1. Identification Anatomy 2. Brief description 3. Entrance requirements

ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE 

1. Identification 

Name of Department: 

Department of Anatomy 

Name of Chair: 


Level: 

Undergraduate students 

Course Title: 

Anatomy 

2. Brief description 

Number of students: 

150 

Code of Department: 

ARAN 

Subject Code: 

01.018 

Credit Points: 

8,5 CP 

Annotation: 

The objectives - to give the students an entire picture of a human body structure, to create threedimensional 

imagination of the body, organs, tissues and their relationships. Anatomy as a basic 

science of all biomedical disciplines, updates modern and future perspectives in basic and 

applied anatomy and awakes the students interest in future fields of medicine. 

Languages: Timing: 

Estonian, English I cours: fall semester(19 weeks), 

spring semester (13 weeks) 

Teaching staff: 

Responsible Teacher: H. TAPFER, Assist. Prof. 

A. LIIGANT, Assist. Prof., I. KOLTS, Assist. Prof., H. TOMUSK, Assist., E. RAJAVEE, Assist., 

E. PÕLDOJA, Assist., K. KOKK, Assist. 

Teaching and learning methods: 

Lectures 

Lectures 32 h 

Practicals 178 h 

Independent work 130 h 

Total: 340 h 

3. Entrance requirements 

No 

1


4. Structure and Content 

2 

Lectures (1,3CP) Hours Contents 

Introduction. 1 The subject of anatomy, short history, literature and 

terminology. Organs, organsystems. 

Principal axes, planes, anatomical position. 

The beginning of human development, 1 Formation of basic organs and systems. The fetal 

early stages. 

General features of the skeleton. 

Morfological structures. 

period. Variations. Malformations. 

1 Connections of skeletal parts, classification of 

joints, construction, planes of movement, 

types and axes. Synovial, fibrous and cartilaginous 

joints. Types of synovial joints. Bursae, tendon sheats. 

Vertebral column as a whole. 1 Functional anatomy of vertebral column 

and fibrocartilaginous joints - intervertebral disks. Tho- 

Comparative anatomy of the 

1 

rax. Curvatures of vertebral column. Variations. 

Functional anatomy of the junctions of the upper 

skeleton 

and lower limbs. 

Differentiation of mesoderm in the cranial 1 Development of the cranium. Desmocranium, chond- 

region. 

rocranium. Ossification of the skull. Malformations. 

Skeletal elements of the skull. 1 Viscero and neurocranium . Variations of special features 

intramembranous ossification. 

Vault, sutures, sinuses. Clinical tips. Malformations. 

External and internal base of the skull. 1 Connections, cavities. 

The skull as a whole. 

Muscular system. 1 The principal features of muscles, function. 

Classification.Architecture of muscles. Development. 

Skeletal muscles of different regions. 1 Muscles of the head, neck. Comparison of the muscles of 

upper and lower limbs 

Digestive System . 

1 General introduction, the principal stages 

Foregut, derivates 

of development. The derivates of the foregut and the 

general principles of the structures. 

Midgut and hindgut, derivates. 1 The general princips of functional anatomy of the liver, 

gallbladder, pancreas. 

Peritoneum, cavities. 1 The general introduction, development, cavitas abdominalis 

and cavitas peritonealis, supracolic, infracolic 

compartment bursae, recesses. 

Upper respiratory system. 1 The functional anatomy of nose, pharynx. Sceletotopia, 

syntopia. Respiration, phonation. Functional anatomy 

Lower respiratory system, lungs 1 The functional anatomy of the larynx, lungs; structural 

units, vessels,circulation. Pleura, mediastinum 

Urogenital System 1 Urinary organs. Development of the different generations 

of kidney, Kidney - structure, blood vessels, structural 

units, circulation. Malformations, variations, functional 

anatomy 

Genital organs of the man and female. 1 Classification, syntopia, general features. Development, 

malformations, variations, functional anatomy 

Heart, development 1 The systemic and pulmonary circulation. The circulation 

of the embryo. Development of the cardio-vascular 

system. Blood circulation during the prenatal period. 

Cardio-vascular system 1 Classification of the blood vessels, branching pattern, 

anastomoses, blood circulation, structure of walls of 

blood vessels. Microcirculation. 

Venous system. 1 Veins, classification, the structure of the wall, anastomoses, 

collateral circulation Great subcutaneus veins. 

Hepatic portal system. 

Nervous system. General consideration. 1 Classification. The nerve cells, synapses neuronal circuits, 

nerve fibres, peripheral nerves, neuroglia, reflex 

arches


Spinal nerves. Peripheral nervous system. 1 Division, branches, plexuses, spinal reflex arch. 

Lymphatic system. 1 

Development, classification, functional anatomy of the 

spinal nerves. 

Lymph. Lymphatic organs, -vessels, lymph capillaries, - 

trunks and topography of lymph nodes. 

Development of nervous system. 1 Formation of the neural tube, flexures. The primary 

division of the brain, development. Spinal cord. 

Central nervous system. Brain 1 Survey. Classification. General dates. 

Vascular system of the brain. Blood-Brain 1 Meninges. Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Spaces 

Barrier 

Cranial nerves 1 Cranial nerves of the sensory organs. 

Somatomotor cranial nerves. Cranial nerves of of the 

branchial arches. 

Autonomic nervous system. 1 Central-, peripheral parts of the sympathetic and 

parasympathetic systems. Neuronal circuits, sympathetic 

Connections of the brain. 

Pathways. The sensory system 

trunks, ganglia. Veget. nerves, plexuses 

1 General somatic afferent pathways. 

Ascending tracts and pathways of protopathic, epicritic 

sensibility. Special somatic afferent pathways. 

The motor pathways. 1 The descending - pyramidal pathways. 

The extrapyramidal motor system. 

Sensory organs. 1 Organ of vision - eyelids, orbits, lacrimal apparatus, eye 

muscles. Organ of hearing and equilibrium, external, 

middle ear, tympanic cavity; internal ear. Clinical tips. 

Endocrine system. 1 Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system, epiphysis, thyroid gl., 

parath. gl., islets of pancreas, ovary, testis. 

Practicals (7,2CP) Hours Contents 

Introduction 

Vertebral column. 

The upper limb 

The lower limb 

Comparison of the joints of the upper and 

lower limbs 

Skeletal elements of the skull. 

Neurocranium. 

Viscerocranium 

The skull as a whole. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

Overview of the planes, positions, terms of movement, 

literature, general terminology. Skeleton of the trunk 

Differences of the vertebrae, variants. Ribs. Sternum. 

Joints and ligaments between the vertebrae. Vertebral 

column considered as a whole. The joints between 

vertebrae and ribs and sternum. Joints associated with 

the skull. 

Skeletal elements and joints, ligaments of the shoulder 

girdle and upper limb. Functional anatomy of joints and 

ligaments of the upper limb - forearm, hand. 

Skeletal elements , ligament and joints of the pelvic 

girdle and lower limb - joints of pelvis, tihgh, leg and 

foot. Functional anatomy, variations, malformations. 

Functional anatomy, variations, malformations. 

Preliminary examination 

Frontal-, parietal-, ocipital bones, temporal bone - cavitas 

tympany, canals of the temporal bone. 

Maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, inferior 

nasal concha, vomer, and palatine bones; their landmarks, 

including the foramina, structures, areas of 

muscular attachment. Dentitions. 

Bony orbit and nasal cavity; temporal, infratemporal and 

pterygopalatine fossa. External and internal base of the 

skull, cranial fossae. The cavities, openings, 

communications, clinical tips, skull shapes. Temporo- 

3


4 

The muscles of the head and neck; thorax, 

back, upper limb. 

The muscles of the abdominal wall, lower 

limb 

The digestive system. 

The organs of foregut. 

The organs of midgut, hindgut. 

The small and large intestine. 

Peritoneum. 

The respiratory organs. The upper 

respiratory tract 

The lower respiratory tract. 

Urinary organs 

Genital organs 

Heart 

The dissection course 

6 weeks 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

30 

mandibular joint. Masticatory apparatus. Functional anatomy, 

variations of malformations. Preliminary examination 

Functional anatomy of the mimetic, masticatory muscles; 

muscles that move the head, vertebral column; muscles 

of back muscles of breathing, muscles of shoulder 

girdle; muscles, that move the shoulder joint, forearm, 

wrist, fingers. 

Functional anatomy of the muscles that support the 

abdominal wall; diaphragm; muscles of pelvis; muscles 

that move the hip, knee, foot joints. 


Oral cavity - vestibulum and oral cavity proper, lips, 

cheeks, gums, hard and soft palate; tongue, teeth, salivary 

glands, tonsils. Pharynx - general areas, walls, muscles, 

tonsils, openings; Esophagus. Stomach. 

The small intestine, liver, pancreas. Large intestine 

Peritoneum.The abdominal and peritoneal cavity, mesenteries. 

Greater and lesser omentum. Clinical tips. 

Nose. Nasal cavity, nasal septum, walls, meatuses, nasal 

sinuses, openings, nasolacrimal canal. Clinical tips. 

Larynx - position, the structures - skeleton, ligaments, 

joints, muscles. Laryngeal ventricle, folds, clinical tips. 

Functional anatomy, variations, malformations. 

Trachea, bronchi, lungs. Sceletotopia, structural units - 

lobes, segments, fine structure - alveoli, respiratory, 

terminal bronchioli. Pleura. Borders. Functional 

anatomy, variations, malformations. 

Preliminary examination. 

Kidney. The structural units, vessels. Sceletotopia, Syntopia, 

Holotopia. Organs of urinary tract - renal pelvis, 

ureter, urinary bladder. Functional anatomy, variations, 

malformations. 

Functional anatomy of male and female genital organs. 

Pelvic floor, space of lesser pelvis. Sceletotopia, 

Syntopia, Holotopia. Functional anatomy, variations, 

malformations. 


Structure, location - sceletotopia, holotopia, coverings, 

wall, chambers, valves, coronary veins, - arteries, 

conduction system, cycle. Aging pecularities, fetal 

circulation. Malformations. 


The dissections of corpses reveals the topographic 

relationships of the peripheral pathways of the nerves and 

vessels, theyr relations to the fasciae, muscles, joints; 

gives imagination of the variations and malformations of 

organs and its distribution. Knowledge of the topographic 

anatomical relationships - a three dimensional


General structure of the brain 

Brain 

Cranial nerves 

Cranial nerves 

Vegetative nervous system 

Sensory pathways 

The motor pathways 

Sesnsory organs. Endocrine, classification, 

functsional anatomy. 

Practicals Subtotal 178 h 

Total 210 h 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

appreciation of the body is the one essential purposes to 

serve the needs of the various medical specialities. 

Meninges, ventricles, sinuses, cisternae, spinal cord. 

Hemispheres. Divisions of brain. The forebrain, cerebral 

cortex, cerebral sulci and gyri (preparation of meninges). 

The inner structure of telencephalon (preparation) 

The preparation of telencephalon. Lateral ventricles, 

nuclei basales. Diencephalon, mesencephalon, III 

ventricle. Rhombencephalon, IV ventricle. Circulation of 

the cerebrospinal fluid. 


Classification, the functional anatomy, leaving from the 

brain, entering and exit openings from the cranium. 

Sensory nerves I, II, VIII; Somatomotor nerves III, IV, 

VI, XII 

Cranial nerves of visceral arches V, VII, IX, X 

Central, peripheral, vegetative nervous system. Sympathetic-, 

parasympathetic parts 

Pathways of protopathic and epicritic sensibility and its 

connection to the cranial and spinal nerves - tractus 

spinothalamicus. 

The pyramidal motor system and its connection to the 

spinal nerves and cranial nerves. Tractus corticospinalis, 

Tr. corticonuclearis. The extrapyramidal motor system. 

The cerebellar pathways Reticular activating system. 

Limbic system. 


The eye - bulbus oculi, nervus opticus; accessory 

apparatuses. Refracting media. Organ of hearing and 

equilibrium - auris externa, auris interna Endocrine 

system. 

5


1. Resources 

6 

5.1 Bibliography 

Lepp A. , Lepp - Kogerman E., Maimets O., Rooks G., Ulp K. “Inimese anatoomia I “, Valgus 1974; 

Lepp A. “Urogenitaalsüsteem” Tartu 1994; Lepp A., Kogerman-Lepp E. “Tsentraalnärvisüsteem”, Tartu 1988; 

Tapfer H., “Inimese suure vereringe arterid I” Tartu 1998; Tapfer H "Pea ja kaela arterid" Tartu 1992; Lepp A., 

Kogermann-Lepp E. “Kraniaalnärvid” Tartu 1990; Lepp A, Kogerman-Lepp E. “Spinaalnärvid”, Tartu 1988; Kahle 

W “Color Atlas/ Text of Human Anatomy”, Vol. 1 Locomotor System 1992; Kahle W. “Color atlas /Text of Human 

Anatomy” Vol. 2 Internal Organs 1993;Kahle W “Color Atlas/Text of Human Anatomy” Vol. 3 Nervosus System 

and Sensory Organs 1993;Feneis H. “Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy” 1985;Rauber / Kopsch “Anatomie des 

Menschen” I-IV Lehrbuch und Atlas Stuttgart /New York 1987;Gray`s Anatomy New York 1995;H. Frick, B. 

Kummer, R. Putz “Wolf- Heidegger´s Atlas of Human Anatomy” Basel 1990;Tortora G. J. Human Anatomy, Harper 

Collins College Publishers 1995;Wolf-Heidegger´s "Atlas of Human Anatomy" Karger 1990; Rohen J.W. , Chihiro 

Yokochi " Anatomie des Menschen" Schattauer, Stuttgart /New York 1988;Terminologia Anatomica, FCAT, 

Thieme, Stuttgart /New York 1998; 

1 

5.2 Teaching Resources 

Teaching materials for lecture / classroom demonstration 

32 Power Point Slide Show Kits; ~300 Slideprojector Slides; ~300 transparencies for demonstration 

in classroom; 

Teaching / learning materials to be distributed among students 

Each lecture handouts 3-5 Pages lecture material per 10 Students 

Teaching / learning materials in Internet 

At http:// www.ut.ee/ARAN/anatomy.html In English and http://www.ut.ee/ARAN/anatoomia.html In 

Estonian Are Links To Lectures, Practicals And Electives. At These Sites Students Can Find The Timetable And 

Topics Of Lectures And Practicals Together With Information About Electives. Shortly A Learning Material Skeletal 

System Will Be Posted At Internet. A Learning Material Skeletal System Will Be Made Available In Internet In 

February 2001. 

Laboratory and technical equipment 

Anatomical models, sceletons, preparations - dry and moist preparations, multimedia anatomical 

programs (4) and multimedia projectors. 

Other resources / comments 

Dissection materials (cadavers); exposition of anatomical preparations (A. Rauber's Museum with 

~1000 exponates) 

6. Assessment 

6.1 Assessment method: 

Continuous assessment 

Practical work 

Written (test) 

Written (essay) 

Oral 

Part of complex examination 

Combination 

Other 

None 

6.2 Comments: 

Continuos assessment - 10 preliminary examinations, control of using of latin terminology (~3000 

terms) and anatomical knowledge. At the end of the subject the exam, which consists of written 

test (100 questions) and practical test - on the preparations and cadaver.




Institute of Anatomy 


Surgical anatomy 

Level: 


Course Title: 

Regional And Clinical Anatomy 



~100 


ARAN 

Subject Code: 



3,0 CP 

Annotation: 

Subject of anatomy connects topographic anatomy with regional anatomy, which gives overview 

about relations between the tissues and organs in different regions and clinical-anatomical 

features connected with diseases. This subject is the base for better understanding of clinical area. 


Estonian Spring semester, 16 weeks 


Professor ENNU SEPP - responsible teacher 

senior assistant - ALLA MÕTTUS 

assistant - JANA PETERSON 

Teachingand learning methods: 

Lectures - 12 h 

Seminars - 12 h 

Practicals - 48 h 

Independent works - 48 h 


Anatomy ARAN 01.018 

Patological Anatomy ARPA 01.014 

Physiology ARFS 01.007 

Patological Physiology ARMP 03.003 

7



8 

Lectures (0,5 CP) Hours Contents 

The Upper Limb 

The Upper Limb 

The Lower Limb 

The Lower Limb. The Thoracic 

Wall 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

Lectures Subtotal 12 h 

The upper limb. Possibilities of blood supply in case of thrombosis of 

a. axillaris (scapular arterial collateral blood supply). Shoulder joint, 

common directions of dislocations of shoulder joint, possible 

complications. Possible dangers in case of puncture of shoulder joint. 

Bursa subacromialis. Accesses to shoulder joint. Location of ends of 

clavicle in case of typical fracture of clavicle and possible 

complications. Dislocations of clavicle, anatomical characterisation of 

clinical picture. Digital compression of a. subclavia. Lymph nodes in 

fossa axillaris and direction of the lymph flow, oncology aspect. 

Injuries of brachial plexus depending on character of trauma, 

symptoms. Fractures of the humerus and n. radialis. Part of a. profunda 

brachii in arterial collateral network, rete articulare cubiti. 

Supraconylar fractures, bursa synovialis subcutanea olecrani, it’s 

bursitis. Fractures ulna and radius. Possible nerve injuries may occur 

together with the fracture of neck of radius. Space of Pirogov-Paron. 

Tendineuos sheaths of flexors and extensors of fingers, spreading of 

infection depending from anatomical structure. Carpal canal. Injuries in 

palm of the hand, concurrent complications. Contractura Dupuytren. 

Palpatio of a. brachialis, a. cubitalis, a. radialis. 

Lower limb. Foramen supra- et infrapiriforme, vessels and nerves 

passing through. Clinical-anatomical specific features of a. glutea 

superior in case of it's injury. Accesses to the hip joint. Dislocation of 

the hip joint, aseptic necrosis of caput femoris. Coxa valgum et varum. 

Specific features of the hip joint depending on the age. Clinicalanatomical 

features of the blood vessels and nerves in the upper, 

middle and lower third of the thigh. Importance of a. profunda femoris 

in collateral blood supply. Canalis femoralis, obturatorius et 

adductorius and hernias. Symptom of m. psoas. Superficial and deep 

venous system of lower limb, connecting veins, valves of veins. 

Varicose veins, post-thrombotic syndrome, venous ulcer – their 

clinical-anatomical base. 

Common injuries of knee joint. Accesses to the knee joint, bursae 

synoviales. Morbus Schlatter, Baker’s cyst. A. poplitea, clinicalanatomical 

base of it’s injury. Venous sinuses of m. soleus and their 

clinical importance. Bimalleolar fractures. Deformations of the foot. 

Clinical-anatomical base of classical methods of amputations. 

Palpation of a. femoralis, a. poplitea, a. tibialis posterior and a. 

dorsalis pedis. 

Thoracic wall - bony base, most common pathological changes of ribs 

and sternum (pectus excavatum et carinatum, syndrome Down, 

accessory cervical rib). Topography of intercostal vessels and nerves, 

importance of knowing it in clinical practice (dermatoma, herpes 

zoster, parevertebral and intercostal blocks). A. thoracica interna, 

specific features of blood supply (thorax, pericardium and myocardium, 

diaphragm, anterior abdominal wall). Injuries of ribs, haemorrhage, 

paradoxical segment, pneumothorax, haemothorax, chylothorax. 

Thoracocentesis. 

Surgical anatomy of breast, mammography. Syndrome of Klinefelter, 

polymastia, gynecomastia. Possible complications in case of surgical 

removing of breast. Structure of diaphragm, openings, blood and nerve 

supply. Hernia oesophagi, Bochdalek, Morgagni. Rupture of 

diaphragm.


Practicals (2,0 CP) Hours Contents 

Basic Concept of Regional 

Anatomy. 

1. The Upper Limb 

2. The Upper Limb 

3. The Upper Limb, the Lower 

Limb 

4. The Lower Limb 

5. The Lower Limb 

6. The Head 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

Regio scapularis. Borders. Topography of the layers. Blood and nerve 

supply. Topographical-anatomical areas: fossa supra- et infraspinata, 

foramen quadrilaterum, foramen trilaterum. 

Regio deltoidea. Borders, topography of the layers. Blood and nerve 

supply. Spatium subdeltoideum. Shoulder joint, synovial bursaes. 

Regio infraclavicularis. Borders, fascias. Blood and nerve supply. 

Trigonum deltoideopectorale. Regio axillaris. Borders. Fossa axillaris. 

Blood supply. Nerves: pars supraclavicularis et pars infraclavicularis 

plexus brachialis. Lymph nodes and -vessels. 

Regio brachialis. Regio brachialis anterior: borders, layers. Fascias, 

groups of muscles. Topography of the blood vessels and nerves in the 

superior, middle and inferior third of the region. Regio brachialis 

posterior: borders, fascias, groups of muscles. Topography of the blood 

vessels and nerves in the superior, middle and inferior third of the 

region. 

Regio cubitalis. Borders. Regio cubitalis anterior, fossa cubitalis. 

Blood vessels and nerves. Regio cubitalis posterior. Rete articulare 

cubiti. 

Regio antebrachialis. Regio antebrachialis anterior. Borders, layers, 

fascias, groups of muscles. Topography of the blood vessels and nerves 

in the superior, middle and inferior third of the region. Space of 

Pirogov. 

Regio antebrachialis posterior. Layers, fascias, muscular groups. 

Topography of the blood vessels and nerves in the superior, middle and 

inferior third of the region. 

Lymphatic drainage. 

Regio manus. Palma manus. Aponeurosis palmaris. Canalis carpi, it's 

blood supply. Arcus palmaris superficialis et profundus. Nerves and 

muscular groups. Synovial sheaths of the flexor muscles of the fingers. 

Dorsum manus. Layers, synovial canals, blood vessels, nerves. 

Attaching of the tendons of the flexor and extensor muscles of the 

fingers. 

Regio glutealis. Borders. Foramen suprapiriforme et infrapiriforme. 

Blood vessels, nerves. Topographic anatomy of the hip joint. 

Regio femoralis. Regio femoralis anterior. Borders, fascias, muscular 

groups. Topography of the main blood vessels and nerves in the 

superior, middle and inferior third of the region. Trigonum femorale, 

canalis femoralis, obturatorius et adductorius. Lymph drainage. Regio 

femoralis posterior. Fascias, muscular groups. Blood vessels, nerves. 

Regio genus. Regio genus anterior. Borders, topography. Patella. 

Bursaes. Articulatio genus. Ligaments. Meniscuses. 

Regio genus posterior. Borders. Borders of the fossa politea. 

Topography of the blood vessels and nerves. 

Regio cruralis. Regio cruralis anterior. Borders, fascias, muscular 

groups. Blood vessels and nerves. Regio cruralis posterior. Borders, 

topography of the layers, fascias, muscular groups. Canalis 

cruropopliteus. Topography of the blood vessels and nerves in the 

superior, middle and inferior third of the region. 

Regio articulationis talocruralis. Layers, dividing. Topography of the 

tendons, blood vessels and nerves. 

Regio pedis. Dorsum pedis. Topography of the layers. Attaching of the 

tendons of the extensor muscles. Blood vessels and nerves. Planta 

pedis. Topography of the layers. Aponeurosis plantaris, muscular 

groups. Blood vessels and nerves. 

Cranium. Topographical anatomy of the cerebral part of the cranium. 

9


7. The Face 

8. The Neck 

9. The Neck 

10. The Thorax 

11. The Thorax 

12. The Abdomen 

13. The Abdomen 

14. The Abdomen, the Retroperitoneal 

Space 

10 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

Regio frontoparietooccipitalis. Regio temporalis. Regio mastoidea. 

Borders, blood and nerve supply. 

Topographical anatomy of the facial part of the cranium. Regio facialis 

lateralis superficialis. Regio parotideomasseterica. Regio buccalis. 

Regio facialis lateralis profunda. Regio oralis. Regio nasalis. Sinus 

paranasales. Borders, blood and nerve supply. 

Neck. Cervical fascias. Regio cervicalis anterior. Regio suprahyoidea. 

Trigonum submandibulare. Trigonum submentale. 

Regio infrahyoidea. Trigonum caroticum. Trigonum omotracheale. 

Topography of the layers. Cervical organs (larynx, trachea, pharynx, 

oesophagus, thyroid gland and parathyroid glands), blood vessels, 

nerves, truncus symphaticus. 

Neck. Regio sternocleidomastoidea. Trigonum scalenivertebrale. 

Regio cervicalis lateralis. Trigonum omotrapezoideum. Trigonum 

omoclaviculare. Regio cervicalis posterior. 

Thorax. Borders. External landmarks. Topography of the thoracic wall. 

Blood vessels and nerves. Topographical anatomy of the breast. 

Regional lymphatic system. 

Cavitas thoracis. Borders. Topography of the pleura. Pulmones. 

Topography and surface markings of the hilus pulmonis. Blood and 

nerve supply of the lungs and bronchi. Lymphatic drainage. 

Thorax. Mediastinum. Borders, dividing. Mediastinum superius - 

topographical anatomy of the organs, nerves and blood vessels. 

Mediastinum medius. 

Structure of the heart, blood and nerve supply. Projection to the 

thoracic wall. Pericardium. Parts, blood and nerve supply. Mediastinum 

posterius. Thoracic aorta, oesophagus, nn. vagi, v. azygos et v. 

hemiazygos, truncus sumpathicus, ductus thoracicus, their topography. 

Diaphragm. Pars sternalis, aortalis et lumbalis. Hiatus aorticus et 

oesophagus. Trigonum sternocostale et lumbocostale. Blood vessels, 

nerves, lymphatic system. 

Abdomen. Borders of the abdomen. Anterior abdominal wall, dividing. 

Projection of the abdominal organs to the anterior abdominal wall: - 

muscles, aponeurotic tissues, fascias - blood and nerve supply, lymph 

drainage. Topographical-anatomical features of the anterior abdominal 

wall. So called weak areas of the anterior abdominal wall. Trigonum 

inguinale. Topography of the anterior abdominal wall from inner view. 

Cavitas peritonei. Bursa omentalis, it's sacs. 

Abdomen. Topographical anatomy of the upper abdominal organs 

(syntotopy, sceletotopy, blood and nerve supply). Ventriculus. Surface 

markings, relations, ligaments, blood vessels, nerve supply, lymphatic 

system. Topography of the n. vagus. Duodenum. Surface markings, 

relations, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic system. Papilla 

duodeni major et minor. Pancreas. Surface markings, relations, blood 

vessels, nerve supply, lymphatic system. Lien. Surface markings, 

relations, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic system. Hepar. 

Surface markings, relations, lobes, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, 

lymphatic system. Lig. hepatoduodenale. Topography of the v. portae. 

Vesica fellae. Relations, blood vessels, lymphatic system, bile ducts. 

Abdomen. Organs of the lower part of the abdominal cavity (surface 

markings, relations). Parts of the small and large intestine, blood and 

nerve supply, lymph drainage. Mesenterium et mesocolon. Topographic 

anatomy of the retroperitoneal cavity - fascias, muscles, spaces of the


15. The Pelvis 

16. The Pelvis and Perineum 

3 h 

3 h 


Seminars (0,5 CP) Hours Contents 

1. The Thoracic Cavity. The 

Abdominal Wall 

2. The Peritoneal Space 

3. The Peritoneal Space. The 

Pelvis 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

connective tissue. Surface markings and relations of the right and left 

kidney. Fixing ligaments. Hilum renale. Gll. suprarenales. The ureters, 

relations of the ureters, blood vessels, nerve supply, lymph drainage. 

Aorta, it's parts. The vena cava inferior. Truncus symphaticus. Regio 

lumbalis. Borders, weak areas. Blood vessels, nerve supply, lymph 

drainage. Ductus thoracicus, v. azygos et hemiazygos. 

Pelvis. Pelvis minor and major, borders. Walls and floor of the pelvis 

minor. Perineum. Diaphragma urogenitale et pelvis. Fascias. Blood 

vessels and nerves. Fossa ishciorectalis. 

Male pelvic organs. Rectum, ureter, vesica urinaria, vesiculae 

seminales, prostata. Relations, blood vessels, nerve supply, lymphatic 

system. Female pelvic organs, their topographic anatomy. Rectum, 

ureter, vesica urinaria, ovarium, tuba uterina, uterus, vagina. 

Relations, blood vessels, nerve supply, lymphatic system. Regio 

pudendalis. Penis scrotum, vestibulum, vaginae, labiae minorae et 

majorae. 

Cavum pleura. Recessus costodiaphragmaticus, it's clinical meaning. 

Innervation of pleura. Puncture and drainage of pleural cavitas (typical 

sites for performing these procedures (clinical-anatomical bases) and 

dangers. Pleuritis, radiation of pain (nn.intercostales, n. phrenicus). 

Lungs. Blood supply of lungs and bronchi. Bronchial obstruction, 

foreign bodies. Embolus of pulmonary artery. Tracheoesophagal 

fistula. Spreading of purulent infections from neck and retroperitonael 

space into mediastinum. Coronary arteries, angina pectoris, infarctus 

myocardii, ductus arteriosus (Botalli), ligamentum arteriosum, 

coarctatio aortae. Puncture of pericardial cavity (accesses) and 

possible complications. Syndrome of v. cava superior. Clinical 

Anatomy of v. subclavia. Thoracal aortal aneurysm. Injuries of 

oesophagus. 

Anterior abdominal wall, it's structure in different parts. Blood supply, 

specific features of spreading of hematomas. Nerve supply of muscles, 

specific features of nerve supply of m.rectus abdominis. Differences in 

structure of anterior abdominal wall in case of different surgical 

accesses. Puncture of peritoneal cavity and laparocentesis - typical sites 

for performing, possible complications. Omphalocele, urachus, 

gastrochisis. So called "weak areas" in anterior abdominal wall - 

hernia linea albae, inguinalis, umbilicalis, Spiegeli. 

Peritoneal space. Abdominal part of oesophagus, oesophageal hernias. 

Varices oesophagi, achalasia. Clinical-anatomical appearance of portal 

hypertension. Portocaval anastomosis. Stomach, problems involved in 

perforation of the posterior wall gastric ulcer (bursa omentalis, canalis 

lateralis). Surgical anatomy of n. vagus. Specific anatomical-clinical 

features of blood and nerve supply of duodenum. Spasm of pylorus. 

Specific anatomical-clinical features of injuries of duodenum. Pancreas, 

surgical accesses. Pancreatitis and parapancreatical connective tissue. 

Clinical anatomy of liver and lien, ruptures. Recess of peritoneal space, 

their clinical-anatomical importance, "inner" hernias. Blood supply of 

small and large bowels, it's clinical meaning. Diverticulum Meckeli. 

Dolichosigma, diverticulosis. Difficulties and dangers in performing of 

appendectomy (topographic-anatomical bases). 

Retroperitoneal space. Fasciae, spaces of connective tissue. Aorta and 

inferior caval vein. Abdominal aortal aneurysm. Kidneys, ren 

arcuatum, ureter, urethra. Paranephritis. Clinical-anatomical bases of 

11


4. The Head and the Neck 3 h 

Seminars Subtotal 12 h 

Total 120 h 

12 

irradiation of pain. Truncus sympathicus. Lumbar region. Lumbar 

hernias. Lumbar puncture. Pelvis. Large and small pelvis. Measures, 

sexual differences. Muscles, vessels, nerves. Atherosclerotic damage of 

iliac arteries. Syndrome Leriche and arterial collateral network. Pelvic 

veins and plexuses. Clinical-anatomical features of bifurcation of 

abdominal aorta and inferior vagal vein. Clinical-anatomical bases of 

thrombotic embolus. Most deeper recess of peritoneal space, their 

importance in clinic. Access into spatium Douglas. Accesses into 

urinary bladder and prostate. Catheterisatio. Spatium Retzii. Ruptura of 

urinary bladder. Perineum, fossa isciorectalis. Paraproctitis, pararectal 

fistula. Clinical-anatomical bases of irradiation of pain in case of 

pathology of pelvic organs. 

Cerebral part of cranium. Layers, anatomical-clinical specific features 

of blood supply. Specific features of subcutaneous layer. Problems 

involved to hemostasis and spread of infection. Cephalic and 

extradural, hemorrhage. Topograpy of a. meningea media. Clinicalanatomical 

specific features of bony fornix cranii. Antrum mastoideum, 

mastoiditis, possible directions of spreading of infection. Palpation of 

a. temporalis superficialis. 

Facial part of cranium. Possible directions of spread of infection in area 

of face. V. facialis, connections with intracranial veins. Paranasal 

sinuses. Antrum Highmor, it's connections with teeth and drainage. 

Glandula parotis, possible complications in case of purulent infection. 

Injuries of tongue, anatomical- topographic base of ligate of a. 

lingualis. 

Neck. Clinical anatomy of cervical fasciae, blood vessels and nerves. 

Importance of fasciae in spreading of infections in neck. Access to 

suppurative focuses in neck. Clinical-anatomical bases of trachestomy 

and conicotomy. 

Thyroid and parathyroid gland - possible complications in case of 

partial or total removing of thyroid gland (topography of n. laryngeus 

superior, n. laryngeus recurrens and parathyroid glands). Clinicalanatomical 

bases of vagosympathic block and block of ganglion 

stellatum. Topography of v. subclavia, a. subclavia and cupula pleura. 

Possible complications in case of catheterization of v. subclavia. 

Ductus thoracicus, angulus venosus sinister. Palpation of a. carotis 

communis.


5. Resources 


1. Inimese topoanatoomia. E. Sepp, 1998 

2. Clinically oriented Anatomy. Keith L. Moore, 1999 

3. Wolf-Heidegger’s Atlas of Human Anatomy. Hans Frick, Benno Kummer, Reinhard Putz, 1990 

4. McMinn’s Functional Clinical Anatomy. 

5. Robert M H McMinn, Penelope Gaddum-Rosse, Ralph T Hutchings, Bari M Logan, 1995 

6. Clinical Anatomy Atlas. Robert A. Chase, John A. Gosling, John Dolph jt., 1996 

7. Clinical Anatomy Principles. Lawrence H. Mathers, Robert A. Chase, John Dolph, jt., 1996 

8. Clinical Anatomy Dissections. Eric F. Glasgow, John Dolph, Robert A. Chase, jt., 1996 

9. Atlas der topographischen Anatomie. Von Werner Platzer, 1982 

10. Anatomisches Bildwörterbuch. Heinz Feneis, Wolfgang Dauber, 1993 

11. Taschenatlas zum Präparierkurs. Bernhard Tillmann, Michael Schünke, 1993 

12. Essential Anatomy. J.S.P. Lumley/ J.L. Craven/ J.T. Aitken, 1995 

13. Scott: An Aid to Clinical Surgery. R.C.N. Williamson, Bruce P. Waxman, 1994 

14. Last’s Anatomy, Regional and Applied. R.M.H. McMinn, 1994 

15. Surface Anatomy, The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Examination. John S. P. Lumley, 1996 

16. Topographische Anatomie des Menschen. 6. Auflage. G.-H. Schumacher, G. Aumüller, 1994Topographische Anatomie. 9. 

Auflage. J.W.Rohen, 1992 

17. Anatomie des Menschen. Lehrbuch und Atlas. Band IV. H. Leonhardt, B. Tillmann, G. Töndury, K. Zilles 

18. Pocket medical dictionary. Ed. by Churchill Livingstone, 1987Gray’s Anatomy. Ed. by Churchill Livingstone. 1995 

19. Photographic Atlas of Practical Anatomy I. Thiel W. 1997CD: Human Anatomy 

20. CD: Clinical Anatomy. Interactive Lesson. The Standford Project.Elective courseClinical Anatomy, 

21. H. H. Lindner, 1989Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. 

22. R. S. Snell, 1995Clinical Anatomy of the Masticatory Apparatus and Peripharyngeal Spaces. Lang, J. 1995 

23. Clinical Anatomy 9: 71 - 99 1996 

24. Essential Clinical Anatomy. Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur, 1995 






Anatomical models 


Dissection Materials 

6. Assessment 





6.2 Comments: 


Oral 


Combination 

Other 

None 

13




Institute of Anatomy 


Surgical Anatomy 

Level: 


Course Title: 

Surgical Anatomy 


14 


~ 60 


ARAN 

Subject Code: 

ARAN 03.003 


0,5 CP 

Annotation: 

Program gives overview about human topography and clinical anatomy connected with most 

common surgical procedures, witch are necessary in everyday practical medicine. 


Estonian Spring semester 


Professor ENNU SEPP - responsible teacher 

Senior assistant - ALLA MÕTTUS 


Lectures - 12 h 

Independent works - 8 h 


Anatomy ARAN 01.018



Lectures (CP) Hours Contents 

1. Surgical Anatomy of the Limbs 

2. Surgical Anatomy of the Neck and the 

Thorax 

3. Surgical Anatomy of the Abdomen 

4. Surgical Anatomy of the Retroperitoneal 

Space, Organs of the pelvis minor and 

the Head 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 


Total 20 h 

Detecting of blood vessels and nerves in the upper and 

lower limb. Vagosymphatetic block, blocking of 

ganglion stellatum. Puncture and drainage of v. 

subclavia. Collateral blood flow. Varicose veins, removing. 

Neurolysis and sewing of nerves. Panaricium. 

Muscles, tendons (sewing, prolongation, shortening). 

Accesses to the joints, arthrodesis, arthroplastica. 

Correction of bony axes, bony sequesters. Basic 

principles of amputations. 

Puncture of pleural cavity, drainage. Removing of the 

breast, oesophagotomia. Para-vertebral anaesthesia. 

Tracheotomy. Surgical anatomy of thyroid gland. 

Puncture of peritoneal, pericardial cavity, laparotomy. 

Connections of gastric and intestinal tracts. Gastric and 

small intestinal fistula. Accesses to the appendix. Anus 

praeter naturalis, fistula stercoralis, gastroenterostomia. 

Gastric resection. Accesses to the gall bladder and bile 

tracts. 

Access to the kidneys, blocking of paranephrium. 

Pneumoretroperitoneum. Surgical anatomy of urinary 

bladder. Puncture, sectio alta. Injuries of the urinary 

bladder. Cranial trepanation, trepanation of proc. 

mastoideus. Lumbal puncture. 

15


5. Resources 


1. Inimese topoanatoomia. E. Sepp, Tartu, 1998 

2. Topographische Anatomie. 9. Auflage. J.W.Rohen, 1992 

3. Photographic Atlas of Practical Anatomy I., Thiel W. 1997 

4. Photographic Atlas of Practical Anatomy I., Thiel W. 1999 

5. 

6. 

1963 

7. Atlas der Operativen hirurgie, E. Vachs, 1961 

8. Clinical Anatomy 9: 71 - 99 1996 

9. Essential Clinical Anatomy. Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur, 1995 


16 





Anatomical models 


Dissection Materials 

6. Assessment 





6.2 Comments: 


Oral 


Combination 

Other 

None






Chair of Histology 

Level: 


Course Title: 

Histology 



150 


ARAN 

Subject Code: 

ARAN.02.003 


3 

Annotation: 

The objective of the course of special histology is to lead a student to understand the microscopic 

structure of organs and organ-systems, i.e. to learn microscopic anatomy. The course gives 

students knowledge about normal microscopic structure of organs essential for understanding 

pathology. 

The course consists of 28 hours of lectures and 42 hours of practicals. During practicals students 

have to master 61 slides, write 5 tests and take preliminary examination at the end of the semester. 

The course is completed by the final written examination as a part of the complex examination in 

Anatomy and Histology. 


Estonian and English Spring semester 


ANDRES AREND, docent, responsible teacher 

PEETER ROOSAAR, docent 

MARGE SOOM, assistant 

PIRET HUSSAR, assistant (half-time) 


Lectures - 28 hours, practicals 42 hours. In total 70 hours - 3 CP (including 50 hours of individual 

work) 


General Histology , Medical Biology 

17



Lectures (1.2 CP) Hours Contents 

Introduction to Microscopic Anatomy. Basic 

principles of organ construction. 

Nervous System I-II. 

Sense Organs I-II. 

Endocrine Organs I-II. 

Digestive System I-III. 

Respiratory System. 

Urinary System. 

Reproductive System I-II. 

18 

2 h 

4 h 

4 h 

4 h 

6 h 

2 h 

2 h 

4 h 


Practicals (1.8 CP) Hours Contents 

1. Blood vessels. 

2. Blood vessels. Lymphoid organs. 

3 h 

3 h 

Introduction. Basic construction principles of solid and 

tubular organs. 

Structure of the spinal cord, brain and cerebellum. 

Autonomic nervous system. 

Microscopic structure of the eyeball. Cornea and sclera. 

Choroidea, iris and ciliary body. Eye chambers. Retina 

and photoreceptors. Lens and vitreous body. Eyelids, 

conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus. Structure of the ear. 

Inner ear: semicircular canals, vestibule and cochlea. 

Membraneous labyrinth. Sensory regions: cristae ampullaris, 

maculae and organ of Corti. 

Endocrine system and its regulation. Hypothalamus, 

hypophysis and hormonal regulating factors. Pineal 

gland. Thyroid and parathyroid glands. Adrenals. 

Langerhans islets. Diffuse endocrine system. 

Structures of the oral cavity. Teeth and their 

development. Tongue and lingual papillae. Taste buds. 

Salivary glands. Tonsils. Pharynx, esophagus, stomach 

and gastric glands. Small intestine: villi and crypts. Large 

intestine. Liver: blood supply, liver lobules and 

hepatocytes. Biliary tree and gallbladder. Pancreas: 

pancreatic acini. and duct system. 

Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea and lungs: bronchi, 

bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. Bronchial and 

alveolar trees. Air-blood barrier. 

Structure of the kidney. Renal corpuscles and tubules. 

Nephron. Ultrafiltration and filtration barrier. 

Juxtaglomelural apparatus. Ureters, urinary bladder and 

urethra. 

Male reproductive system. Testes: seminiferous tubules, 

spermatogenesis, excretory ducts of the testis. 

Epididymis, ductus deferens. Accessory male sex glands: 

seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral gland. Penis and 

male urethra. 

Female reproductive system. Ovary, ovarian follicles, 

corpora lutea. Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external 

female genitalia. 

Circulatory system. Structure of blood vessels. Elastic 

and muscular arteries. Veins. 

Practical microscopy: 

*Aorta (H&E.) 

*Aorta (resorcin-fuchsin) 

*Inferior caval vein (H&E) 

*Inferior caval vein (resorcin-fuchsin) 

*Radial artery and -vein (H&E.) 

*Radial artery and -vein (resorcin-fuchsin) 

Circulatory system and lymphoid organs. Arterioles, 

capillaries and venules. Thymus, spleen and lymph 

nodes. 


*Small blood vessels in pia mater (carm.picroindigocarm.) 

*Thymus (H&E)


3. Skin and its derivatives. Test I. 

4. Nervous system 

5. Organs of special sense I. Eyeball and 

eyelid. 

6. Organs of special sense II. Inner ear. 

Test II. 

7. Endocrine organs. 

8. Digestive system I (oral cavity). Test III. 

9. Digestive system II (alimentary canal). 

10. Digestive system III (liver, pancreas), 

Respiratory system. 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

*Spleen (carm.-picroindigocarm.) 

*Spleen (resorcin-fuchsin) 

*Lymph node (H&E) 

Written test (blood vessels and lymphatic organs). 

Integumentary system. Structure of the skin and skin 

appendages: hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, 

mammary gland and nails. 


*Skin from fingertip (Heidenhain`s ironhem.) 

*Longitudinal section of nail (carm.-indigocarm.) 

*Skin from scalp (H&E) 

*Lactating mammary gland (carm.-picroindigocarm.) 

Central nervous system. Structure of cerebral and 

cerebellar cortex, spinal cord and ganglia. 

*Spinal ganglion (azan or H&E) 

*Cross section of spinal cord (thionin) 

*Cross section of spinal cord (Weigert) 

*Cerebellar cortex (thionin) 

*Cerebral cortex (thionin) 

*Cerebral cortex (Weigert) 

General structure of the eyeball. Cornea, iridocorneal 

angel, retina. Structure of the eyelid. 


*Eye (H&E or carm.-indigocarm.) 

*Eyelid (carm.-indigocarm.) 

Written test (skin and its appendages)General structure of 

the ear. Inner ear, cochlear duct and organ of Corti. 


*Inner ear (azan) 

Structure of the endocrine organs: hypophysis, thyroid 

gland, adrenals, pancreatic islets. 


*Hypophysis (H&E) 

*Thyroid gland (H&E) 

*Adrenal (suprarenal) gland (H&E) 

*Pancreatic islet (H&E) 

Written test (nervous system) 

Oral cavity: tonsils, teeth, salivary glands, tongue and 

papillae, taste buds. 


*Palantine tonsil (H&E) 

*Developing tooth (H&E) 

*Tongue (H&E) 

*Vallate papilla (H&E) 

*Taste buds [foliate papilla of rabbit] (H&E) 

Alimentary canal: esophagus, stomach, small and large 

intestine. 


*Esophagus (H&E) 

*Mucosa of the fundus part of the stomach (H&E) 

*Mucosa of the pyloric part of the stomach (H&E) 

*Small intestine of cat (Van Gieson) 

*Small intestine of human (H&E) 

*Mucosa of the duodenum (H&E) 

*Large intestine (H&E) 

*Appendix (H&E) 

Structure of the liver: liver lobules, vascularization. 

Gallbladder and pancreas. Respiratory system: trachea 

and lungs: bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and 

alveoli. 


19


11. Excretory system. Test IV. 

12. Reproductive system I. 

13. Reproductive system II. Test V. 

14. Repetition and preliminary examination. 

20 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 


Total 72 h 

*Porcine liver (Van Gieson) 

*Human liver (H&E) 

*Rabbit liver (injected) 

*Exocrine part of the pancreas (H&E) 

*Cross section of the trachea (H&E) 

*Lung (carm.-picroindigocarm.) 

Written test (digestive system). 

Urinary system. Kidney: general structure, renal 

corpuscles, nephron, kidney tubules, juxtaglomerular 

apparatus. Ureter and urinary bladder. 

*Kidney (H&E) 

*Ureter (azan) 

*Urinary bladder (carm.-picroindigocarm.) 

Male reproductive system. Testis: general structure, 

seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis. Epididymis, 

ductus deferens. Accessory sex gland: prostate, seminal 

vesicles, bulbourethral glands. Penis. 


*Testis (H&E) 

*Spermatozoa (Heidenhain`s hem.) 

*Epididymis (H&E) 

*Ductus deferens (carm.-picroindigocarm.) 

*Prostate (carm.-picroindigocarm.) 

*Penis (H&E) 

Written test (excretory system, respiratory system) 

Female reproductive system. General structure of the 

ovary, ovarian follicles, corpus luteum. Uterine tube. 

Uterus. 


*Ovary (H&E) 

*Ampulla of the uterine tube (H&E) 

*Ovary after the menopaus (H&E) 

*Uterus (carm.-picroindigocarm.)


5. Resources 


Textbooks in Estonian 

1. Arend Ü., Hussar Ü., Kübar H., Kärner J., Põldvere K. Histoloogia praktikum. Tallinn: Valgus, 1983. /Practical 

works in histology/ 

2. Arend Ü. Naha ja tema derivaatide histoloogia.Tartu, 1986. /Skin and its appendages/ 

3. Arend Ü., Hussar Ü., Roosaar P. Tsirkulatsiooniorganite histoloogia. Tartu, 1988. /Histology of circulatory 

organs/ 

4. Hussar Ü. Vereloome ja immuunorganite histoloogia. Tartu, 1986. /Histology of blood formation and immune 

organs/ 

5. Tehver J., Hussar Ü. Suuõõne ja hammaste histoloogia. Tartu, 1979. /Histology of oral cavity and teeth/ 

6. Tehver J. Koduloomade histoloogia. Tallinn:Valgus, 1979. /Histology of domestic animals/ 

7. Tehver J., Hussar Ü. Histoloogia eesti-, vene-, inglise- ja saksakeelne seletussõnaraamat, 1996. /Histological 

explanatory dictionary in Estonian, Russian, English and German/ 

8. Keyserlingk D., Hussar Ü. Neurohistoloogia. Tartu, 1992. /Neurohistology/ 

9. Textbooks in English 

10. Di Fiore M.S.H. Atlas of Human Histology. Philadelphia, Lea & Fibiger, 1980. 

11. Stevens A., Lowe J.S. Human Histology. London, Mosby, 1997 

12. Ross M.H., Romrell L.J., Kayne G.I. Histology: A Text and Atlas. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1995. 



26 PowerPoint Slide Show kits and 26 sets of overhead transparencies both for lectures and practicals. 


Handouts of 3-4 pages per student. 


At URL: http://www.ut.ee/ARAN/histology.htm in English and http://www.ut.ee/ARAN/histo.htm in Estonian are 

links to Lectures, Practicals, Electives and Textbooks. At these sites students can find the timetable and topics of 

lectures and practicals together with information about electives and available textbooks. Shortly a chapter of Special 

Histology - Histology of the Respiratory System - will be posted at Internet. 


24 microscopes, overhead, slide projector, multimedia projector connected to demonstration 

microscope 


6. Assessment 






Oral 


6.2 Comments: 

Histology forms a part of the subject block Anatomy and Histology 

Combination 

Other 

None 

21







Level: 


22 


150 

Course Title: 

General Histology and Human Embryology 



ARAN 

Subject Code: 



2 

Annotation: 

The objective of general histology course is to lead a student to understand the general structure of cells 

and tissues. The main aim is to study four basic tissues of the human body - epithelial, 

connective/supportive, muscle and nervous tissues. Appropriate cytological and embryogenetical details 

are given. The course consists of 16 hours of lectures and 32 hours of practicals. During practicals 

students have to master 456 slides, write 4 tests and to take preliminary examination at the end of the 

semester. 


Estonian and English Fall semester 


ANDRES AREND, docent, responsible teacher 

PEETER ROOSAAR, docent 

MARGE SOOM, assistant 

PIRET HUSSAR, assistant (half-time) 


Lectures - 16 hours, practicals 32 hours. In total 48 hours - 2 CP. 


No requirements besides of admission to the Medical Faculty



Lectures (0.7 CP) Hours Contents 

Introduction. Interpretation of tissue 

sections. Cell junctions. 

Tissues. Epithelial tissues I. 

Epithelial tissues II. 

Connective tissues I. 

Connective tissues II. 

Connective tissue III. 

Muscle tissues. 

Nervous tissue. 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 


Introduction to histology. Histology and other 

disciplines. Guidelines for better understanding of 

histological slides. Cell junctions: mechanisms 

involved in holding cells together. 

Development and classification of tissues. Surface 

epithelium. Epithelial cells and their surface 

specializations. Simple epithelia. 

Stratified epithelia. Glandular epithelium. Glands 

and secretion. Classification of exocrine glands. 

Blood and bone marrow. Morphology of blood 

cells: red blood cells, white blood cells and 

platelets. Hemopoiesis. 

Connective tissue proper. Cells and extracellular 

matrix: fibers and ground substance. Mononuclear 

phagocytic system. 

Cartilage and bone. Chondroblasts and chondrocytes. 

Cartilage matrix. Perichondrium. Hyaline 

cartilage, elastic cartlage and fibrocartilage. Bone 

tissues. General structure of bones. Osteoblasts, osteocytes 

and osteoclasts. Osteon. Bone formation. 

Fractures and bone repair 

Classification of muscle tissues. Smooth muscle. 

Smooth muscle cells. Smooth muscle contraction. 

Skeletal muscle fibers. Myofibrils and 

myofilaments. Sarcomere. Contraction of skeletal 

muscle. Cardiac muscle. Intercalated discs. Cardiac 

conducting cells. Regeneration of muscle tissues. 

Nerve cells and neuroglia. Nerve cell body and 

processes: dendrites and axons. Synapses and 

neurotransmitters. Neuroglial cells: oligidendrocytes, 

astrocytes, microglia and ependyma. Nerve 

fibers. Schwann cells and myelin sheath. Regeneration 

of nerve fibers. Nerve endings. 

Practicals (1.3 CP) Hours Contents 

Introduction. Size and shape of cells. 2 Instructions and guidelines for practical works. 

Variations in dimenions of different cells. Shape of 

cells in correlation with function. 


*Isolated multipolar nerve cell (stained with 

carmine) 

Histological techniques. 

2 Short overview of methods applied in histology - 

fixation, embedding, sectioning, staining and 

mounting. 

Practical part: haematoxylin and eosin staining of 

a liver section. 

Organelles and inclusions. 

2 Cell organelles, their ultrastructure and function. 

Cell inclusions. 

23


Human Embryology. 

Epithelial tissues I. 

Epithelial tissues II. 

Connective tissues I. 

Test I. 

Connective tissues II. 

Test II. 

24 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 


*Golgi complex from the nerve cell of the spinal 

ganglion (OsO4) 

*Mitochondria in the epithelial cells of nephron's 

proximal tubules (Heidenhain`s ironhem.) 

*Protein granules in the epidermal cells of an 

axolotl (H&E) 

*Glycogen granules in the liver cells (PAS) 

*Lipid droplets in the liver cells of an axolotl 

(OsO4) 

*Pigments in the chromatophores (unstained) 

Short overview early stages of human embryonal 

development starting from fertilization up to the 

beginnings of all major structures. 

Practical part: students are supplied with 

schematic drawings, which they have to label 

Surface epithelium. Specific features of epithelial 

cells. Simple epithelia: squamous, cuboidal and 

columnar. Pseudostratified epithelium. 


*Mesothelium of the peritoneum (silver 

impregnation) 

*Simple cuboidal epithelium (H&E) 

*Simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine 

(H&E) 

*Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium of 

the trachea (Heidenhain`s ironhem.) 

Stratified epithelia: stratified squamous keratinized 

and non-keratinized epithelium, stratified columnar 

epithelium, and transitional epithelium. Glandular 

epithelium: secretion, glands and their 

classification. 


*Nonkeratinized squamous epithelium from the 

esophagus (H&E) 

*Epidermis from the skin of the palm 

(Heidenhain`s ironhem.) 

*Transitional epithelium from the ureter (azan) 

*Parotid gland (H&E) 

*Sublingual gland (H&E) 

Written test (epithelial tissues). 

Blood and blood formation. Morphology of blood 

cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. 

Hemopoiesis: erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis, and 

thromocytopoiesis. 


*Blood of a frog (H&E) 

*Human peripherial blood smear (Pappenheim) 

*Smear of the bone marrow (Pappenheim) 

Written test (blood and blood formation). 

Connective tissue proper. Cells and fibers. Loose 

and dense connective tissue. 


*Loose connective tissue (hem. and resorcinfuchsin) 

*Dense, irregular connective tissue (Heidenhain`s


Connective tissues III. 

Connective tissues IV. 

Muscle tissues. 

Test III. 

Nervous tissue I-II. 

Test IV. 

Repetition 

Repetition and preliminary examination 


Practicals Subtotal 32 

Total 48 h 

2 

2 

2 

4 

2 

2 

2 

ironhem) 

*Dense, regular connective tissue (H&E) 

Connective tissues with special features: mucous 

connective tissue, reticular connective tissue, and 

adipose tissue. 

Practical microscopy: *Mucous connective tissue 

from the umbilical cord (H&E), *Reticular 

connective tissue from the lymph node (H&E), 

*Reticular connective tissue from the lymph node 

(silver impregnation), *Adipose tissue surrounding 

the adrenals (H&E), *Mast cells from the thymus 

(Brachet) 

Cartilage and bone. Cartilage cells: chondroblasts 

and chondrocytes. Intercellular matrix. Forms of 

cartilage tissue: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage 

and fibrocartilage. Bone cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes 

and osteoclasts. Structure of lamellar bone: 

osteons. Bone formation. 

Practical microscopy: Hyaline cartilage from the 

trachea H&E). Elastic cartilage from the epiglottis 

(carm.-resorcin-fuchsin), Fibrocartilage from the 

intervertebral disk (H&E), *Transverse section of 

the dried bone (acidic fuchsin or thionin-picrinic 

acid), Longitudinal section of the decalcified bone 

(H&E), Bone formation (carm.-picroindigocarm) 

Written test (connective tissue proper). 

Muscle tissues. Smooth muscles. Striated muscles: 

skeletal and cardiac muscles. 

Practical microscopy: Smooth muscle (Van Gieson) 

(H&E), Longitudinal section of skeletal muscle 

(Weigert hem.), *Cross-section of skeletal muscle 

(Weigert hem.), Longitudinal and cross-section of 

myocardium (Heidenhain`s ironhem.) 

Written test (cartilage, bone and muscle tissues). 

Composition of nervous tissue. Nerve cells and 

neuroglia. Nerve cell body and processes: dendrites 

and axons. Nissl bodies and neurofibrils. Nerve 

fibers: myelinated and unmyelinated nerves. Nerve 

endings. 

Practical microscopy: *Motor neuron from the 

spinal cord (thionin), *Neurofibrils in the nerve 

cells from the spinal cord (OsO4), *Isolated nerve 

fibers from the frog's sciadic nerve (carm.+ OsO4), 

*Pacinian corpuscles from the mesentery (H&E), 

*Cross section through a large peripheral nerve 

(azan) 

25


5. Resources 


Textbooks in Estonian 

1. Arend Ü., Kübar H., Põldvere K., Kärner J. Üldhistoloogia. Tallinn: Valgus, 1994. /General Histology/ 

2. Arend Ü., Hussar Ü., Kübar H., Kärner J., Põldvere K. Histoloogia praktikum. Tallinn: Valgus, 1983. /Practical 

works in histology/ 

3. Hussar Ü. Embrüoloogia põhimõisted. Tartu, 1988. /Basic concepts in embryology/ 

4. Tehver J., Hussar Ü. Histoloogia eesti-, vene-, inglise- ja saksakeelne seletussõnaraamat, Tallinn, 1996. 

/Histological explanatory dictionary in Estonian, Russian, English and German/ 

5. Hussar, Ü. Tsütoloogia, Tartu, 1995. /Cytology/ 

6. Textbooks in English 

7. Di Fiore M.S.H. Atlas of Human Histology. Philadelphia, Lea & Fibiger, 1980. 

8. Stevens A., Lowe J.S. Human Histology. London, Mosby, 1997 

9. Ross M.H., Romrell L.J., Kayne G.I. Histology: A Text and Atlas. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1995. 



21 PowerPoint Slide Show kits and 21 sets of overhead transparencies both for lectures and 

practicals 


Handouts of 3-4 pages per student 


At URL: http://www.ut.ee/ARAN/histology.htm in English and http://www.ut.ee/ARAN/histo.htm in Estonian are 

links to Lectures, Practicals, Electives And Textbooks. At these sites students can find the timetable and topics of 

lectures and practicals together with information about electives and available textbooks. Shortly a chapter of Special 

Histology - Histology of the Respiratory System - will be posted at Internet. 


24 microscopes , overhead, slide projector, multimedia projector connected to demonstration 

microscope 

26 


6. Assessment 






Oral 


Combination 

Other 

None 

6.2 Comments: 

General Histology and Human Embryology forms a part of the subject block Medical Biology I.






Chair of Anatomy 

Level: 

Undergrduate/ postgrduate students 


90 


ARAN 

Subject Code: 



0,5 AP 

Course Title: 

Development Of The Organs Of The Abdominal And Thoracic Cavities. Age 

Dependent Anatomy And Its Variations. 


Annotation: 

The aim of the lectures is to present enough information to students in understanding that the 

knowlege that they encounter first in the dissection room have later great important to undestand 

the clinical disciplines. The lectures deal with the clinically oriented problems of the 

development and variantanatomy. 


Estonian I year, spring semester 


Responsible teacher: H. TAPFER, Assist. Prof., A. LIIGANT Assist. Prof. 


Lectures 12 h 

Independent work 8 h 


Preliminary knowledge of anatomy, the dissection course of anatomy must have passed 

27



Lectures ( 0,5 CP) Hours Contents 

The development of the cranial region of a 

human embryo during the early stages. 

The development and malformations of the 

midgut and peritoneum. 

The early development and malformation of 

the respiratory system. 

Early development of the heart and primitive 

circulation. 

Development and malformation of the 

kidneys. 

Development and malformation of the 

genital system. 


Practicals (CP) Hours Contents 

Practicals Subtotal 

Total 

28 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Branchial arches and its derivates. The pharyngeal 

pouches and its derivates. Branchial malformations. 

Development of the face, cavities malformations. 

Rotation. Return the midgut to the abdomen. Fixation 

intestines. Malformations of the midgut. Umbilical 

hernia. Volvulus. Meckel´s diverticulum. Development 

of body cavities. 

Laryngotracheal diverticulum, development of larynx, 

bronchi and lungs. Congenital malformations of lungs. 

Transformation of the primitive vessels. Futher 

development of the heart and great arteries. Septal 

defects. Abnormal development of the vessels. 

Portioning of the atriaventricular canal, atria and 

ventricles. 

Blood suppey of the developing kidneys. Positional 

changes of the kidney. Congenital malformations of the 

kidney and ureter. 

Development of testis, ovaries, genital ducts. Congenital 

malformations of the genital system.


5. Resources 


1. Ulrich Drews "Color Atlas of Embryology", Thieme 1995, Stuttgart, New York 

2. Ben Pansky "Review of Medical Rmbryology", Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1992 New 

York, Toronto, London 

3. Keith L. Moore "The Developing Human" W.B. Saunders Company 1988, Philadelphia/ 

London/ Toronto/ Montreal/Sydney/Tokyo 

4. G.H. Schumacher, B.E.A. Christ "Embryonale Entwicklung und Fehlbildungen des 

Menschen" Ullstein 1993 

5. W.J.Larsen "Human Embryology", Churchill Livingstone New York/Edinburgh/ London/ 

Melbourne/ Tokyo 



Slideprojector Slides, transparencies 


Each lecture handouts 3-5 Pages lecture material per 10 students. 



Anatomical models, dry and moist preparations 


Exposition Of Anatomical Preparations (A: Rauber´S Museum With ~1000 Exponates) 

6. Assessment 





6.2 Comments: 


Oral 


Combination 

Other 

None 

29






Chair of Anatomy 

Level: 

Graduated 

30 


40 

Course Title: 

Functional Anatomy of the Locomotor Apparatus 



ARAN 

Subject Code: 



1 Credit 

Annotation: 

The aim of the subject is to give the students opportunity to learn the structure of the human joints and 

adjacent muscles in fine detail. During the course, the students acquire preparation skills that is useful for 

the later traumatologists and surgeons. The preparation of the joints enables to carry through investigative 

dissection and gives individual analysing opportunities. The results of the course are summarised in 

investigative comparison of the dissected joint to the information given in the handbooks of anatomy. The 

similarities and differences between the preparation and the literature together with the found variations, 

are discussed. 


Estonian, English, Russian Summer semester 


Responsible teacher: IVO KOLTS, Ass. Professor 

HANNES TOMUSK, Assistant 


Problem based learning during practicals during 24 hours 


The attending student must have preliminary knowledge of anatomy and must have passed the 

ordinary dissection course of anatomy.



Practicals (1 CP) Hours Contents 

1. Aims of the individual preparation 

2. Tendons and capsule 

3. Extraarticular structures 

4. Intraarticular structures 

5. Fibro- and hyaline cartilage 

6. Additional elements of a real joint 

7. Muscles and movements 

8. Functional disorders, common injuries 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

Practicals Subtotal 24 

Total 24 h 

Instructions for the investigative preparation; beginning 

of the preparation; removing of the coverings 

Separation of the adjacent tendons from the joint capsule; 

recognition of the differences between the smooth and 

dense connective tissue 

Dissection and recognition of the extraarticular structures 

(tendon sheets, bursae, ligaments etc.) 

Dissection and recognition of capsular- and intraarticular 

ligaments, disci, menisci, labra etc. 

Dissection and recognition of the different tissues of the 

gliding surfaces, fibrocartilage formation in the tendons, 

biominaralisation, sesamoid bones 

Comparison of the extra- and intraarticular structures of 

the different joints; their functional similarities and 

differences 

Functional analysis of the muscle attachment and its 

influence on the movements; muscles strengthening the 

joints; intraarticular tendons. Kinesiological analysis. 

Disorders within the tendons inserting into the joint 

capsule; degenerative changes within the tendons. 

Analysis of the morphological basis of the injuries; 

clinical statistics of the injuries. 

31


5. Resources 


1. Agur AMR (1991) Grant’s atlas of anatomy, 9th ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 

2. Feneis H (1988) Anatomisches Bildwörterbuch, 6th ed. Thieme, Stuttgart - New York 

3. Frick H, Leonhardt H, Starck D (1991) Human Anatomy, vol. 1. Thieme, Stuttgart - New 

York 

4. Frick H, Kummer B, Putz R (1990) Wolff-Heidegger’s atlas of human anatomy, 4th ed. 

Karger, Basel - München - Paris - London - New York - New Delhi - Bangkok - Singapore - 

Tokyo – Sydney 

5. Moore LM (1992) Clinically oriented anatomy. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore - Philadelphia 

- Hong Kong - London - Munich - Sydney – Tokyo 

6. Platzer W (1992) Locomotor System. In: Kahle W, Leonhardt H, Platzer W (Ed) Color atlas 

and textbook of human anatomy, vol. 1. Thieme, Stuttgart - New York 


32 




X Laboratory and technical equipment 

2 stereoscopic microscopes for fine dissecting and examination of the fibre course 

X Other resources / comments 

Equipment of the dissection hall; cadavers; sample preparations of the muscles and joints 

6. Assessment 


X Continuous assessment 

X Practical work 



X Oral 


X Combination 

Other 

None 

6.2 Comments: 

After finishing the preparation of the joint the student must past practical test recognising the dissected structures and 

explaining their function. The quality of the preparation is taken into account.







Level: 

Postgraduated students 

Course Title: 

Cytology and Histology 



10 


ARAN 

Subject Code: 



2 CP 

Annotation: 

The course gives systematic overview of the microscopical structures of the human body with 

some clinical correlations. 

The aim of the course is to refresh knowledge of postgraduate students in cytology and histology 

as well as to familiarize the methods and techniques used in histology. 




docent ANDRES AREND - responsible teacher 

docent - PEETER ROOSAAR 

invited lecturers 


Lectures and seminars 


No requirements for postgraduate students of the Medical Faculty 

33




1. Introduction. Investigation methods in 

histology. Cytology. 

2. Embryology. Epithelial tissues. 

3. Connective tissues. 

4. Muscle tissues. Nervous tissues and 

nervous system. 

5. Circulatory organs. Skin and skin 

appendages. 

6. Digestive system. 

7. Respiratory organs. Excretory organs. 

8. Reproductive system 

34 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 


Seminars (1.25 CP) Hours Contents 

1. Cytology, epithelial cells and cell 

contacts 

2. Electronmicroscopical techniques. 

3. Connective tissue I. Inflammation and 

wound healing. 

4. Connective tissue II. Bone regeneration. 

5. Muscle tissue. Nervous tissue. 

6. Blood vessels. 

7. Digestive system. Gastroduodenal 

ulcers. 

8. Respiratory organs. Excretory organs. 

9. Skin and skin appendages. 

10. Reproductive system. 

11. Digital image analysis. 

3 h 

3 h 

3h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

3 h 

2 h 


Total 64 h 

Different investigation methods in histology. Overview 

of the organelles for the seminar. 

Embryogenesis of tissues. Keynotes of epithelial tissues 

for the seminar. 

Overview of connective tissues for the seminar. 

Keynotes for the seminar about muscle and nervous 

tissues. 

Overview of the structure of circulatory organs. Keynotes 

for the seminar about skin and skin appendages. 

Keynotes for the seminar about digestive organs. 

Keynotes for the seminars about respiratory and urinary 

organs. 

Overview of reproductive organs 

Cell organelles. Cell membrane and its specializations. 

Cell contacts. Epithelia. 

Methods in electron microscopy. 

Connective tissue proper. Connective tissue cells and 

fibers. Inflammation as connective tissue defence 

reaction. 

Cartilage and bone. Histophysiology. Joints. 

Organization of skeletal muscle fibers. Cardiac muscles. 

Smooth muscle cells. Neurons and neuroglia. 

Structure of blood vessels. 

Alimentary canal. Erosions and ulcers. Liver and 

pancreas. 

Trachea and lungs. Kidney and nephron. Bladder and 

urinary passages. 

Skin, hairs, nails and glands of the skin. 

Testes and excretory genital ducts. Accessory genital 

glands. Ovaries, oviduct and uterus. 

Computerized image analysis.


5. Resources 


1. MH Ross, LJ Romrell, GI Kaye. Histology: A Text and Atlas . Williams & Wilkins, 1995. 

2. LJ Junqueira, J Carnerio, RO Kelley. Basic Histology. Lange/McGraw-Hill, 1998. 

3. A. Stevens, J Lowe. Human Histology. Mosby, 1997 



9 PowerPoint Slide Show kits 


Handouts 4-6 pages per student 



Multimedia projectors, 24 microscopes 


6. Assessment 





6.2 Comments: 


Oral 


Combination 

Other 

None 

35







Level: 


36 


30 

Course Title: 

Morphology Of The Oral Cavity And Teeth 



ARAN 

Subject Code: 



0.5 AP 

Annotation: 

The course focuses on the histological structure, development, physiological and reparative 

regeneration of the upper part of the alimentary tract. 

The aim of the course is to give students more detailed overview of the structures in the oral 

cavity complementary to the main course of histology. 




docent - PEETER ROOSAAR - responsible teacher 

docent ANDRES AREND 


Lectures - 10 hours, practicals -2 hours 


General Histology




1. Introduction. Oral cavity. 

2. Teeth and associated structures. 

3. Development of teeth 

4 h 

4 h 

2 h 


Practicals (0.1 CP) Hours Contents 

Lips and gingiva. Hart and soft palate. Tongue - papillae, 

taste buds. Tonsils. 

Periodont. Enamel - cuticle, enamel prisms, ameloblasts, 

dentinenamel junction. Dentin - odontoblasts, dentinal 

tubules. Cementum - cementocytes. Tooth pulp. 

Enamel organ. Enameloblasts and enamelogenesis. 

Dental papilla, odontoblasts and dentinogenesis. 

Sacculus dentalis and cementoblasts. 

1. Teeth development 2 h Histological slides of different stages of teeth 

development 


Total 12 h 

37


5. Resources 


1. J Tehver, Ü Hussar. Suuõõne ja hammaste histoloogia. Tartu, 1979. /Histology of Oral Cavity and Teeth/. 

2. Chapter 15. Digestive System I: Oral Cavity and Pharynx. In: MH Ross, LJ Romrell, GI Kayne. Histology: A 

Text and Atlas. Williams & Wilkins, 1995. 



5 sets of overhead transparencies 



38 



Overhead and multimedia projectors, 24 microscope 


6. Assessment 





6.2 Comments: 


Oral 


Combination 

Other 

None







Level: 


Course Title: 

Histological Techniques 



20 


ARAN 

Subject Code: 



0.5 AP 

Annotation: 

The objective of the course is to familiarize students with basic methods in preparation of 

histological slides. Students acquire practical skills by performing all stages of processing of 

tissue specimen. The most common staining protocols are used. 

The aim of the course is to give students both theoretical and practical knowledge of preparation 

of tissues for microscopic examination simplifying application of morphological methods in their 

future research. 




docent - PEETER ROOSAAR - responsible teacher 

docent ANDRES AREND 


Lectures - 4 hours, practicals -8 hours 


General Histology 

39




1. Introduction. Preparation of tissues for 

microscopic examination 

2. Histological investigation methods 

. 

40 

2 h 

2 h 


Practicals (0.35 CP) Hours Contents 

1. Embedding. 

2. Sectioning. 

3. Staining 

2 h 

2 h 

4 h 


Total 12 h 

Tissue preparation. Fixation. Embedding. Staining. 

Different staining methods. 

Cell cultures. Histochemistry and cytochemistry. 

Immunohistochemistry. Autoradiography. Treatment of 

hard tissues. Electronmicroscopic investigations. 

Safety precautions in the laboratory. Embedding of tissue 

samples. 

Sectioning on a microtome 

Staining procedures: hematoxylin and eosin, van Gieson 

method.


5. Resources 


Histoloogia praktikum. Tallinn, 1983. /Practical Works in Histology/ 

Methods. In: MH Ross, LJ Romrell, GI Kaye. Histology: A Text and Atlas. Williams & Wilkins, 1995. 



3 sets of overhead transparencies 





Microtome, microscopes 


6. Assessment 





6.2 Comments: 


Oral 


Combination 

Other 

None 

41







Level: 


Course Title: 

Immunohistology 


42 


30 


ARAN 

Subject Code: 



0.5 AP 

Annotation: 

The course describes the histology of immune system and lymphoid organs in more detailed 

manner than the compulsory histology course. 

Understanding of the functioning of the immune system is clinically important and therefore the 

aim of the course is to give students deeper insight into the functional histology of the lymphoid 

organs. 




docent - ANDRES AREND - responsible teacher 

prof. emer. - ÜLO HUSSAR 

assistant - PIRET HUSSAR 


Lectures - 8 hours, seminars -4 hours 


General Histology



. 


1. Introduction to the immune system 

2. Cells participating in the immune 

response 

3. Nonspecific and specific events in 

inflammation. 

4. Immunohistochemistry 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 


Seminars (0.15 CP) Hours Contents 

5. Lymphoid organs and immune system 

6. Inflammation 

2 h 

2 h 


Total 12 h 

Organs, tissues and cells of the immune system. Bone 

marrow, thymus, MALT organs, spleen, lymph nodes. 

T- and B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, 

dendritic cells, tissue basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils 

and other cells of immunity 

Antigen recognition, amplification and antigen 

destruction. Acute inflammation mediated by immune 

complexes and cytotoxic antibodies. Chronic 

inflammation and delayed type hypersensitivity reaction. 

Antigen-antibody contacts, cell receptors and markers in 

cellular and humoral immunity. 

Methods applied in immunohistochemistry. 

Organs, tissues and cells of the immune system 

Acute and chronic inflammation 

43


5. Resources 


Ülo Hussar. Vereloome- ja immuunorganite histoloogia. Tartu, 1986. /Histology of hemopoietic and immune organs/ 

The Immune System and Lymphoid Organs. In: LJ Junqueira, J Carnerio, RO Kelley. Basic Histology. 

Lange/McGraw-Hill, 1998. 

Immune System. In: A. Stevens, J Lowe. Human Histology. Mosby, 1997. 



6 PowerPoint Slide Show kits 


Handouts 2-3 pages per student 

44 



Multimedia projector 


6. Assessment 





6.2 Comments: 


Oral 


Combination 

Other 

None







Level: 



100 

Course Title: 

Early Stages Of Human Embryonal Development 



ARAN 

Subject Code: 



1 AP 

Annotation: 

The course focuses on the human embryonal development during the first weeks. The formation of 

structures starting from fertilization up to development of the beginnings for all tissues and organs are 

followed. Role of fetal membranes and placenta is shown. Critical periods and possible malformations are 

discussed. 

The aim of the course is to give more detailed overview of human embryonal development 

complementary to the compulsory histology course. 


Estonian and English Spring semester 


docent - ANDRES AREND - responsible teacher 


Lectures - 12 hours, seminars -6 hours - 1 CP including 22 h of individual work 


General Histology 

45




1. Introduction to embryology. 

Gametogenesis 

2. Fertilization. First week of embryonal 

development 

3. Second week of embryonal development 

4. Third and fourth week of embryonal 

development 

5. Fetal membranes and placenta. Multiple 

pregnancies 

6. Critical periods and malformations 

46 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 


Seminars (0.25 CP) Hours Contents 

1. Baer as the father of modern 

embryology 

2. Malformations 

3. Test in embryology 

2 h 

2 h 

2 h 


Total 18 h 

Introduction to embryology. Spermatogenesis. 

Ovogenesis. Hormonal regulation of the ovarian cycle. 

Ovulation. 

Fertilization. Cleavage of the zygote. Morula and 

blastocyst. Implantation. In vitro fertilization. 

Bilaminar embryonic disc. Differentiation of the 

trofoblast. Amnion and yolk sac. Chorion. 

Gastrulation. Derivatives of the germ layers. Formation 

of the notochord. Allantois. Neurulation. Somites. 

Primitive cardiovascular system. 

Chorion. Amnion. Yolk sac. Allantois. Maternal and fetal 

part of placenta. Placental membrane. Multiple 

pregnancies: dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Siamese 

twins. 

Sensitivity to different factors during developmental 

stages. Possible malformations. Teratology. 

Baer's contribution to science and in particular to 

embryology. Seminar in the Baer's Museum. 

Seminar about various malformations using samples from 

the Pathological Anatomy Collection. 

Final written test in embryology.


5. Resources 


In Estonian: 

Ülo Hussar. Embrüoloogia põhimõisted. Tartu, 1988 /Basic concepts in embryology/ 

In English: 

T.W. Sadler. Langman’s Medical Embryology. Williams & Wilkins, 1995 

K.L. Moore. The Developing Human. W.B. Saunders Company, 1988 



6 PowerPoint Slide Show kits with several animations 


Handouts of 3-4 pages 


Multimedia projector 


6. Assessment 





6.2 Comments: 


Oral 


Combination 

Other 

None 

47

1. Identification Anatomy 2. Brief description 3. Entrance requirements

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