Stabilization Selection Guide for Aggregate - Illinois Department of ...

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CHAPTER ONE Overview Overview INTROdUCTION Soil stabilizers can be used to treat the upper several inches of soil or aggregate surfaces of low-volume roads (LVRs) when the strength or other properties of the in-place soil do not meet the desired or required levels for anticipated traffic. Soil can be either modified or stabilized by many methods, including chemical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical (Danyluk 1986; Martel et al. unpublished). Modification is generally short term and includes benefits such as improvement in workability (expediting construction and saving time and money). Stabilization generally results in a longer term strength gain. q Chemical stabilization is achieved by mixing chemicals, such as cement, lime, fly ash, bitumen, or combinations of these materials, with soil to form a stronger composite material. Selection of the type and percentage of additive is a function of the soil classification and the degree of improvement desired. Chemicals and/or emulsions can be used as: m Compaction aids to soils. m Binders and water repellents. m A means of modifying the behavior of clay to form a stronger composite material. Chemical stabilization can aid in: m Dust control. m Water-erosion control. m Fixation and leaching control of both waste and recycled materials (Das 2000). q Mechanical modification/stabilization involves mixing (two or more soils to obtain a material of desired specification), draining, and/or compacting soil. Alternately, fibrous or other nonbiodegradable reinforcing materials, such as geosynthetics/geocomposites/fibers, can be mixed in or physically placed with the geomaterial to improve strength. q Thermal stabilization involves heating or freezing soil. m Heating the soil to 600 °C can irreversibly dehydrate or fuse soil particles. m Freezing can strengthen the soil by solidifying water content. q Electrical stabilization involves applying a direct electrical current to the soil. This causes water to migrate out of the soil to an electrode. 1
Page 1 and 2: U.S. Department of Agriculture Fore
Page 3: Stabilization Selection Guide for A
Page 7: ACKNOWLEdGMENTS This publication is
Page 11 and 12: Traditional and Nontraditional Modi
Page 13 and 14: Overview Deep Mixing and Grouting C
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER TWO Chemical Stabilization
Page 17 and 18: Traditional Chemical Stabilizing Ag
Page 19 and 20: Chemical Stabilization Lime (Lime s
Page 21 and 22: Chemical Stabilization SELECTING A
Page 23 and 24: Chemical Stabilization When conside
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2.3b— Finished surface. Ch
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER THREE Mechanical Stabilizat
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Page 37 and 38: Mechanical Stabilization neverthele
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Page 45 and 46: REFERENCES References References AS
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Page 49 and 50: References Santoni, R. L.; Tingle,
Page 51: APPENDIX A Definitions APPENDIX A
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APPENDIX B Table B.4—Traditional
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APPENDIX C Table C.1—Guide for se
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APPENDIX C Table C.2a—Portland Ce
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APPENDIX C Figure C.2—Initial lim
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APPENDIX C Table C.2d—Bitumen/asp
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APPENDIX C Final quantities of emul
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APPENDIX D Table D.1—Testing the
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APPENDIX D Table D.1—Testing the
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APPENDIX E E—2 Determination of S
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APPENDIX E E—4 Determination of S
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APPENDIX F Table F.1—Testing the
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APPENDIX F Table F.2—Testing trea
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APPENDIX G Nontraditional Stabilize
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Nontraditional Stabilizers Table G.
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APPENDIX h Table H.1—Mechanical s
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APPENDIX I I—2 The following desi
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APPENDIX I I—4 For example, an 8
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APPENDIX I I—6 Figure 5.5—Fores
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APPENDIX I I—8 n Traffic—approx
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APPENDIX I I—10 STEP 8—SELECT D
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