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2 REVlEW OF LITERATURE: Chapter 2 A recent review on somaclonal variation by various authors in "Sornaclonal variation in Crop Improvement I" (Bajaj, 1990) comprehensively covers various aspects like the chromosomal, genetical and molecular variability. Somaclonal Variation in certain cereals, vegetables and fruits and also ornamentals and forage plants is described. The present review briefly focusses on Me literature ctvailable on (a) Me history 01 somaclonal variation, (b) characterization of somaclonal variation at the molecular level and (c) tissue culture and regeneration studies in legumes in general and pigeonpea in particular. 2.1 SOMACLONAL VARlAnON Sections 2.1 and 2.2 discusses the cyiogenetlc varidion that resulted in haploids, aneuplolds and polyplolds; In vlho selection lor herbicide and salt tolerance and disease and pest resistance; genotypic and phenotypic variation for qualitative and quantitative trant; rtudles 6
on culture induced vs mutagen induced variation; and molecular variank at the nuclwr and organelle levels in some important cropsfplant species. Genetic vadation arising from tissue culture d plants has been termed somaclonal varldon (Larkin and SCOWC~O~, 1981). Variation has been observed in a wide range of ~pecies, from plants derived from a variety of explants, using dinerent cultural methods. The oddfflon d growth substances to the culture medium are believed to induce mutations (D'Amdo, 1977). In agreement with this all forms of mutational events like changes in ploidy level, chromowme breakage and rearrangements, gene omplificdion, single gene mutation, variation in quantitative traits and activation of transposable elements have all been reported. This phenomenon stimulated much interesf among plont breeders and those researching or using tissue culture, thus contrtbuting to the accumulation of literature. The possibility d changing one or more traits of agronomic importance in an otherwise outstanding cumvar without altering the rest of the genome is a major consideration as an adjunct to conventionol breeding. The occurrence and extent ot somaclonal variation is influenced by expiant wurce, culture type and age, and genotype (Peschke and Phillips, 1992). Most of this vaflation has been dtributed to oneuploidy (Ahloowoiia, 1982), single gene mutations (Evans and Sharp, 1983), and also to transposable elements (Larkin et ol., 1984). Chromosomal variation has been reviewed by Lee and Phillips, (1988) who observe that Variation has been reccfded using virtually every t d available lo the geneticist, from the light microscope to the nucleic acid sequencer. In cereals, Linacera et at. (1992) reported that non-diploid rye plank appeared in R1 and R2 pogenbs while chromorome m d c h Was reshlcted to iho lnltlal regenerank.
Page 1 and 2: Application of Somaclonal Variation
Page 3 and 4: DECLARATION The research work embod
Page 5 and 6: Depaltment of Botany, 0.U) for beln
Page 7 and 8: US OF TABLES Between Pages Inorgani
Page 9 and 10: 21 Source of variation for the yiel
Page 11 and 12: 4 A Mature cotyledon of C. cajan cv
Page 13 and 14: No Tie i b UST OF FIGURES 1 lnlluen
Page 15 and 16: evollian of the thearetic01 asprt.
Page 17: used for identification of randomly
Page 21 and 22: egions could resun in various anora
Page 23 and 24: In their efforts to select for Fusa
Page 25 and 26: Herftable resislance to non-specUlc
Page 27 and 28: profdn. They observed 23 ol91 mutog
Page 29 and 30: following plant rogoneration In 9 d
Page 31 and 32: per spike, kernel weight, yidd, tot
Page 33 and 34: ange from 11.5 to 39.5% and a tende
Page 35 and 36: nultlplo shoots, dwarts, abnormal l
Page 37 and 38: waxiness. glume and grain colour, g
Page 39 and 40: 2.2 MOLECULAR STUDIES OF SOMACLONAL
Page 41 and 42: one regenerant which was hetetozygo
Page 43 and 44: when hybddizatlon pattern of regene
Page 45 and 46: 2.3 TISSUE CUlWRE AND REGENERATION
Page 47 and 48: lomuldlon has Increased concenhatlo
Page 49 and 50: A compehenslve llst of whole plant
Page 51 and 52: TYPO Of Spocler regoneratlon Explan
Page 53 and 54: cotyledons. Rwna et al. (1992) rege
Page 55 and 56: 3. TISSUE CULTURE AND REGENERNION I
Page 57 and 58: Immature cotyledon explants obfdned
Page 59 and 60: cultured on MS semi-sdid medium sup
Page 61 and 62: In vltro grown seedllngs were used
Page 63 and 64: Three weeks after culture all the g
Page 65: PLATE 1 1 A. Callused cotyledonary
Page 68 and 69:
PLATE 2
Page 70 and 71:
3A. Mature imbibed cotyledon ot C.
Page 72 and 73:
4A. lvlature colyiedo~? of CJ cujar
Page 74 and 75:
Effect of different hormonal comb~n
Page 76 and 77:
E 9 Cuiture Period (weegsj NO shoot
Page 78 and 79:
PLATE 5
Page 80:
IncreoJng the doses of rlrradlation
Page 84 and 85:
3.3 DISCUSSION Auxins In the presen
Page 86 and 87:
axes when cultured on MS medium sup
Page 88 and 89:
In the present investigation the In
Page 90 and 91:
oMaln cotyledonary node tissue of s
Page 92 and 93:
Bama and Wakhiu (1994) oberved high
Page 94 and 95:
species producing pdyphenols In cul
Page 96 and 97:
4 ASSESSMENT OF SOMACLONAL VARIATIO
Page 98 and 99:
a RI Generafton: The R1 plants grow
Page 100 and 101:
Seed number per pod: Total number o
Page 102 and 103:
4.2 RESULTS 4.21 SOMACLONAL VARIATI
Page 105:
Phenotyprc variation in the field g
Page 108 and 109:
Frequency of phenotvplc varlation s
Page 110 and 111:
Table 8 Genotypic varlation in qual
Page 112 and 113:
Figure:i Ward's minimum variance de
Page 114:
Cluster means for the yleld paramet
Page 119 and 120:
Analysis of varlance for various yi
Page 121 and 122:
4.23 GAMMA-lRUD1ATED VS UN-IWADIAlE
Page 123 and 124:
Cluster means lor the yield paramet
Page 126 and 127:
Cluster means for the yield paramet
Page 128 and 129:
lowed ped incidence groups. Althoug
Page 130 and 131:
Analysis of varlance (GLM) for varl
Page 132 and 133:
with hawest index having the least
Page 134 and 135:
Table 22 Source of variation lor th
Page 136 and 137:
Phenolyplc cndgenofypic vorfollon f
Page 138 and 139:
PLATE 8
Page 140 and 141:
Table 25 Comparlson of Hellcoverpa
Page 142 and 143:
Fimnotyplc varkrfion torquditailve
Page 144 and 145:
mutations from recessive to dominan
Page 146 and 147:
The plants regenerated hom gamma in
Page 148 and 149:
ecovery ot such agronomically usefu
Page 150 and 151:
The dilferenltal exprdon d tomaclon
Page 152 and 153:
Ealy maturlty wor obtwed In malze b
Page 154 and 155:
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF SOMACLONAL PR
Page 156 and 157:
5.1.3 DNA AMPUFICATION AND PCR COND
Page 158:
Fruciionation of PCR prod~rcfs of t
Page 161 and 162:
5.3 DISCUSSION Among the varlants s
Page 163 and 164:
GENERAL DISCUSSION Chapter 6 The pr
Page 165 and 166:
thw to rnetaboliw BA quite efllclml
Page 167 and 168:
which adsoltx hydroxymelhyl-fuhrral
Page 169 and 170:
this study there has been no r.pott
Page 171 and 172:
fu- develop somaclonal lines usable
Page 173 and 174:
Due to the lack d sufficient geneti
Page 175 and 176:
of DNA sequences have been obwwed I
Page 177 and 178:
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Chapter 7 T
Page 179 and 180:
tho pufative somaclones with agrono
Page 181 and 182:
or large pod bearing length per bra
Page 183 and 184:
Preliminary analysis of the putativ
Page 185 and 186:
Bootliein, DA and McDanW, R.G. 1987
Page 187 and 188:
Brown, P.T.H and Lkz, H. 1986. Meth
Page 189 and 190:
Ween, LS., SMhman, D.D and Rlnw, H.
Page 191 and 192:
Franklln C.I., Revw, N., Gronzales,
Page 193 and 194:
Groacs, R.W., and Binghcm, E.T. (19
Page 195 and 196:
Johnson, L.B., SMenllle, D.1, Schla
Page 197 and 198:
KWy, W and H.J. Jacabson. 1990. Som
Page 199 and 200:
Maddock, S.E. RWott, R., Pomr, S.,
Page 201 and 202:
Mdns, F., Jr. 1983. Heritable varia
Page 203 and 204:
Niizeki, M., ishikawa, R and Sdto,
Page 205 and 206:
Powell. W., Hayter, A.M. Wood, W, D
Page 207 and 208:
Sanlos, A.V.P. dm, Outka, D.E., Coc
Page 209 and 210:
Sun, Z., Zhao. C., Zheng, K., Qi, X
Page 211 and 212:
Yu, K., Chdme, 0.R and Pwls, K.P. 1
Page 213 and 214:
The letter 'R' in this study indica
Page 215:
Presentations: PRASANNA LATHA, CH.,
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