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3 4.3.2.1g) Forest The absence of fire as a control method is a major feature in this habitat. Managing fuels at forest edges to prevent fires (fuelled by dry alien litter) from penetrating into the forest is identified as a priority. Each of these habitats may or may not have a variety of human land uses adjacent to them (cultivated lands, cities, semi-urban areas, rural areas, plantations). Each of these also needs to be considered when planning a clearing operation (Goodall & Erasmus, 1996). Here follows our proposed system of situations or conditions that tend to prevail (see Table 5) Table 5: The various situations or land use categories and the habitat types where they occur. Situation Habitat types 1. Flat riparian savanna 2. Steep riparian forest 3. Lowveld riparian forest 4. Open savanna dry lowveld 5. Open savanna –lower to mid slope 6. Bushveld on rocky hills 1. Natural veld. Game reserves/ cattle ranch. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 2. Natural veld. Edge of non irrigated land Y N N Y Y N N 3. Natural veld. Edge of irrigated land (sugar cane) Y N Y Y N N N 4. Plantations N N N N Y N Y 5. Fallow lands Y N N Y Y N N 6. Rural areas N N N Y Y Y N 7. Forest Not all situations occur in every habitat, the table indicates where both exist together. This thus defines the different situations for which clearing protocols may need to be developed. 4.3.3 The different densities and cover of chromolaena and lantana From a clearing perspective, three major categories were devised for which there should be differences in the clearing method used. These were: a) Low density,
) Medium density 5-75 % cover c) High density, 75-100 % cover High density 75-100 % cover chromolaena at the Hilltop experimental site near Tzaneen. Medium density 5 - 75 % cover chromolaena at the Theuns Botha experimental site near Tzaneen. High density 75-100 % cover lantana at a permanently marked plot (peg 142) at Casa do Sol near Hazyview. The height of the stand was also considered important and divided into taller than 3 m or less than 3 m. 4.3.4 The influence of season and climate on the choice and timing of control method One needs to create a time schedule over several years following a disturbance for the various control measures and the integration of them. For example, herbicidal control and especially foliar spray are not appropriate unless the plants are actively growing. This effectively eliminates this form of control during winter and/or drought periods. Thus, one may be forced to apply mechanical or cultural control measures at this time. Unfortunately, “hand pulling” of young plants in dry periods is also unfeasible, as stems tend to break off at the roots, and if these are left behind they tend to resprout. This leaves fire Development of a clearing protocol based on ecological criteria for Mesic Savannas and Sweet Grassveld for the Working for Water Programme 3
Page 1: Development of a Clearing Protocol
Page 5 and 6: Contents 1. Executive Summary......
Page 7 and 8: 1. Executive Summary The difficulti
Page 9 and 10: • Assess the degree to which ecos
Page 11 and 12: 4. Findings 4.1 Overview of Sweet G
Page 13 and 14: To further complicate matters, Iron
Page 15 and 16: Table 1: Summary of important infor
Page 17 and 18: expected. It grows especially well
Page 19 and 20: 5) Fire tolerance - the plants burn
Page 21 and 22: Species Common name Solanum seafort
Page 23 and 24: leaking pipelines and/or irrigation
Page 25 and 26: disturbance of the soil will probab
Page 27 and 28: 4.3.1.2d) Bulldozing Scraping with
Page 29 and 30: Table 3: Herbicides registered for
Page 31 and 32: flower and set seed. To apply folia
Page 33 and 34: 4.3.1.3c) Aerial spraying Vehicle o
Page 35 and 36: the impacts of fire season on lanta
Page 37: 4.3.2.1b) Steep riparian forest The
Page 41 and 42: 4.4.1a) Generic clearing options in
Page 43 and 44: 4.4.1c) Generic clearing options in
Page 45 and 46: 4.4.2 Control options in different
Page 47 and 48: 4.4.2c) Clearing options for lowvel
Page 49 and 50: 4.4.2e) Clearing options for mixed
Page 51 and 52: 4.4.2g) Clearing options for planta
Page 53 and 54: 4.4.2i) Clearing options for rural
Page 55 and 56: 5. Discussion 5.1 Discussion of the
Page 57 and 58: 8. References Acocks JPH 1988. Veld
Page 59: Trollope WSW 1980. Controlling bush
Page 62 and 63: 62 direction of their bases from th
Page 64 and 65: 64 Table 1: Plot data for the regio
Page 66 and 67: 66 Region Site Name Peg GPS South K
Page 68 and 69: 6 monthly rainfall (mm) monthly rai
Page 70 and 71: Annexure 1: Summary data for the 59
Page 72 and 73: 2 Annexure 2: Original sampling pla
Page 74 and 75: 4 Site No .........................
Page 76 and 77: 6 9.2 Appendix 2: Results from fiel
Page 78 and 79: A summary of the treatments applied
Page 80 and 81: 0 tree div diff 3.175916 tree divdi
Page 82 and 83: 2 % cover chromolaena in 2005/% cov
Page 84 and 85: 4 plots was cleared in 2004). This
Page 86: 6 9.4 Appendix 4: Acknowledgements

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