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<strong>«</strong> <strong>Maladie</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lyme</strong> <strong>»</strong><br />

<strong>Borréliose</strong><br />

E. Denes


Vecteur et bactérie


Ixo<strong>de</strong>s ricinus<br />

7


Coucou !<br />

8


Distribution d’Ixo<strong>de</strong>s ricinus<br />

9


Cycle<br />

10


Borrelia<br />

11


Distribution <strong>de</strong>s Borrelia<br />

n Borrelia burgdorferi stricto sensu<br />

n Etats-Unis<br />

n Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato<br />

n France<br />

n Afzelii (50%)<br />

n Garinii (29,6%)<br />

n Valaisana (18,5%)<br />

12


Transmission<br />

n Tiques porteuses (France) :<br />

n 10 – 15 %<br />

n Fixation < 24 h : Pas <strong>de</strong> transmission<br />

n Fixation > 72 h : Transmission<br />

n Risque <strong>de</strong> transmission en France<br />

n 7 - 10 %<br />

13


Borrelia et Clinique<br />

14


Inci<strong>de</strong>nce en France<br />

15


Distribution <strong>de</strong> Borrelia<br />

16


Clinique


Quand évoquer un <strong>Lyme</strong> ?


Contexte<br />

n Notion <strong>de</strong> morsure <strong>de</strong> tique<br />

n Manifestations cliniques compatibles<br />

n M Pas d’immunité efficace<br />

n Réinfection possible<br />

19


Différents sta<strong>de</strong>s<br />

n Sta<strong>de</strong> primaire<br />

n Sta<strong>de</strong> secondaire<br />

n Sta<strong>de</strong> tertiaire<br />

20


Phase primaire<br />

n Erythème chronique migrant<br />

n Pathognomonique<br />

21


Erythème chronique migrant<br />

n > 5 cm (jusqu’à 75 cm)<br />

n Délai d’apparition<br />

n 3 j – 1 mois<br />

n Retrouvé dans 30 % <strong>de</strong>s cas<br />

n +/- Syndrome grippal et ganglions <strong>de</strong><br />

drainage<br />

n Sérologie inutile<br />

n Biologie : RAS<br />

22


Erythème chronique migrant<br />

23


Phase précoce disséminée<br />

n Erythèmes multiples<br />

n Myalgies, arthralgies<br />

n Radiculite<br />

n Atteinte articulaire (arthrite)<br />

n Atteinte cardiaque<br />

n Neuroborréliose précoce<br />

24


Phase secondaire<br />

n Si phase primaire non traitée ou passée<br />

inaperçue<br />

n Infection tissulaire focalisée<br />

n Unique<br />

n Multiple<br />

n Neurologique<br />

n Articulaire<br />

25


n Neurologique<br />

n Meningo-radiculite<br />

n Méningite isolée<br />

n Méningo-myélite<br />

n Méningoencéphalite<br />

n Ponction lombaire à Méningite lymphocytaire<br />

n Sauf pour PF<br />

26


Atteinte articulaire<br />

n Rare en Europe<br />

n Grosses articulations (genou, …)<br />

n Mono ou oligo-articulaire<br />

n Arthrite intermittente<br />

n HLA-DR2 ou DR4<br />

27


n Plus rarement<br />

n Lymphocytome (oreilles – mamelons – OGE)<br />

n Atteinte cardiaque<br />

n Trouble du rythme et conduction<br />

n Myocardite, péricardite<br />

n Atteinte oculaire<br />

n Atteinte <strong>de</strong> toutes les structures <strong>de</strong> l’oeil<br />

28


Phase tertiaire<br />

n Neurologique<br />

n Encéphalomyélite chronique<br />

n Encéphalite (subaiguë, chronique, trouble cognitif,<br />

trouble <strong>de</strong> la mémoire)<br />

n Polyradiculonévrite sensitives axonales<br />

n Douleur radiculaire<br />

n LCR : anomalies<br />

n Synthèse intra-téchale d’Ac<br />

29


n Acro<strong>de</strong>rmatite atrophiante<br />

30


n Arthrites<br />

n Aigues<br />

n Chroniques<br />

n Récidivantes<br />

31


Quand ne pas y penser ...<br />

n Symptômes chroniques<br />

n Adénopathie<br />

n Fièvre<br />

n Fatigue chronique<br />

n Fibromyalgie<br />

n ...<br />

n Petite histoire… (diplopie)<br />

32


Syndrome post <strong>Lyme</strong><br />

n Asthénie<br />

n Algies diffuses<br />

n Plaintes cognitives<br />

n Lien direct avec B. burgdorferi ?<br />

n Pas <strong>de</strong> nouveau traitement antibiotique<br />

33


Symptomes cliniques<br />

Kalish 2001 Selzer 2000 Shadick1994<br />

Suivi 10-20<br />

ans<br />

M+51 Suivi à 6 ans<br />

N = 84 N = 678 N = 50<br />

Douleur musculo-squeletique 56% 40% 21%<br />

Tbl mémoire 30% 23%<br />

Fatigue 43% 24% 9%<br />

Céphalées 20% 19%<br />

Douleur cou 15%<br />

Pb d’appétit 6%<br />

Pb trouver mots 30%<br />

Pb nommer objets 25%<br />

Pb au travail 6%<br />

Pb pour dormir 36% 23% 16%<br />

Pb concentration 13% 2%<br />

34


Symptômes cliniques<br />

Kalish 2001 Selzer 2000 Shadick1994<br />

Suivi 10-20<br />

ans<br />

M+51 Suivi à 6 ans<br />

N = 84 N = 678 N = 50<br />

Douleur musculo-squeletique 56% 44% 40% 28% 21%<br />

61%<br />

Tbl mémoire 30% 36% 23% 21%<br />

Fatigue 43% 46% 24% 16% 9%<br />

26%<br />

Céphalées 20% 16% 19% 13%<br />

Douleur cou 15% 14%<br />

Pb d’appétit 6% 4%<br />

Pb trouver mots 30% 22%<br />

Pb nommer objets 25% 17%<br />

Pb au travail 6% 5%<br />

Pb pour dormir 36% 28% 23% 13% 16%<br />

47%<br />

Pb concentration 13% 20% 2%<br />

16%<br />

35


Diagnostic


Type <strong>de</strong> test<br />

n Détection antigènes boréliens<br />

n ELISA<br />

n Western Blot<br />

n Détection directe<br />

n PCR<br />

n Pas en routine (recherche / formes atypiques)<br />

n Pas <strong>de</strong> syndrome inflammatoire franc<br />

37


ELISA<br />

n Nécessité d’une Se > 90 %<br />

n Attention réaction croisée<br />

n Ban<strong>de</strong> 41 kD<br />

n Antigénicité croisée avec<br />

n Autres micro-organisme flagellés<br />

n Tissus <strong>de</strong> l’hôte (SNC, synovial, myocar<strong>de</strong>)<br />

n Ban<strong>de</strong> 39 kD<br />

n Variabilité inter espèce<br />

38


ELISA<br />

n Attention<br />

n Réactions croisées<br />

n Syphilis, EBV, CMV, M. pneumoniae, Syphilis<br />

n Stimulations polyclonales (FR)<br />

n Pathologies dys-immunitaires (Lupus)<br />

n Persistances IgG/IgM<br />

n Mois / années<br />

n Même si traitement (Cicatrice sérologique)<br />

n Attention kit pour LCR<br />

39


Western Blot<br />

n Confirmation <strong>de</strong> la spécificité <strong>de</strong>s Ac<br />

n Pas <strong>de</strong> critère d’interprétation défini<br />

n Nb <strong>de</strong> ban<strong>de</strong>s<br />

n Types <strong>de</strong> ban<strong>de</strong>s<br />

n Spécificité : 99%<br />

n IgM anti OspC et 41 kD : infection<br />

débutante<br />

41


Démarche diagnostic<br />

n 1er : ELISA<br />

n - : Pas <strong>de</strong> test <strong>de</strong> confirmation<br />

n + / douteux : WB<br />

42


Pas d’indication<br />

n Sujets asymptomatiques<br />

n Dépistage systématique<br />

n Piqûre <strong>de</strong> tique sans clinique associée<br />

n ECM typique<br />

n Contrôle <strong>de</strong> sérologie <strong>de</strong>s patients traités<br />

43


Term Clinical Case Definition Laboratory evi<strong>de</strong>nce essential Laboratory evi<strong>de</strong>nce supporting<br />

Erythema<br />

(chronicum)<br />

migrans<br />

Borrelial<br />

lymphocytoma<br />

Early<br />

neuroborreliosis<br />

Expanding red or bluish-red patch, often with<br />

central clearing. Advancing edge typically<br />

distinct, often intensely coloured, not markedly<br />

elevated.<br />

Rare, painless bluish-red nodule or plaque,<br />

usually ear lobe, ear helix, nipple or scrotum<br />

more frequent in children (especially on ear)<br />

than in adults.<br />

Painful meningo-radiculoneuritis with or without<br />

facial palsy or other cranial neuritis (Garin-<br />

Bujadoux-Bannwarth syndrome). In children<br />

mostly meningitis, isolated unilateral<br />

(sometimes bilateral) facial palsy, other cranial<br />

neuritis.<br />

<strong>Lyme</strong> carditis Acute onset of atrio-ventricular (II-III) conduction<br />

disturbances, rhythm disturbances, sometimes<br />

myocarditis or pancarditis.<br />

<strong>Lyme</strong> arthritis Recurrent brief attacks of objective joint<br />

swelling in one, or a few, large joints,<br />

occasionally progressing to chronic arthritis.<br />

Acro<strong>de</strong>rmatitis<br />

chronica<br />

atrophicans<br />

Chronic<br />

neuroborreliosis<br />

Long-standing red or bluish-red lesions, usually on<br />

the extensor surfaces of extremities. Possible initial<br />

doughy swelling. Lesions eventually become<br />

atrophic. over bony prominences.<br />

A very rare condition. Long-standing encephalitis,<br />

encephalomyelitis, meningoencephalitis,<br />

radiculomyelitis.<br />

http://www.oeghmp.at/eucalb/diagnosis_case-<strong>de</strong>finition-outline.html<br />

None. Culture from skin biopsy.<br />

*Significant change in levels of<br />

specific antibodies or presence of<br />

specific IgM.<br />

*Significant change in levels of<br />

specific antibodies or presence of<br />

specific IgM.<br />

+ Intrathecally produced specific<br />

antibodies.<br />

*Significant change in levels of specific<br />

IgG antibodies.<br />

Presence of specific IgG antibodies<br />

(usually high levels)<br />

Presence of specific IgG antibodies<br />

(usually high levels)<br />

Lymphocytic pleocytosis in CSF.<br />

+ Intrathecally produced specific<br />

antibodies.<br />

Specific serum IgG.<br />

Histology. Culture from skin biopsy.<br />

Intrathecal total IgM and IgG.<br />

Specific oligoclonal bands in CSF.<br />

*Significant change in levels of<br />

specific antibodies or presence of<br />

specific IgM.<br />

Culture from CSF.<br />

Culture from endomyocardial biopsy.<br />

Culture from synovial fluid and/or<br />

tissue.<br />

Histology, culture from skin biopsy.<br />

Specific oligoclonal bands in CSF.<br />

45


Traitement


Oter la tique...<br />

Ne pas utiliser d’éther : risque <strong>de</strong> régurgitation<br />

47


Antibiotiques actifs<br />

n Pénicilline G<br />

n Amoxicilline<br />

n Ceftriaxone<br />

n Doxycycline<br />

48


Indication Thérapeutique<br />

n Erythème Chronique Migrans (ECM)<br />

n Neuro-borréliose<br />

n Arthrite<br />

n Atteinte cardiaque<br />

49


Non indication thérapeutique<br />

n Sérologie positive isolée<br />

n Prophylaxie après morsure <strong>de</strong> tique<br />

50


ECM<br />

n Doxycycline 200 mg/j<br />

n Amoxicilline p.o<br />

n 3-4 g/j (France)<br />

n Durée : 14 - 21 j<br />

51


Neuro-borréliose<br />

n Ceftriaxone : 2 g/j en parentéral pendant 4<br />

semaines<br />

n Doxycycline : 200 - 300 mg / j pendant 28<br />

j<br />

n Carlson, Neurology 1994; 44 : 1203-07<br />

n Avec Pru<strong>de</strong>nce …<br />

n Paralysie faciale isolée : traitement oral<br />

52


Arthrite<br />

n Doxycycline 200 mg/j<br />

n Amoxicilline p.o<br />

n Durée : 14 - 28 j<br />

53


Atteinte cardiaque<br />

n BAV du 1er <strong>de</strong>gré<br />

n Traitement par voie oral 21 j<br />

n BAV 2ème et 3ème <strong>de</strong>gré<br />

n Traitement par voie parentérale 21 jours<br />

n Son<strong>de</strong> d’entraînement<br />

54


Vaccination<br />

n Vaccin à partir <strong>de</strong> la lipoprotéine OspA<br />

n protéine <strong>de</strong> surface<br />

n Efficacité +<br />

n Mis sur le marché en 98 (USA)<br />

n retiré en 2002<br />

n Sigal / Steere : NEJM 1998 ; 339<br />

55


Phase primaire<br />

56


Phases secondaires et tertiaires<br />

57


Prophylaxie<br />

n ATB systématique après morsure n’est<br />

pas recommandée<br />

n Femme enceinte<br />

n Pas d’indication mais …<br />

n Enfant <strong>de</strong> moins <strong>de</strong> 8 ans<br />

n Pas d’indication mais …<br />

n Immunodéprimé :<br />

n Risque théorique<br />

60


<strong>Lyme</strong> Anxiety<br />

Extensive (often inaccurate) publicity about both the risks and the outcomes of <strong>Lyme</strong> disease<br />

has produced consi<strong>de</strong>rable anxiety about this disease (many states with no en<strong>de</strong>mic disease<br />

have <strong>Lyme</strong> disease support groups organized by patients). This concern has also led to<br />

inappropriate use of serological tests for <strong>Lyme</strong> disease as a screening test (often or<strong>de</strong>red as a<br />

result of requests by patients) in an attempt to i<strong>de</strong>ntify the cause of wi<strong>de</strong>ly prevalent,<br />

nonspecific symptoms such as pain and fatigue. This has, in turn, led to a virtual epi<strong>de</strong>mic of<br />

overdiagnosis and overtreatment of patients for <strong>Lyme</strong> disease, which only serves to perpetuate<br />

the myth that <strong>Lyme</strong> disease is commonly associated with severe, long-term morbidity. Most<br />

studies indicate that with rare exceptions, the outcomes for persons with <strong>Lyme</strong> disease are<br />

excellent. It is important for clinicians to consi<strong>de</strong>r what evi<strong>de</strong>nce (both clinical and<br />

epi<strong>de</strong>miological) there is to "rule in" <strong>Lyme</strong> disease before serological tests are or<strong>de</strong>red to rule<br />

out the diagnosis. Persons with only nonspecific symptoms and no objective signs of <strong>Lyme</strong><br />

disease are very unlikely to have <strong>Lyme</strong> disease, regardless of the results of serological tests.<br />

Inappropriate use of these tests frequently will result in misdiagnosis of <strong>Lyme</strong> disease and may<br />

prevent or <strong>de</strong>lay the patient from receiving appropriate care for the true problem.<br />

E. D. Shapiro and M. A. Gerber. <strong>Lyme</strong> Disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases<br />

2000;31:533-542<br />

62


www.eucalb.com<br />

n Media reports have coloured European public<br />

perceptions of LB by suggesting that the infection is<br />

difficult to diagnose and treat and has a high morbidity,<br />

but this applies only to a tiny minority of cases. Some of<br />

these misconceptions are due to misdiagnosis (mainly<br />

overdiagnosis) which may occur because clinical<br />

presentations of LB are not unique to that condition.<br />

Diagnosis is primarily clinical and takes into account the<br />

risk of tick bite. Supporting evi<strong>de</strong>nce is provi<strong>de</strong>d by<br />

laboratory investigation, usually antibody tests.<br />

n EUROPEAN UNION CONCERTED ACTION ON LYME BORRELIOSIS<br />

63


Référence<br />

n U.R. Hengee et al. <strong>Lyme</strong> borreliosis. The Lancet<br />

Infectious Diseases 2003; 3 : 489-500<br />

n G. Staneck, F. Strie. <strong>Lyme</strong> borreliosis. The<br />

Lancet. 2003 ; 362 : 1639 - 1647<br />

n G.P. Wormser et al. Practice gui<strong>de</strong>lines for the<br />

treatment of <strong>Lyme</strong> disease. Clinical Infectious<br />

Diseases. 2000 ; 31(suppl 1) : S1 - S14<br />

n A.C. Steere. <strong>Lyme</strong> disease. NEJM. 2001 ; 345 :<br />

115 - 125<br />

64


Références (suite)<br />

n http:// www.maladies-a-tiques.com/<br />

n http://www.oeghmp.at/eucalb/<br />

65

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