Wind Hazard Risk Assessment and Management for Structures

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Chapter 1. Introduction 2 Table 1.1: The five costliest U.S. hurricanes, 1900-2006 (Blake et al., 2007). Hurricane Date Cost of Damage (2006 dollar value) Katrina August 2005 $84.6 billion Andrew August 1992 $48.1 billion Wilma October 2005 $21.5 billion Charley August 2005 $16.3 billion Ivan September 2004 $15.5 billion pirical relationships between wind speed and insurance-claim amounts determined from historical data (e.g. Chandler et al., 2001; Huang et al., 2001; Sparks, 2003). However, such relationships may be inaccurate because insurance records are strongly influenced by human factors (Watson and Johnson, 2004). They also do not predict damage to buildings that have not been subjected to major wind hazards (Watson and Johnson, 2004). Therefore, some recent studies have employed structural engineering analysis to simulate the actual physical damage processes and hence the economic loss due to structural damage (e.g. Stubbs and Perry, 1996; Pinelli et al., 2004; Unanwa et al., 2000; Vickery et al., 2006b). Performance-based design, which is based on the structural damage simulation, was proposed to strengthen future residences’ resistance against high winds (e.g. van de Lindt and Dao, 2009). By developing a more accurate and in-depth structural risk assessment in tropical cyclone-prone areas, engineers can help the actuaries and policymakers better prepare for and mitigate the future risk of extreme wind posed to our communities. 1.2 Review on Wind-Related Vulnerability Models 1.2.1 Full-Scale Extreme-Wind Loss Model A full-scale extreme-wind loss estimation model includes, but not limited to, calculation of genesis of extreme winds, evaluation of wind effects on buildings, estimation of insurance claim amounts based on building damage, etc ˙ , which require knowledge in a range of pro-
Chapter 1. Introduction 3 fessions including meteorology, wind engineering, structural engineering, actuarial science. In general, the model may be divided into four modules: 1. Wind Model Given the historical storm tracks and a land cover model, a wind model determines the occurrence and intensity of wind hazard such as wind speed and wind direction. One commonly-used simple model for tropical cyclones is the Rankine Vortex wind field model. 2. Boundary Layer Model The wind hazard information generated by the large-scale wind field model is modified in a boundary layer model to take into account the effects of land topography. Infor- mation about the local wind field, which impacts the buildings and the environment, is obtained. 3. Vulnerability Model A vulnerability model relates the extreme wind data to the consequent physical damage of buildings in a geographic area. The damage is expressed as the failure proba- bility of some structural components of the buildings, and may also be represented in monetary terms by the cost to repair the damage. 4. Insurance Loss Model The economic losses are approximated based on the structural damage by an insurance loss model which considers the economy situation and insurance policy terms such as deductibles. The wind model and the boundary layer model are usually subjects of meteorology and aerodynamics, while the insurance loss model is the study of actuarial science. This dissertation, as well as the following literature review, mainly focuses on the vulnerability
Page 1 and 2: Wind Hazard Risk Assessment and Man
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rising hurricane damages o
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Wind Speed & Wind Direction Chapter
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(a) STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 (b) STEP 1
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Chapter 3. Internal Pressure in Low
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Mean Loss Ratio WITHOUT WINDBORNE D
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Maximum Percentage Increase in Mean
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3.8 Discussion Chapter 3. Internal
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Chapter 4 Integrated Multi-Structur
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Chapter 4. Integrated Multi-Structu
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LEGEND Roof sheathing onnection ind
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DAMAGE ANALYIS USING MAXIMUM WIND V
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Chapter 5. Long-Term Risk Assessmen
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(a) Change in Mean Frequency / Year
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(a) Change in Mean Frequency / Year
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simulated. Chapter 5. Long-Term Ris
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Percentage Change in Mean Frequency
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Expected Total Structural Damage Co
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Structural Damage Ratio 1 0.9 0.8 0
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Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Wo
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Chapter 6. Conclusions and Future W
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Chapter 6. Conclusions and Future W
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Bibliography American Meteorologica
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 131 Federal Emergency
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 133 over the gulf of S
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 135 Lin, N., Vanmarcke
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 137 Rosowsky, D. and C
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 139 Vanmarcke, E., Lin
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Wind Hazard Risk Assessment and Management for Structures

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