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Chapter 2: Background Before discussing the ground stone 1001 assemblage and subsequenl experiments, it is important to elaborate brieny on the cultural context ofthe lools being discussed. The following offers a briefoverview ofThule culture history, Labrador Inuit culture history and Inuit ground stone technology. This is augmented by a briefsynopsis of pasI and present archaeological research in northern Labrador, focusing mainly on the Nachvak Fiord region. 2.1 Thule Culture Hislory With ancestral lies to the peoples of northeastern Siberia, Bering Strait, and present-day Alaska, the Thule migrated eastward across the Arctic. First suggested by Mathiassen (1976 [1927}:7), it was generally accepted in the past that the migration took place in the eleventh century (Franklin el ClI. 1981 :3, Kaplan 1980:45-46), as a response to climate change and reduction in sea ice associated with the "Medieval Wann Period" (McCartney 1977, McGhee 1972,2000, Morrison 1983, Whitridge 2002, and others). McGhee (2000) and others contest Ihis, maintaining that a thirteenth cenlury date of migration is more likely. This is substantiated by reinlerpretation of radiocarbon dates from a plethora of sites throughout the Arctic. dendrochronological dating ofThule sequences in northern Alaska, and the first historical account ofNorse encountering Inuit in "northwest Greenland during the mid-thirteenth century" (McGhee 2000:3). Maybe the impetus for a later migration was not climate change. but the rather a quest for metal, from Cape York meteorites and Norse settlements in Greenland (McCartney & Mack 1973, McGhee 2000).
Practicing a "modified maritime adaptation" (Fitzhugh 1972: 161), the Thule settled the resource-rich coasts of the Arctic and pursued various marine and terrestrial resources (Kaplan 1980). They actively sought out regions suitable for the hunting of pinnipeds (seals and walrus) as well as cetaceans (baleen and toothed whales). They hunted cooperatively in kayaks and umiaks (large skin boats), sometimes led by an umialik who would have shared the rewards ofthe hunt, keeping the largest portion for himself (Whitridge 1999: 104-1 05). Meat was allocated to those who needed it. bones were used in the manufacture of tools and shelters, and surpluses were either stockpiled (McCartney 1980) or used for trade, with any leftovers given to the dogs. Whale blubber was rendered to heat and light their dwellings, to preserve food and to keep boats skins from drying up and was stored in pouches of seal skin as a valuable trade commodity. Likewise, any baleen was used to its utmost potential. According to Whitridge. it was "ben! into boat ribs. drum frames, cylindrical containers, cut into scrapers. snow beaters. bow backings. [etc.]" (Whitridge 1999: I08). A shave made ofwhale bone or slate was also used to make strands of hide, baleen or sinew into varying lengths and thickness for use as whippings. fish lines, nets, snares for general cordage and for supporting the bone frame ofa house (Whitridge 1999: I08-1 09). In addition to being used as critical sources of food, fuel, shelter and other raw material, marine products were also prized as trade goods. Prehistoric Inuit groups either divided their time between the coast and interior regions or they focused on obtaining marine resources for trade with interior groups as a way to gain a steady supply of interior goods (Kaplan 1980).
Page 5: An Experimental Approach to Inuit G
Page 8 and 9: I would also like to thank the fiel
Page 10 and 11: Table of Conlenls Abstract Acknowle
Page 12 and 13: 4.2.4 Finished tools 4.3 Conclusion
Page 14 and 15: List of Tables Table 1.1: Examples
Page 16 and 17: Figure 4.28: Large adze blades from
Page 18 and 19: Chapter I; Inlroduction The focus o
Page 21 and 22: past. Such experimentation may also
Page 23: Chapter 7 establishes a link betwee
Page 27 and 28: By the time the Inuit came to Labra
Page 29 and 30: chipped stone tools were formed wit
Page 31 and 32: smaller than their slate counterpar
Page 33 and 34: may be possible to eventually pinpo
Page 35: Peter Whitridge from Memorial Unive
Page 40 and 41: Table 2.1: Breakdown of 2003-2006 e
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 3: Theorelical Framework Th
Page 45 and 46: While following the described produ
Page 47 and 48: manufacture. While some stress the
Page 49: 3.4 Cognition and the Constellation
Page 53 and 54: Fitzhugh 1980). The Inuit propensit
Page 55: The drilling technique required to
Page 58 and 59: additional thought processes that m
Page 60 and 61: Chapler 4: Ground Stone Tool Descri
Page 63 and 64: ,_ manufacturing anvil 0.0 0.0 0.0
Page 67 and 68: 4. I. I. I Weapon Blades Weapon bla
Page 69 and 70: All more or less triangular in shap
Page 71: 4././.1.2 Lance End Blades Much lar
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distinguished from the harpoon head
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difTerent sizes and styles for difT
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g Figure 4.9: Large uluit, baleen s
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d Figure 4.13: Ground slone blanks
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dry while cutting the whale and hau
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appear too thin and brittle to have
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2001: 142), it also enabled the Inu
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the same time providing a natural i
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z Figure 4.22: Drill bilS, awls and
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technique" (LeMoine 1997:25). This
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Figure 4.29: Alternative use of 'la
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Figure 4.30: Small adze blades, bea
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On average. the nephrite beads are
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Once a portion ofslate is deemed su
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As wilh flintknapping ofcherts and
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4.2./.3 Whelslones The Concise Oxfo
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High numbers of line grained whetst
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4.2.1.3.2 Distribution ojWhetstones
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Whetstones were separated by estima
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While seven slabs of unworked slate
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can reveal much about the manufactu
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smallest, most abundant type of fla
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lade. If found individually. scatte
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Looking at analogous examples of ne
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performing the same function as wat
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incredible toughness and ability to
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1975). Three areas on the island of
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Figure 5.2: Partially worked nephri
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when they are broken from a larger
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show extensive polish on at least o
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available to the tool maker. Recogn
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One ofthe problems that plague expe
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implements. For this initial foray
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mechanical sander was useless. and
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6.4.4. J Experiment 5: Preform Prod
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I was clearly doing something wrong
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pressure was also applied to the wh
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manufacture. Larger nephrite drill
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and used in this test, rather than
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String: The sIring needed to be coa
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I. An initial groove was made in ea
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alternatively the material being wo
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forms, tools and debitage. it is ea
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essentially immutable, namely worki
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products and finished tools shows t
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to finished tool fleshes out the ch
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eventually be able to minimize such
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lithic assemblages. The chaine opCr
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DitTerences in the media being dril
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nephrite use may also lead to a bet
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An experimental approach cannot be
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needed, once again requiring the to
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Dobres, Marcia-Anne 2001 Meaning in
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Jeske. Roben 1992 Energetic Efficie
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Whitridge, Peter 1999 The Construct
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An Experimental Approach to Inuit G
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