Volume of Abstracts - Università degli Studi di Milano

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5 th Int. Workshop on Ice Caves (IWIC – V) Barzio (LC), Valsassina, Grigna and Milano, September 16 – 23, 2012 Volume of Abstracts considered useful indicators of warm/wet conditions outside the cave, time when biogenic-derived CO2-rich waters seeped into the cave. Future work on these carbonate precipitates may shed light on the relationship between the oxygen isotope values in the ice layers and ikaite‟s temperature-restricted field of formation. The aim of this study is 1) to infer the δ 18 O from hydration water of ikaite and cross-calibrate it against the δ 18 O obtained from ice layers that contain ikaite and 2) better understand the precipitation of ikaite and its transformation into anhydrous carbonate. The results can serve as basis to further explore other paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental implications the presence of ikaite in perennial ice cave accumulations might have. WHAT CAUSED THE LEDS IN CAVE LIGHTING? Novomeský J. 1 1 COMLUX sro – lighting studio, SK–82104 Bratislava, Kopanice 5, Slovakia (COMLUX@COMLUX.SK) The LED are suitable for use in cave lighting equipments (CLE) since about 5 years. But some of the newest CLE do not perform as well as expected for these modern lamps. It seems that many planers and users don‟t have enough technical and practical knowledge and experience about it and its application. Some new, no properly designed LED CLE, produce too much or not enough light in the cave, cause quite strange unnatural colors and the feeling of space deformation. And in the worst case help to intensive grow of lamp flora. To avoid some of the mistakes that can happen from improper use of this new light source, experimentation with possible LED white light colors and comparison with previous incandescent lamps found, that there is necessary to suit the color temperature of used LED with the main color of cave walls, to use only LED of the best quality with efficiency of more than 50 lm/W and color rendering index better than 80. Further is to avoid any violent experiments with the light effects and to install the properly quantity light into the cave. Only on this way is it possible to guarantee the best visual impression for the visitors and good cave protection. White LED have already reached luminous efficacies of 100-150 lm/W and a color rendering index of 80. Target value for warm white LED in the next 10 years are more than 200 lm/W efficacy and a CRI of over 90. They are immediately switchable, dimmable and have the technical life 30000-50000 hours mostly limited only through the drivers life. We don‟t need more life in the usual lighting installations. It is more than 10 service years by the 3000 burning hours in a year. And what kind of lamp will we use after 10 years? They are 10 times better than incandescent and halogen lamps and 55
5 th Int. Workshop on Ice Caves (IWIC – V) Barzio (LC), Valsassina, Grigna and Milano, September 16 – 23, 2012 Volume of Abstracts 2 times better than discharge lamps today. Only their price seems to be quite high, but the serious cost calculation show us that the high initial costs are compensated by the low running costs and that the pay back times are acceptable. From the applications in the color illuminations on the beginning, they are more and more used in the common lighting - in the shops, offices, working places, industry, streets, sport places and why not in the caves? But effective design, possible simple installation, control, and operation of LED CLE require a much more technical knowledge and feeling for the nature as were needed for the lighting installation in the past. GLACIAL KARST ON THE FORNI GLACIER (VALTELLINA, I) Ferrario A. 1 , Inglese M. 2 , Testa P. 3 & Tognini P. 2 1 Gruppo Gruppo Grotte CAI Saronno, Progetto Speleologia Glaciale; (aiaweie@hotmail.it) 2 Gruppo Grotte Milano CAI-SEM, Progetto Speleologia Glaciale; (paolatognini@iol.it; mauro.ingle@iol.it) 3 Gruppo Speleologico CAI Varallo, Progetto Speleologia Glaciale; (speleopaolo@hotmali.com) The Forni Glacier (Valfurva, Valtellina, Northern Italy) is the longest glacier in the Italian Alps (although it has considerably reduced in length during the last two decades) and it has been being studied since 1995 by a group of Italian cavers. This poster shows the main karst features observed on this glacier during a period of 17 years, both on surface and endo- and subglacially. The relation of the evolution of glacial karst with the evolution of the glacier, and the effects of recent ice volume reduction on karst morphologies, mainly on endo- and subglacial caves, are pointed out. GLACIAL KARST ON THE MORTERATSCH GLACIER (CH) Ferrario A. 1 , Inglese M. 2 , Testa P. 3 & Tognini P. 2 1 Gruppo Gruppo Grotte CAI Saronno, Progetto Speleologia Glaciale; (aiaweie@hotmail.it) 2 Gruppo Grotte Milano CAI-SEM, Progetto Speleologia Glaciale; (paolatognini@iol.it; mauro.ingle@iol.it) 3 Gruppo Speleologico CAI Varallo, Progetto Speleologia Glaciale; (speleopaolo@hotmali.com) The Morteratsch Glacier is found in the Southern Switzerland Alps: fed by the highest peaks of the Bernina Massif, it is one of the largest glaciers in Switzerland. 56
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IWIC - V 5 th INTERNATIONAL WORKSHO
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President 5 th Int. Workshop on Ice
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Page 13 and 14: Dear Participants, we are very plea
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Volume of Abstracts - Università degli Studi di Milano

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