database once it is in the custody of Working for Wetlands. Included below is a description of the various wetland types as defined by Palmer et al (2002). 3.4.1 Riparian wetlands All riparian wetlands are recognised as boundaries between terrestrial and riverine ecosystems. Riparian wetlands are linear systems, due to their location next to drainage lines. These wetlands are connected through the river system to other riparian wetlands upstream and downstream of the wetland. The riparian wetlands are therefore intrinsically interconnected (Kotze et al 2005, Palmer et al 2002, Ward & Lambie 1999, Rogers 1995). 3.4.1.1 Non-floodplain riparian Non-floodplain riparian wetlands are associated with drainage lines, but without a floodplain. They lack the characteristic floodplain features such as oxbows (Kotze et al 2005, Rogers 1995). Wetland Database for UORC - 30 -
3.4.1.2 Floodplain riparian Floodplain riparian wetlands occur in lower-lying areas with or without a drainage channel. These wetlands have features such as oxbows, typically associated with floodplains and are inundated by overspill during a flooding event. This type of wetland consists of a permanently wet riverine zone, a seasonally or temporary inundated grassland zone and/or standing water in typical floodplain features such as oxbows, and back swamps. The oxbows and back swamps are only connected to the river system during a flooding event (Kotze et al 2005, Palmer et al, Ward & Lambie 1999, Rogers 1995). 3.4.2 Seepage Seepage wetlands occur where groundwater emerges, generally at faults or joints in the underlaying geology, or at the junction of a permeable layer on an impermeable layer. The soil is normally saturated and can contain peat. It is very difficult to quantify the nutrient removal function of the seepage wetlands. The groundwater flow should be measured, as well as the diversity of nutrients in the groundwater, as a starting point to quantify the nutrient removal. In addition, there is a lack of information on the evaporative losses from seeps. The seeps may also receive contaminated runoff during a rainfall event. The portions of nutrients originating from the different sources are difficult to determine (Palmer et al 2002, Deocampo 1997). Springs and seeps can be seasonal, permanent, diffuse or point source. These wetlands can basically be divided into two groups based on the geohydrology, namely confined and unconfined. The groundwater of unconfined wetlands occurs mostly close to the surface and the hydrolic conduit is unconfined. In confined wetlands the groundwater is normally deep underground and is forced to the surface by some pressure, e.g. heat. The hydrolic conduits are confined by the presence of relatively impermeable layers. Most of the seeps are unconfined and seasonal, whereas springs are confined and seasonal or permanent. The aerial extent of seeps is regulated by the landform setting and the volume of discharged water (Palmer et al 2002, Deocampo 1997). Seeps contain both vertical and horizontal flow, while vertical flow is more significant for confined springs. In an unconfined seep the soil is saturated and horizontal surface flow is taking place (Palmer et al 2002). Wetland Database for UORC - 31 -
Page 1 and 2: COALTECH UPPER OLIFANTS RIVER CATCH
Page 3 and 4: The following aspects are included
Page 5 and 6: The most common wetland types in th
Page 7 and 8: The attributes allocated based on t
Page 9 and 10: 6. DATABASE CONSTRAINTS............
Page 11 and 12: Addendums Addendum A - Plant specie
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1. Extent of the UORC (refer
Page 15 and 16: The aim of the wetland layer is to
Page 17 and 18: 3.3 Wetland biodiversity Wetlands p
Page 19 and 20: Table 1: Species of concern Species
Page 21 and 22: Species name Common name Hottentot
Page 23 and 24: Species name Common name Cordylus g
Page 25 and 26: 3.3.2 Birds Various bird species ut
Page 27 and 28: 3.3.6 Fish The UORC has a low diver
Page 29: Figure 2. Schematic illustration of
Page 33 and 34: 3.4.4 Other non-riparian wetlands O
Page 35 and 36: 3.5.1.2 Groundwater recharge Variou
Page 37 and 38: More important in the removal of me
Page 39 and 40: The flow velocity in the channel of
Page 41 and 42: The most important fishing activity
Page 43 and 44: 3.5.6.3 Livestock Diseases Various
Page 45 and 46: 3.6.2 Mining and Quarrying There is
Page 47 and 48: • Dwars-in-die-wegspruit at the l
Page 49 and 50: 3.6.4 Burning Wetlands are burnt on
Page 51 and 52: 3.6.9 Alien Fauna and Flora 3.6.9.1
Page 53 and 54: Category 3 plant invaders are plant
Page 55 and 56: o The Fish Assemblage Integrity Ind
Page 57 and 58: Figure 4. The ecoregions of the Oli
Page 59 and 60: Sixteen fish species (four of which
Page 61 and 62: Figure 5. Extent of the UORC accord
Page 63 and 64: 3.9 Common wetland types in UORC Ac
Page 65 and 66: In a wetland assessment conducted a
Page 67 and 68: In a wetland study at Douglas Colli
Page 69 and 70: Figure 8. Status of assessed wetlan
Page 71 and 72: Figure 9. Portion of the wetland la
Page 73 and 74: Figure 11. Portion of the water bod
Page 75 and 76: Figure 13. Portion of the separated
Page 77 and 78: Figure 15. Portion of the wetland l
Page 79 and 80: Since the field verification site v
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 18. Portion of the final wet
Page 83 and 84:
Upon a request from DWAF the status
Page 85 and 86:
5.8 Functions The functions likely
Page 87 and 88:
5.11 Wetland types The entire catch
Page 89 and 90:
6. DATABASE CONSTRAINTS The greates
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 21. The wetland in the UORC
Page 93 and 94:
8.2 Mapping o Small wetlands (of le
Page 95 and 96:
The attributes in the attribute tab
Page 97 and 98:
10. REFERENCES Abbott Grobicki (Pty
Page 99 and 100:
Goudie, A.S. & Thomas, D.S.G. 1985.
Page 101 and 102:
Merot, P., Squividant, H., Aurousse
Page 103 and 104:
Wilson, R.T. 2003. Animal health an
Page 105 and 106:
Addendum A - Plan species list Wetl
Page 107 and 108:
var. lachnantha Lamiaceae Ajuga oph
Page 109 and 110:
Asteraceae Berkheya onopordifolia B
Page 111 and 112:
Poaceae Chloris pycnothrix Chloroph
Page 113 and 114:
Poaceae Boraginaceae incompletus Cy
Page 115 and 116:
Poaceae Echinochloa cruspavonis * *
Page 117 and 118:
Asteraceae Gamochaeta subfalcata Y
Page 119 and 120:
Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae Poaceae
Page 121 and 122:
Cyperaceae Kyllinga erecta Kyllinga
Page 123 and 124:
Asteraceae Nidorella anamola Nympho
Page 125 and 126:
Polygonaceae Apiaceae Poaceae Apiac
Page 127 and 128:
Brassicaceae Rorippa nudiuscula * *
Page 129 and 130:
Poaceae Setaria verticillata * Malv
Page 131 and 132:
Asteraceae Ursinia nana * * * Lenti
Page 133 and 134:
Addendum B - Mammal species list We
Page 135 and 136:
Cynictis Yellow Carnivora penicilla
Page 137 and 138:
Addendum C - Bird species list Wetl
Page 139 and 140:
Actitis hypoleucos Actophilornis Co
Page 141 and 142:
Ceryle rudis Nectarinia Pied Kingfi
Page 143 and 144:
Eremopterix verticalis Estrilda ast
Page 145 and 146:
Netta erythrophthalma Numida meleag
Page 147 and 148:
Spizocorys conirostris Pinkbilled L
Page 149 and 150:
Addendum D - Reptile species list W
Page 151 and 152:
Elapidae Naja haje Egyptian cobra X
Page 153 and 154:
Group Species name Common name Pipi
Page 155 and 156:
Addendum F - Fish species list Wetl
Page 157 and 158:
Austroglansis sclateri X X Barbus a
Page 159 and 160:
Phylum Group Species name Common na
Page 161 and 162:
Arachnida Tanycypris obtusa Hydroze
Page 163 and 164:
gibba Daphnia pulex Simocephalus ca
Page 165 and 166:
Ischnura senegalensis Pseuddgrion s
Page 167 and 168:
Micronecta sp. Micronecta piccanin
Page 169 and 170:
Hydraenidae Hydrophilida e Berosus
Page 171 and 172:
MOLLUSCA Simulium adersi Simulium ?
show all

coaltech upper olifants river catchment wetland inventory ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?