Stabilization Selection Guide for Aggregate - Illinois Department of ...

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CHAPTER ONE 2 This guide focuses on chemical and mechanical methods. Definitions used in conjunction with stabilization are provided in appendix A. PURPOSE The purpose of this guide is to facilitate the selection of modification/stabilization agents and techniques for aggregatesurfaced and native/unsurfaced LVRs. The objective is to provide low-cost alternatives that reduce aggregate wear and loss, reduce road-surface maintenance (i.e., blading out ruts), and reduce the time period between major rehabilitation (i.e., between adding new aggregate or the total reconditioning of the road pavement). This guide provides information on available stabilizing agents, appropriate conditions for use, selection procedures, quantity determination, and contact information for manufacturers/suppliers. Emphasis is on the modification/stabilization of existing in-place road surface materials, but many of the methods can be used in the construction of new roads. Construction procedures for application are also presented. The intended audience includes road managers, engineers, and technicians involved in road maintenance, construction, and reconstruction. Those involved in trail maintenance and construction also may find the guide beneficial, as stabilizers used on trails, particularly accessible trails, help provide a smooth, durable surface. Information on the use of synthetics for trails can be found in the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, publication “Geosynthetics for Trails in Wet Areas” by Groenier (2008). Information on accessible trails is provided in another Forest Service publication, “Soil Stabilizers on Universally Accessible Trails” (Bergmann 2000). SCOPE OF GUIdE This guide focuses primarily on chemical and mechanical methods. It serves as an updated sequel to two reports prepared in the 1990s, “Non-Standard Stabilizers” (Scholen 1992) and “Stabilization with Standard and Nonstandard Stabilizers” (Bolander 1995), and incorporates applicable tables from the “Surfacing Selection Guide” recently developed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Central Lands Federal Highway Division (FHWA 2005), and tables from the Transportation Research Board (TRB) (Petry and Sobhan 2005). The guide also incorporates procedures from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), and reflects discussions with engineers and contractors, manufacturers and suppliers, and individuals from other agencies with stabilization expertise.
Traditional and Nontraditional Modification/Stabilizer Agents Overview Traditional Chemical Stabilizers Traditional chemical techniques include: q Cement (generally used as a base-course treatment and not as a surface treatment, but included because it is one of the standard “traditional” stabilizers). q Lime. q Fly ash. q Bituminous materials. q Combinations of the above. Two procedures for selecting types and quantities of these products are provided. Nontraditional Stabilizers Nontraditional stabilizers are typically grouped into seven categories: q Chlorides (chlorides, salts, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride). q Clay additives (clay additives, clay, filler, bentonite, montmorillonite). q Electrolyte emulsions (electrolyte stabilizers, ionic stabilizers, electrochemical stabilizers, acids). q Enzymatic emulsions (enzymatic emulsions, enzymes). q Lignosulfonates (lignosulfonates, lignin, lignin sulfate, lignin sulfides). q Synthetic-polymer emulsions (synthetic-polymer emulsions, polyvinyl acetate, vinyl acrylic). q Tree-resin emulsions (tree-resin emulsions, tall-oil emulsions, pine-tar emulsions). Although the guide does not provide a comparable step-bystep procedure for selecting nontraditional stabilizers, general information tables are provided to help select a nontraditional stabilizer. Mechanical Stabilizers The guide also includes information on mechanical modification/ stabilizing methods. These range from more conventional compaction and geosynthetics to less conventional woodchips and mats. 3
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Traditional Chemical Stabilizers Ta
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APPENDIX C Traditional Chemical Sta
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Table C.2a—Portland Cement (Note:
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Table C.2b—Lime Lime Traditional
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Table C.2c—Lime-Fly Ash (LF) and
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Table C.2d—Bitumen/asphalt contin
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APPENDIX D ASTM Soil Tests ASTM Soi
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ASTM Soil Tests Table D.1—Testing
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APPENDIX E pH and Sulfate Tests APP
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pH and Sulfate Tests Determination
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APPENDIX F Evaluation of Stabilizer
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Table F.1—Testing the chemicals (
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Table F.2—Testing treated soil (c
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APPENDIX g Table G.1—Nontradition
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APPENDIX H Mechanical Stabilization
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Mechanical Stabilization Techniques
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APPENDIX I Geosynthetics APPENDIX I
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Geosynthetics Table 5.3—Bearing c
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Geosynthetics STEP 10—Determine g
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Geosynthetics Figure 5.6—Forest S
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STEP 4—ESTIMATE AMOUNT OF TRAFFIC
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