socio-economic profile of rubber tappers in the small holding sector

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Table. No. Title Page 3.3 Distribution of Sample Tapers on 32 The Basis of Wage Rate 3.4 Distribution of Sample Tappers on the 39 Basis of Age *************************************
INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I Kerala has a long tradition in the cultivation of plantation crops. Rubber, tea, coffee and cardamom are the major plantation crops in Kerala. Now the state represents 45 percent of the total area under plantation crops in the country. Rubber plantation had its beginning in India during the first decade of the present century. Kerala holds a dominant position both in the area of cultivation as well as in the production of natural rubber in India. Kerala at present has more than 85 percent of the total cultivation and nearly 93 percent of the total production of natural rubber in India. The earliest rubber plantations in India were large-scale agricultural enterprises operating on commercial lines, engaging regular hired labour. Because of the high remuneration from rubber in the early years of the century, small-scale cultivation also started developing. Rubber attracted small-scale cultivators by virtue of its capacity to provide steady returns for long period. Moreover, rubber can be cultivated even on inferior lands. In Kerala the Land Reforms Act and Rubber Development Schemes of Rubber Board have accelerated this process. Now rubber economy is over whelmingly smallholder- oriented. 1.1 Importance of the study Under the Rubber Act Rules, owners of rubber plantations are classified in to two groups viz; small growers and large growers. A small grower is defined as an owner whose rubber plantation does not exceed 20.23 hectares(50 acres) An owner having more than 50 acres of rubber cultivation is considered to be large grower. About 9 lakhs small holders occupy 93 percent of total rubber area and contributing 85 percent of total rubber production in Kerala. During the period 1960-61 to 1999-2000 the proportion of area of
Page 1 and 2: SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF RUBBER TA
Page 3 and 4: extend our grateful thanks to all o
Page 5: LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page
Page 9 and 10: egarding wage structure, terms and
Page 11 and 12: Bent Hansen, Bhalla, Errikson, Robe
Page 13 and 14: the Kanjirappally panchayath. The s
Page 15 and 16: The present study has also made use
Page 17 and 18: Cheramar Total Roman Catholic commu
Page 19 and 20: Family Size Table2.4 Distribution o
Page 21 and 22: Types of roof Tiles Asbestos Concre
Page 23 and 24: total sample households, 46.5percen
Page 25 and 26: Newspaper and Magazines 0.70 Medica
Page 27 and 28: 35000-50000 9 4.50 50000-75000 3 1.
Page 29 and 30: Table2.11 Adoption of Tapping Syste
Page 31 and 32: Distribution of Sample Tappers on t
Page 33 and 34: Women tappers represent only a smal
Page 35 and 36: 3.1 Demand Side Tree crops, includi
Page 37 and 38: from agriculture. But most of the t
Page 39 and 40: Farmer tap himself 15 7.50 Total 20
Page 41 and 42: The Minimum Wages Act has made prov
Page 43 and 44: sole reason. There is a belief amon
Page 45 and 46: other laws. Unsettled cases are for
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER IV Problems And Prospects O
Page 49 and 50: leg in an accident. Then she became
Page 51 and 52: some amount out of their income. No
Page 53 and 54: tappers’ households. As cooking f
Page 55 and 56: having a land area below 5 cents be
Page 57 and 58:
power of tappers to a level below t
Page 59 and 60:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Bardhan Pranab,
Page 61:
Devi, Usha .T.V, 31.07.1997, ‘Rub
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socio-economic profile of rubber tappers in the small holding sector

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