socio-economic profile of rubber tappers in the small holding sector

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objective factors as price of natural rubber, wage rate, nature of work etc. and subjective factors such as the perspective of tapper and grower, moral ties etc. Decline in the natural rubber economy causes decline or stagnation in wage rate and reduction in number of working days. The wage rate is comparatively low. There is absence of bargaining power and trade union activities. Traditional moral ties and personal relationship between some senior tappers and growers have also helped to mitigate the basic instinct of labourers for organized movements. At present there is no serious scarcity of tappers, though there is scarcity of skilled persons. The trend shows that in the future the situation of scarcity of tappers, whether skilled or unskilled, will become chronic due to the nature of younger generation not to depend on tapping for livelihood, decline in rubber economy and consequent reduction in wage rate.
CHAPTER IV Problems And Prospects Of Women Tappers The socio-economic status and decision-making power of women in a society can be assessed only by analyzing the nature of distribution of labour contribution and benefits of production among the members. Women constitute the largest section of the unemployed in not just urban areas but rural areas as well. Nature of crop and social and economic factors are determinants of participation of women in agricultural works. For example as far as plantation crops are concerned, women participation is highest in tea because, the harvest is more or less completely carried out by women. In smallholdings of rubber the participation of women in tapping labour is very low. Along with the nature of crop, economic backwardness of family, social factors, the approach of rural households to tapping job, the wage rate etc. are also to be considered as determinants of demand and supply conditions of women tappers. This part of study tries to understand whether the problems of women tappers are similar to those of agricultural women workers as a whole, to see the peculiar problems and prospects of women tappers etc. But the study has a limitation that there are only 15 women tappers in the study area. Even though a generalization with the findings from this limited sample may have its own drawbacks, we can reach some general ideas regarding the socio- economic status of women tappers. Total number of agricultural labourers of Kanjirappally taluk is 11067 where 9557 are male and 1510 are females. The predominant involvement of men is vivid. Since male domination in tapping is obvious it is clear that the need for employing females arises under a condition of shortage of male labour as a result of their out migration and increase
Page 1 and 2: SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF RUBBER TA
Page 3 and 4: extend our grateful thanks to all o
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page
Page 7 and 8: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I Kerala has a
Page 9 and 10: egarding wage structure, terms and
Page 11 and 12: Bent Hansen, Bhalla, Errikson, Robe
Page 13 and 14: the Kanjirappally panchayath. The s
Page 15 and 16: The present study has also made use
Page 17 and 18: Cheramar Total Roman Catholic commu
Page 19 and 20: Family Size Table2.4 Distribution o
Page 21 and 22: Types of roof Tiles Asbestos Concre
Page 23 and 24: total sample households, 46.5percen
Page 25 and 26: Newspaper and Magazines 0.70 Medica
Page 27 and 28: 35000-50000 9 4.50 50000-75000 3 1.
Page 29 and 30: Table2.11 Adoption of Tapping Syste
Page 31 and 32: Distribution of Sample Tappers on t
Page 33 and 34: Women tappers represent only a smal
Page 35 and 36: 3.1 Demand Side Tree crops, includi
Page 37 and 38: from agriculture. But most of the t
Page 39 and 40: Farmer tap himself 15 7.50 Total 20
Page 41 and 42: The Minimum Wages Act has made prov
Page 43 and 44: sole reason. There is a belief amon
Page 45: other laws. Unsettled cases are for
Page 49 and 50: leg in an accident. Then she became
Page 51 and 52: some amount out of their income. No
Page 53 and 54: tappers’ households. As cooking f
Page 55 and 56: having a land area below 5 cents be
Page 57 and 58: power of tappers to a level below t
Page 59 and 60: BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Bardhan Pranab,
Page 61: Devi, Usha .T.V, 31.07.1997, ‘Rub

socio-economic profile of rubber tappers in the small holding sector

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