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56 Region Contact Person Affiliation Contact Number Phinda Brett Pearson Hluhluwe Zanele Hluhluwe Sue Van Rensburg Hluhluwe Andrew Whitley Kruger Park Zebulon Shlingwani Kruger Park Llewellyn Foxcroft 6. Recommendations Current clearing manager Past WfW project manager KZN Wildlife, director research WfW GIS specialist WfW project manager Alien weed research 035-5620271; 0833390654 0723416836 0355620606 ext 214/ 0845488134 033302051 0826849856 0829082676 If the long-term potential of this project is to be realised, then it should investigate re-marking the plots with pegs that cannot be moved, but are also reasonably easy to find. This would be the priority step to take if this project were to be continued. The next step would be to do another sampling and treatment at the Tzaneen experimental sites in June 2007. The permanently marked sites should be resampled in 2008. 7. Summary The vegetation and ecosystem function of sweet grassveld and mesic savannas are described. The problem of bush encroachment and how this tends to be part of the invasion process is detailed. The biology and ecology of the two focus weeds, chromolaena and lantana, are described. A list of the other weeds that are invasive in this ecosystem are provided. The various control methods that can be used are described and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are listed. Practical tips to consider when applying the different treatments are also provided. Following this the various aspects of the ecosystem that need to be considered when choosing clearing methods are briefly described in broad categories. These included various indigenous habitat types, land uses, density and height/age of aliens, seasonality and variation in rainfall. Finally clearing protocols are developed for four different climate scenarios and nine different habitat/land use situations. These could be used by WfW managers to choose the best approach to clearing based on a wide range of factors and situations. The report also provides the methods and results of two field studies that were done between 2004 and 2006 in the Appendices. The results show that alien plant control is effective and that indigenous diversity increases following the application of control measures. The results indicate that WfW can be proud of their control efforts to date. This report provides information, data and ideas that can be used to enhance the effectiveness of WfW clearing teams in the control of invasive alien plants in the savanna ecosystem. Development of a clearing protocol based on ecological criteria for Mesic Savannas and Sweet Grassveld for the Working for Water Programme
8. References Acocks JPH 1988. Veld Types of South Africa. 3 rd edition. Memoirs of the botanical survey of South Africa No. 57. 146 pp. Blackmore AC 1998. Seed dispersal of Chromolaena odorata reconsidered. Proceedings of The Fourth International workshop on biological control and management of Chromolaena odorata, 16-21. Bond WJ & Midgley JJ 2001. Ecology of sprouting in woody plants: the persistence niche. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: 45-51. Bond WJ, Midgley GF & Woodward FI 2003. What controls South African vegetation - climate or fire? South African Journal of Botany 69 (1): 1-13. Campbell PL 2000. Rehabilitation recommendations after alien plant control. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 11. 124 pp and grab-a-grass dial. Carlisle SM and Trevors JT 1988. Glyphosate in the environment. Water, soil and air pollution 39:409-420. Clark A, Raven C & Stock D 2006. Lantana – a weed of National Significance. Using herbicides on lantana – a guide to best management practices. The State of Queensland (Department of Natural Resources and Water). 32pp. Cox C 2000. Herbicide factsheet. Triclopyr. Journal of Pesticide Reform. 20(4)12-19. Day MD, Wiley CJ, Playford J and Zaluki MP 2003. Lantana: Current Management Status and Future prospects. Part 2: Control of Lantana. Australian Government. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Erasmus DJ 2006. A review of mechanical and chemical control of Chromolaena odorata in South Africa. ARC-PPRI. 7 pp. Goodall JM & Erasmus DJ 1996. Review of the status and integrated control of the invasive alien weed, Chromolaena odorata, in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 56:151-164. Goodall JM, Kluge RL and Zimmermann HG 1996. Developing integrated control strategies for Chromolaena odorata in southern Africa. Second International Weed Congress Copenhagen. 729-734. Goodall JM & Zacharias PJK 2002. Managing Chromolaena odorata in Subtropical Grasslands in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. 120-127. In: Proceedings of The Fifth International workshop on biological control and management of Chromolaena odorata, Durban, South Africa, 23-25 October 2000. ARC-PPRI. Development of a clearing protocol based on ecological criteria for Mesic Savannas and Sweet Grassveld for the Working for Water Programme 5
Page 1:
Development of a Clearing Protocol
Page 5 and 6: Contents 1. Executive Summary......
Page 7 and 8: 1. Executive Summary The difficulti
Page 9 and 10: • Assess the degree to which ecos
Page 11 and 12: 4. Findings 4.1 Overview of Sweet G
Page 13 and 14: To further complicate matters, Iron
Page 15 and 16: Table 1: Summary of important infor
Page 17 and 18: expected. It grows especially well
Page 19 and 20: 5) Fire tolerance - the plants burn
Page 21 and 22: Species Common name Solanum seafort
Page 23 and 24: leaking pipelines and/or irrigation
Page 25 and 26: disturbance of the soil will probab
Page 27 and 28: 4.3.1.2d) Bulldozing Scraping with
Page 29 and 30: Table 3: Herbicides registered for
Page 31 and 32: flower and set seed. To apply folia
Page 33 and 34: 4.3.1.3c) Aerial spraying Vehicle o
Page 35 and 36: the impacts of fire season on lanta
Page 37 and 38: 4.3.2.1b) Steep riparian forest The
Page 39 and 40: ) Medium density 5-75 % cover c) Hi
Page 41 and 42: 4.4.1a) Generic clearing options in
Page 43 and 44: 4.4.1c) Generic clearing options in
Page 45 and 46: 4.4.2 Control options in different
Page 47 and 48: 4.4.2c) Clearing options for lowvel
Page 49 and 50: 4.4.2e) Clearing options for mixed
Page 51 and 52: 4.4.2g) Clearing options for planta
Page 53 and 54: 4.4.2i) Clearing options for rural
Page 55: 5. Discussion 5.1 Discussion of the
Page 59: Trollope WSW 1980. Controlling bush
Page 62 and 63: 62 direction of their bases from th
Page 64 and 65: 64 Table 1: Plot data for the regio
Page 66 and 67: 66 Region Site Name Peg GPS South K
Page 68 and 69: 6 monthly rainfall (mm) monthly rai
Page 70 and 71: Annexure 1: Summary data for the 59
Page 72 and 73: 2 Annexure 2: Original sampling pla
Page 74 and 75: 4 Site No .........................
Page 76 and 77: 6 9.2 Appendix 2: Results from fiel
Page 78 and 79: A summary of the treatments applied
Page 80 and 81: 0 tree div diff 3.175916 tree divdi
Page 82 and 83: 2 % cover chromolaena in 2005/% cov
Page 84 and 85: 4 plots was cleared in 2004). This
Page 86: 6 9.4 Appendix 4: Acknowledgements
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