socio-economic profile of rubber tappers in the small holding sector

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Most of the women tappers are compelled to undertake household works after the heavy job of tapping. The continuous engagement in house hold works and tapping from dawn to desk makes the general health conditions of women tappers poor. The study reveals that the participation of women in tapping does not improve appreciably the level of individual independence and participation in family decision making. In brief, the decline in the world rubber economy and trade liberalisation policies of the nation have drastically affected the price of the natural rubber in India. This, in turn, adversely affect the income of small-scale rubber growers and the socio- economic conditions of rubber tappers. More over, Disappointed with the decreasing remuneration, growers are reluctant to adopt better techniques of rubber cultivation and tapping. The subsequent fall in the growth of productivity increases the gravity of the crisis.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Bardhan Pranab, Land, Labour and Capital, Oxford University Press , Delhi Bardhan Pranab, Mrinal Datta, Chandhari and T.N.Krishnan, 1993, Development And Change, oxford University Press, Delhi Booth Anne, Sundaram R.M, 1984, Labour Absorption In Agriculture, Oxford University Press, Delhi. Barlow Colin, Sisira, Jayasurya and C. Suan Tan, 1994,The World Rubber Industry, Rouledge, London and Newyork The Rubber Board, 1980, Hand Book of Natural Rubber Production In India, The Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam -------- Various Issues , The Rubber Growers’ Companion, Kerala, Kottayam Umadevi.S,1989, Plantation Economics of the Third World, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai Vilanilam.J.V, 1973, Rubber, Kerala Bhasha Institute, Thiruvananthapuram White, James, 1995, Rubber: Processing- Technology- Principles, Hanser publishers, Munich, Vienna, New York Articles Anithottam Mathew, 1998 Government Policies Ruining Small Natural Rubber Growers, Rubber Asia, Dhanam Publication, Cochin, Nov- Devi Usha, T.V, 1999, Travails of Kerala Rubber Economy, Rubber Asia,. Dhanam Publication, Cochi, January- February Ellis Frank, 1998, Household strategies and Rural Livelihood Diversification-
Page 1 and 2:
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF RUBBER TA
Page 3 and 4:
extend our grateful thanks to all o
Page 5 and 6:
LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page
Page 7 and 8: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I Kerala has a
Page 9 and 10: egarding wage structure, terms and
Page 11 and 12: Bent Hansen, Bhalla, Errikson, Robe
Page 13 and 14: the Kanjirappally panchayath. The s
Page 15 and 16: The present study has also made use
Page 17 and 18: Cheramar Total Roman Catholic commu
Page 19 and 20: Family Size Table2.4 Distribution o
Page 21 and 22: Types of roof Tiles Asbestos Concre
Page 23 and 24: total sample households, 46.5percen
Page 25 and 26: Newspaper and Magazines 0.70 Medica
Page 27 and 28: 35000-50000 9 4.50 50000-75000 3 1.
Page 29 and 30: Table2.11 Adoption of Tapping Syste
Page 31 and 32: Distribution of Sample Tappers on t
Page 33 and 34: Women tappers represent only a smal
Page 35 and 36: 3.1 Demand Side Tree crops, includi
Page 37 and 38: from agriculture. But most of the t
Page 39 and 40: Farmer tap himself 15 7.50 Total 20
Page 41 and 42: The Minimum Wages Act has made prov
Page 43 and 44: sole reason. There is a belief amon
Page 45 and 46: other laws. Unsettled cases are for
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER IV Problems And Prospects O
Page 49 and 50: leg in an accident. Then she became
Page 51 and 52: some amount out of their income. No
Page 53 and 54: tappers’ households. As cooking f
Page 55 and 56: having a land area below 5 cents be
Page 57: power of tappers to a level below t
Page 61: Devi, Usha .T.V, 31.07.1997, ‘Rub
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