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Jaflah Al-Ammary technology and many teachers lack the required IT skills and capabilities. As a result, many efforts have been initiated to enhance the necessary skills and facilitate the functional development of the teachers. However, there is still a need to understand the teachers and student’s acceptance of the new technology to cope with KHSFP. Thus, to achieve a technological enhancement of the education system, students and teachers should accept the IT as an effective tool. Therefore, the current research has conducted to investigate the acceptance and use of the new educational technology such as computer, interactive board and smart board, by teachers and students in the schools of future at Kingdom of Bahrain. Through an extension of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), five factors which influence the behavioral intention to accept and use education technology were examined. These factors include: subjective norms, computer self efficacy, previous experiences, motivation and computer anxiety. Moreover, previous experiences was investigated to has an indirect effect on perceive ease of use through the computer anxiety. This paper consists of nine sections; each section will touch a significant component of this research. The following section spots the light on the literature review on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Section three explains the research model and hypotheses. The survey instruments of this study are discussed in section four. Section five illustrates the research methodology for this study. Description of data analysis is presented in section six. In section seven, profile of the study participants are discussed. Finally, in the last two sections of this paper; 8 and 9, the findings of this study are discussed and a conclusion is presented and made ready for the educational institutes that intend to adopt IT. 2. Research background 2.1 Technology Acceptance Model There are many models have been developed to investigate and understand the factors affecting the acceptance of computer technology in the organization. Among those are the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Ajzen et al. 1980), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis et al., 1989), and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) (Venkatesh et al., 2003). However, it have been noticed that the most used model by Information System academics and practitioners is the TAM designed by (Davis, 1998). TAM is an adaptation of the Theory of Reasonal Action (TRA) to the field of IS. The objective of TAM is to provide an explanation of the determinants of the adoption and use of information technology (Davis et al., 1989). Perceived usefulness is the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system enhances his or her job performance. Perceived ease of use is the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system will be free of effort (Davis et al., 1989). Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness are common in technology-usage setting (Tylor et al., 1995 a, b) and have been applied widely to solve the acceptance problem using different acceptance models (Wu et al., 2005). TAM originally suggested that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are involved in explaining the variance in user’s intention or behavior of intention (Davis et al., 1989). Perceived usefulness is also seen as being directly impacted by perceived ease of use. However, behavior intention to use functioning has hypothesized by TAM as a mediator of actual technology in use (Davis, 1998). 3. Research model and hypotheses This research study has a main objective of investigating factors that influence the acceptance of educational technology in the schools at Kingdom of Bahrain. The literature revealed for many factors that may affect the acceptance and use of educational technology in any school. For the purpose of the current research, five factors have been selected which include: subjective norms, previous experience, computer anxiety, computer self efficacy, and motivation. The research model is developed as depicted in Figure (1). 3.1 Theory factors: Perceived usefulness and perceive ease of use Information system researchers have investigated TAM and agreed on its validity in predicting the individual's acceptance of various systems (Chin and Todd, 1995; Doll et al, 1998; Segars and Grover, 1993; Venkatesh and Davis, 2000). Most of them revealed that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have a positive effect on the behavioral intention to use system (Chin and Todd, 1995; Doll et al, 1998). Moreover, perceived ease of use was found to have a positive effect on the perceived usefulness (Lee, 2006). The hypotheses relating to perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness have been studied by a number of TAM researchers (Srite, 2006). Although some researchers reveled that attitude 10
Jaflah Al-Ammary toward systems use is postulated to mediate the effect of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness on behavioral intention (Kim, el al, 2009), Davis, et al, (1989) suggest that perceived usefulness may impact on behavioral intention to use technology irrespective of attitude toward this system. Computer Self efficacy Motivation Previous experiences H12 Computer Anxiety H H7 H9 H8 H6 H10 H1 H13 H14 H5 Subjective Norms Perceived usefulness experiences H Perceived ease of use H H H Behavior Intention Figure 1: Research model Hypothesis 1: Perceived usefulness has a positive effect on students and teacher’s behavioral intention to use educational technology in school at Kingdom of Bahrain. Hypothesis 2: Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on students and teacher’s behavioral intention to use educational technology in school at Kingdom of Bahrain. Hypothesis 3: Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on students and teacher’s perceived usefulness of educational technology in school at Kingdom of Bahrain. 3.2 Hypotheses on factors affecting the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness 3.3 Subjective norms According to Fishbein and Ajzen (1975), subjective norms refer to “the person’s perception that the most people who are important to him think he should or should not perform the behavior in question”. The literature reported on much theoretical and empirical evidence regarding the importance of the role of subjective norms on technology use directly, or indirectly through perceived usefulness in the workplace (Lee, 2006; Tylor et al., 1995a). Subjective norms have been found to be more important prior to, or in the early stages of innovation implementation when users have limited direct experience from which to develop attitude (Havelka, 2003). Venkatesh and Davis (2000) found in their study that there is a direct effect of subjective norms on the behavioral intention to use information systems. Lee [24] reported that the effect of subjective norms has significantly influenced perceived usefulness. Accordingly, the following hypothesis was developed accordingly: Hypothesis 4: Subjective norms have a positive effect on students and teacher’s behavioral intention to use educational technology in school at Kingdom of Bahrain. Hypothesis 5: Subjective norms have a positive effect on students and teacher’s perceived usefulness of educational technology in school at Kingdom of Bahrain. 11
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of the 2nd Internationa
Page 3 and 4: Contents Paper Title Author(s) Page
Page 5 and 6: Paper Title Author(s) Page No. The
Page 7 and 8: Preface Following on from the conti
Page 9 and 10: Idisemi Apulu is currently a PhD st
Page 11 and 12: Waldo Rocha Flores received his B.S
Page 13: Ari Riabacke, Ph.D. in Risk- and De
Page 16 and 17: 2. Mental health care services in U
Page 18 and 19: Kwesi Korsa Aggrey One possibility
Page 20 and 21: Kwesi Korsa Aggrey generate mutual
Page 22 and 23: Kwesi Korsa Aggrey Stacey, R. (2006
Page 26 and 27: 3.3.1 Computer self efficacy Jaflah
Page 28 and 29: Jaflah Al-Ammary Teacher Percentage
Page 30 and 31: Jaflah Al-Ammary both perceived use
Page 32 and 33: Comparison of Feature Selection Tec
Page 34 and 35: 2.3 Information gain Suzan Arslantu
Page 36 and 37: Figure 2: Noise - specificity Figur
Page 38 and 39: A Delphi-Multi-Criteria Decision Ma
Page 40 and 41: Tridip Bardhan et al. evaluating di
Page 42 and 43: Tridip Bardhan et al. major integra
Page 44 and 45: Tridip Bardhan et al. Figure 3: Int
Page 46 and 47: Where Tridip Bardhan et al. RI = co
Page 48 and 49: Figure 8: Stochastic (weighted) sup
Page 50 and 51: Tridip Bardhan et al. Figure 11: Cr
Page 52 and 53: Selection, Implementation and Post
Page 54 and 55: Imran Batada and Asmita Rahman requ
Page 56 and 57: 8. ERP implementation process Imran
Page 58 and 59: 11. Post production of an ERP syste
Page 60 and 61: 2. Literature review Clara Benevolo
Page 62 and 63: Clara Benevolo and Renata Paola Dam
Page 68 and 69: ICTs as Weapons of Mass Interaction
Page 70 and 71: Kofi Agyenim Boateng suitability of
Page 72 and 73: Kofi Agyenim Boateng From the viewp
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Kofi Agyenim Boateng effect of empl
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Investigating the Factors Inhibitin
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Gino Bougaardt and Michael Kyobe ba
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Gino Bougaardt and Michael Kyobe ad
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Table 3: Assessment of reliability
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Gino Bougaardt and Michael Kyobe Mo
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Sharing knowledge - The CoP way She
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Sheryl Buckley and Apostolos Gianna
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Table 1: Informing participants abo
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Sheryl Buckley and Apostolos Gianna
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References Sheryl Buckley and Apost
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An Empirical Framework of key Succe
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Nuntarat Bunditwongrat et al. for S
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3.4 Organizational size Nuntarat Bu
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Nuntarat Bunditwongrat et al. Measu
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Nuntarat Bunditwongrat et al. depth
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Andy Bytheway managers' willingness
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Andy Bytheway However, this notion
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Andy Bytheway rational, right-brain
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Figure 6: The results for the refer
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Andy Bytheway available to the mana
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Andy Bytheway DeLone, W. & McLean,
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Supaporn Chai-Arayalert and Keiichi
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3.2 Peirce’s triadic model of sem
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Exploring the Emotional Exhaustion
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Cheng-Yi Chiang et al. 3. “Perce
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Cheng-Yi Chiang et al. minutes will
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Cheng-Yi Chiang et al. the motivati
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The Implementation of RSS-Based Cli
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Wen-Chou Chi et al. database server
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Wen-Chou Chi et al. Figure 4: An ex
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6. Conclusion Wen-Chou Chi et al. R
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Taurai Chikotie et al. factors espe
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Taurai Chikotie et al. Figure 1: Pr
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Taurai Chikotie et al. Herselman, 2
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Evaluation of Application Embedded
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Mitchell Cochran the level of knowl
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Mitchell Cochran reporting system i
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Mitchell Cochran However, as the ap
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Michael Cox et al. suggest that you
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Michael Cox et al. Council Descript
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Recruitment Issues Flexibility Focu
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5. Conclusion Michael Cox et al. Th
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Documenting Innovation: A Methodolo
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Stefano De Falco These applications
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1) Buying (e-Sourcing, e-Catalog) S
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Stefano De Falco 2) operational ac
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Stefano De Falco management and e-l
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Stefano De Falco The pursuit of thi
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Nomusa Dlodlo users, which is alloc
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Nomusa Dlodlo Virtualisation is the
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7. Regulatory issues Nomusa Dlodlo
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Nomusa Dlodlo 1. Privileged user a
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Badr Elmir et al. delivery. Finally
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Badr Elmir et al. The Enterprise Ar
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3.4 Delineating the scope of the st
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Badr Elmir et al. The metamodel is
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Badr Elmir et al. oriented eService
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Badr Elmir et al. Gupta, K.M., Zang
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Turan Erman Erkan company a real-ti
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Turan Erman Erkan In this phase you
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Turan Erman Erkan Bingi, P. S. Shar
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Francesc Estanyol The objectives of
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Francesc Estanyol Co-evolution. De
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Francesc Estanyol Government regul
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Francesc Estanyol Finally, a positi
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Ideas About Profitability in Resear
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Albrecht Fritzsche As the genetic m
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Albrecht Fritzsche later turn out t
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Albrecht Fritzsche on the solutions
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Case Study on Information Evaluatio
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Hiroatsu Fukuda et al. As shown in
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4.3 Share-ride taxi Hiroatsu Fukuda
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Hiroatsu Fukuda et al. After 10 yea
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Hiroatsu Fukuda et al. Commerce: co
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Distortion Free Algorithm to Handle
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Sajid Iqbal et al. have more precis
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Table: 1. Notations used in this pa
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Sajid Iqbal et al. In our experimen
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Engineering Change Through the Doma
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3. Analysis of the case studies Tik
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Tiko Iyamu between the business and
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5.5 Strategic alignment Tiko Iyamu
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Tiko Iyamu Buy of robust applicatio
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Veit Jahns etc. In general, these a
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Veit Jahns Social dimension: Here
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Veit Jahns to complete as task with
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Veit Jahns Gupta, M. P. and Jana, D
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1.2 Research objectives Srimal Jaya
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2.2 Success in Enterprise Systems S
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2.4.2 Choice set Srimal Jayawardena
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Trilingual Support Support and Mai
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Srimal Jayawardena and Gihan Dias c
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6.3 Licensed software Srimal Jayawa
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Appendix D Srimal Jayawardena and G
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Farnoosh Khodakarami and Yolande Ch
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System quality: Customer informatio
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Mouhsine Lakhdissi and Bouchaib Bou
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4.1 TOGAF metamodel Mouhsine Lakhdi
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Function elements: like services or
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Applying Innovative Information Sys
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3.2 System design and implementatio
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Chih-Yu Lin et al. The user's satis
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Chih-Yu Lin et al. The results of t
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2. Literature review 2.1 Risk manag
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Chishala Lukwesa and Christopher Up
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Recommendations Chishala Lukwesa an
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Poor staff awareness Poor asset id
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Chishala Lukwesa and Christopher Up
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Negar Madani et al. management proc
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Negar Madani et al. Major change:
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Table 2: An optimized change manage
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Instructions for determining standa
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The use of RFID and Web 2.0 Technol
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Sizakele Mathaba et al. readers, an
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Fraud and counterfeit products. Siz
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Sizakele Mathaba et al. (Object Nam
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Modeling the Genetic Schemes of Hum
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Fatemeh Mohammadi et al. 1960). But
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8. Objectives of the model Fatemeh
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Fatemeh Mohammadi et al. The analys
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Acknowledgement Fatemeh Mohammadi e
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Amer Sedeeq Mustafa The detection a
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Amer Sedeeq Mustafa ⎡1 1 ⎤ H2=
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Amer Sedeeq Mustafa where n, m are
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Evaluation of IT Investment Methods
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Shirin Nasher et al. Nevertheless,
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Shirin Nasher et al. i.e., operatio
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Table 3: Evaluation criteria and st
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Shirin Nasher et al. order to consi
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Mário Carrilho Negas and Paulo Ram
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Phathutshedzo Nemutanzhela and Tiko
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Jonathan Oni et al. Yet, it has bee
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Jonathan Oni et al. over the years,
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Jonathan Oni et al. they agreed to
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Jonathan Oni et al. one organisatio
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Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation
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Caroline Pade-Khene and Dave Sewry
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User Adoption of the New Health Inf
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Bahlol Rahimi To summarize, social
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Bahlol Rahimi 2. In fact, perhaps
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Bahlol Rahimi From another perspect
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Relationship Between Organizational
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Farnaz Rahimi and Gholamabas Arabsh
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Farnaz Rahimi and Gholamabas Arabsh
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Business Intelligence as Decision S
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Ari Riabacke et al. their own perce
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3.2 Modal scores Ari Riabacke et al
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Ari Riabacke et al. contrast to ope
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References Ari Riabacke et al. Baja
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Waldo Rocha Flores et al. To answer
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Waldo Rocha Flores et al. to an inv
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Waldo Rocha Flores et al. (UB) and
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5.1.3 Deliver and support Waldo Roc
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Waldo Rocha Flores et al. The mean
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Klaokanlaya Silachan and Panjai Tan
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Optimizing Information Technology V
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Ali Suzangar et al. The risk manage
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Ali Suzangar et al. Table 1, these
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4.3 Value management Ali Suzangar e
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Developing an Outpatient Electronic
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Hsiao-Ting Tseng et al. development
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Hsiao-Ting Tseng et al. The OEMRS i
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Table 4: Usage of OEMRS by intervie
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MTN Foundation's Digital Library Pr
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The scope of the project is as foll
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Ngozi Blessing Ukachi The librarian
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Ngozi Blessing Ukachi Daniel, J. O.
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management plans, cost estimating a
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3.4 Hybrid cloud based solution to
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Harris Wang Brandic, I. (2009) Towa
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Yupeng Wang et al. To accommodate e
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Yupeng Wang et al. Figure 5 shows t
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Yupeng Wang et al. Furthermore, as
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Yupeng Wang et al. Figure 12: Popul
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The Impact of Software Test Constra
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Grafton Whyte and Donovan Lindsay M
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learning in an academic setting. Wh
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Table 3: Examples of barriers to ad
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Many academics do not attend learni
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3.4.4 Work plan issues It was consi
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470
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472
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Mona Althonayan and Anastasia Papaz
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Idisemi Apulu and Ann Latham 3. Sma
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Idisemi Apulu and Ann Latham “ICT
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Idisemi Apulu and Ann Latham confid
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Idisemi Apulu and Ann Latham stand
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Establishing the Suitability of Dyn
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Johnson Dehinbo 2.3 Studies emphasi
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Johnson Dehinbo Moreover, experienc
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Maintaining Session and Application
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Johnson Dehinbo When numeric values
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Human Resources Transformation Beyo
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Swathi Duppada and Rama Chandra Ary
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Wakari Gikenye the following resear
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3.2 Size of MSEs in the study Wakar
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Wakari Gikenye respondents) reporte
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Wakari Gikenye 2. Age: (1) Below 25
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Wakari Gikenye 41. How often do you
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Sarmad Istephan and Mohammad Siadat
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Siti Asma Mohammed and Maryati Mohd
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Table 4: Parameters for evaluation
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Maryam Nakhoda and Sirous Alidousti
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Maryam Nakhoda and Sirous Alidousti
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6. Discussion Maryam Nakhoda and Si
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Adding Action to the Information Au
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2.3 Information audit methodologies
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Huan Vo-Tran Focuses on a strategi
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Huan Vo-Tran AR typically makes use
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4. Preliminary findings Huan Vo-Tra
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Business Intelligence Best Practice
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3.1 Collaborative culture Joseph Wo
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Table 1: Summary of supporting work
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Joseph Woodside Ranjan, J. "Busines
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564
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3. Research findings Ganeshprasad C
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The Relationship Between Quality Ma
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2.1 QM and knowledge creation Amir
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Construction and Validation of eSch
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Hesbon Nyagowa et al. DeLone and Mc
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3.2 Validity Hesbon Nyagowa et al.
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