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66 Region Site Name Peg GPS South Kruger Park Sabie River Pump Station Appendix 1 (o) GPS East (o) 103 24.01881 31.24925 Granite Lowveld (SVI3), Lowveld Riverine Forest (Foa1) SA Vegetation type Notes and insights: Kruger Park Lower Sabie on S3 24.97004 31.40896 Granite Lowveld (SVI3), Lowveld Riverine Forest (Foa1) Kruger Park Lower Sabie Road 165 24.97934 31.64558 Granite Lowveld (SVI3), Lowveld Riverine Forest (Foa1) Kruger Park Lower Sabie Bridge Kruger Park “Lower Sabie Camp” 74 25.12238 31.92529 Granite Lowveld (SVI3), Lowveld Riverine Forest (Foa1) 143 25.09870 31.88118 Granite Lowveld (SVI3), Lowveld Riverine Forest (Foa1) Kruger Park Picnic Spot 158 25.00010 31.77221 Granite Lowveld (SVI3), Lowveld Riverine Forest (Foa1) 9.1.3 Results Show case best approaches Lantana cleared, but 5 other alien weeds have increased cover Clearing done, six more (total 10) other alien weeds have invaded, Peg missing, site burnt Chromolaena gone but many weed species are still present, peg missing Lantana cleared, browsing by hippo Effective clearing, peg missing No clearing, other exotic weeds increasing cover 9.1.3.1 Assessment of the effectiveness of clearing methods currently used A summary table of the data is provided in Annexure 1. This data has been very briefly analysed below by grouping the plots into those that were cleared and not cleared during the sample interval (2004-2006). Based on this and the clearing experiments the conclusion is that most clearing methods currently being used are effective. Table 2: The average and standard deviation of the difference in cover or number of species between 2004 and 2006 for a range of growth forms and aliens. Results show averages for plots where no clearing happened (no interference occurred) compared with where clearing did happen between 2004 and 2006 (interference). Difference in % cover and number of species for a range of alien and indigenous vegetation categories between 2006 and 2004 (2006 minus 2004) % grass % chromo- % lantana % other no. of other tree grass herb cover laena cover cover alien cover alien spp diversity diversity diversity No interference N=32 2 ± 25 15 ± 30 1 ± 11 7 ± 16 1 ± 1 3 ± 4 1 ± 2 2 ± 5 Interference N=25 23 ± 36 -14 ± 41 -6 ± 21 11 ± 19 1 ± 3 3 ± 5 1 ± 2 2 ± 3 Table 2 shows that overall, clearing does reduce the cover of chromolaena and lantana, but not other alien invasive plants. This is probably related to the phenomenon whereby recently cleared plots are open to invasion, and accumulate opportunistic weed species as well as indigenous plants, especially after good summer rain (see Figure 1). Indigenous grass cover increased more where clearing happened. There was a slight increase in tree, grass and herb diversity for both cleared and uncleared sites. The increase in grass cover could be regarded as a positive sign in terms of using fire as a control method. Based on the increase in other alien plants in even cleared plots, there does appear to be a shortage of understanding of the threat posed by other emerging weeds. In many cases these weeds are left alone, and only specified target species are controlled. This is a flaw in training and management that urgently needs to be rectified.
9.1.3.2 The influence of rainfall Rainfall figures were accessed for the nearest weather stations to the sites (see Figure 2). These show the seasonality of rainfall with summer rainfall and dry winters that is typical of savanna climate. The rainfall figures also show the variation between years, with some years having below average rainfall and others having above average rainfall. In summary 2003 and 2005 were relatively dry years and 2004 and 2006 had above average rainfall. Rain in the 2004/2005-summer rainfall period was late (at the end of summer) while 2005/2006-summer season had good rainfall in spring, summer and autumn. The 2006/2007-summer season has recorded below average rainfall, although March 2007 rainfall has not been recorded yet. monthly rainfall (mm) monthly rainfall (mm) monthly rainfall (mm) 500 400 300 200 100 0 500 400 300 200 100 0 500 400 300 200 100 0 Louis Trichardt Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 annual total: 474 mm 866 mm 379 mm 617 mm months and years Tzaneen Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 annual total: 569 mm 1166 mm 577 mm (1032 mm) months and years Mayfern Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 annual total: 288 mm 936 mm 788 mm 1198 mm months and years Appendix 1 6
Page 1:
Development of a Clearing Protocol
Page 5 and 6:
Contents 1. Executive Summary......
Page 7 and 8:
1. Executive Summary The difficulti
Page 9 and 10:
• Assess the degree to which ecos
Page 11 and 12:
4. Findings 4.1 Overview of Sweet G
Page 13 and 14:
To further complicate matters, Iron
Page 15 and 16: Table 1: Summary of important infor
Page 17 and 18: expected. It grows especially well
Page 19 and 20: 5) Fire tolerance - the plants burn
Page 21 and 22: Species Common name Solanum seafort
Page 23 and 24: leaking pipelines and/or irrigation
Page 25 and 26: disturbance of the soil will probab
Page 27 and 28: 4.3.1.2d) Bulldozing Scraping with
Page 29 and 30: Table 3: Herbicides registered for
Page 31 and 32: flower and set seed. To apply folia
Page 33 and 34: 4.3.1.3c) Aerial spraying Vehicle o
Page 35 and 36: the impacts of fire season on lanta
Page 37 and 38: 4.3.2.1b) Steep riparian forest The
Page 39 and 40: ) Medium density 5-75 % cover c) Hi
Page 41 and 42: 4.4.1a) Generic clearing options in
Page 43 and 44: 4.4.1c) Generic clearing options in
Page 45 and 46: 4.4.2 Control options in different
Page 47 and 48: 4.4.2c) Clearing options for lowvel
Page 49 and 50: 4.4.2e) Clearing options for mixed
Page 51 and 52: 4.4.2g) Clearing options for planta
Page 53 and 54: 4.4.2i) Clearing options for rural
Page 55 and 56: 5. Discussion 5.1 Discussion of the
Page 57 and 58: 8. References Acocks JPH 1988. Veld
Page 59: Trollope WSW 1980. Controlling bush
Page 62 and 63: 62 direction of their bases from th
Page 64 and 65: 64 Table 1: Plot data for the regio
Page 68 and 69: 6 monthly rainfall (mm) monthly rai
Page 70 and 71: Annexure 1: Summary data for the 59
Page 72 and 73: 2 Annexure 2: Original sampling pla
Page 74 and 75: 4 Site No .........................
Page 76 and 77: 6 9.2 Appendix 2: Results from fiel
Page 78 and 79: A summary of the treatments applied
Page 80 and 81: 0 tree div diff 3.175916 tree divdi
Page 82 and 83: 2 % cover chromolaena in 2005/% cov
Page 84 and 85: 4 plots was cleared in 2004). This
Page 86: 6 9.4 Appendix 4: Acknowledgements
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