Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in ... - ProDelphinus

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Shark Depredation and Bycatch in Pelagic Longline Fisheries Page iv A5.1. Introduction and Methods A5.2. Historical Fleet Development, Shark Catches and Gear Configurations A5.3. Current Fleet Characteristics and Shark Catches A5.3.1. Number of vessels by size class A5.3.2. Catch and effort by vessel class and operational behavior A5.3.3. Calculation of nominal shark CPUE A5.3.4. Species composition of shark catches in longline fleets A5.4. Management Framework Relevant to Shark Interactions A5.5. Shark Handling and Disposition Practices by Fleet A5.5.1. Enyo fleet handling and disposition A5.5.2. Kinkai fleet handling and disposition A5.5.3. Engan fleet handling and disposition A5.6. Depredation and Gear Damage Issues A5.7. Methods of Onboard Storage of Retained Sharks A5.8. Practices Employed to Reduce Shark Capture and Depredation A5.9. Reasons for Discontinuing any Methods Attempted to Reduce Shark Interactions A5.10. Perceptions on Efficiency and Commercial Viability of Strategies to Reduce Shark Interactions A5.10.1. Avoiding Areas with Sharks A5.10.2. Refraining from chumming or bait/offal disposal A5.10.3. Changing target depth and soak time A5.10.4. Chemical and electrical deterrents A5.10.5. Artificial bait and other changes to bait type or attraction A5.10.6. Reducing injury to discarded sharks A5.10.7. Change in gear (hooks or leaders) A5.10.8. Most important factor in determining shark CPUE A5.11. Incentives and Attitudes toward Reducing Shark Bycatch and Depredation A5.12. References Appendix 6. Peru Artisanal Pelagic Longline Mahi Mahi and Shark Fishery…………...……… 135 A6.1. Elamobranch Fishery A6.2. Artisanal Longline Fleet Characteristics A6.3. Range of Fishing Gear and Methods A6.4. Catch and Discard Rates of Target and Bycatch Species A6.5. Regulations and their Implications for a Management Framework A6.6. Shark Market and Implications for the Management Framework A6.7. Economic, Social and Ecological Effects, Including Effects on Fishing Practices, from Regulations Governing Shark Interactions A6.8. Practices to Deal with Caught Sharks and Costs from Shark Depredation and Gear Damage A6.9. Methods for Onboard Processing of Retained Sharks A6.10. Reasons for Discarding Sharks A6.11. Practices Employed to Reduce Shark Capture and Depredation A6.12. Reasons for Discontinuing any Methods Attempted to Reduce Shark Interactions A6.13. Perceptions on Efficacy and Commercial Viability of Strategies to Reduce Shark Interactions A6.13.1. Avoiding peak areas and times of shark abundance A6.13.2. Reducing the detection of baited hooks by sharks, such as by refraining from chumming during the set and not discarding offal and spent bait during the haul A6.13.3. Limiting shark access to baited hooks, such as altering fishing practices to consider deployment depth of hooks and timing of the soak and haul to avoid problematic shark species A6.13.4. Deterring sharks such as with chemical shark deterrents and electrical deterrents A6.13.5. Reducing the attractiveness of baited hooks to sharks, such as by using artificial baits, using or not using light sticks, or avoiding a bait type known to result in high shark catch rates A6.13.6. Reducing injury to hooked sharks that you will discard
Page v Shark Depredation and Bycatch in Pelagic Longline Fisheries A6.13.7. Reducing shark retention by avoiding a specific size or type of hook, or by not using wire leaders on branch lines A6.13.8. Will the economic impact of sharks be reduced from using a wire leader on branch lines A6.13.9. What is the most important factor that affects shark CPUE - altering fishing position in relation to certain water temperature, topographic features, or oceanographic features; changing the time of day or month of setting or hauling; changing the depth of hooks, or a combination of these factors? A6.14. Incentives and Attitudes on Reducing Shark Bycatch and Depredation A6.15. Supporting Figures A6.16. References Appendix 7. South Africa Pelagic Longline Tuna and Swordfish Fishery…………………….... 151 A7.1. Introduction A7.2. Data Sources A7.3. History of the Fishery and Effort Trends A7.4. Fishing Gear and Operations A7.5. Shark Bycatch Composition and Catch Rates A7.5.1. Catch composition A7.5.2. Perception of interviewees A7.6. Management Framework Relevant to Shark Interactions A7.7. Economic, Social and Ecological Effects, Including Effects on Fishing Practices, from Regulations Governing Shark Interactions A7.8. Practices to Deal with Caught Sharks A7.9. Methods for Onboard Processing of Retained Sharks A7.10. Shark Depredation and Gear Damage A7.11. Practices Employed to Reduce Shark Capture A7.12. Incentives and Attitudes on Reducing Shark Bycatch and Depredation A7.13. Acknowledgements A7.14. References Appendix 8. USA Hawaii Longline Swordfish and Tuna Fisheries………………………………. 162 A8.1. Fleet Development and Characteristics A8.2. Range of Fishing Gear and Methods A8.3. Catch and Discard Rates of Target and Bycatch Species A8.4. Management Framework Relevant to Shark Interactions A8.5. Economic, Social, and Ecological Effects, Including Effects on Fishing Practices, from Regulations Governing Shark Interactions A8.6. Practices to Deal with Caught Sharks and Costs from Shark Depredation and Gear Damage A8.7. Onboard Processing of Retained Sharks A8.8. Reasons for Discarding Sharks A8.9. Practices Employed to Reduce Shark Capture and Depredation A8.10. Reasons for Discontinuing any Methods Attempted to Reduce Shark Interactions A8.11. Perceptions on Efficacy and Commercial Viability of Strategies to Reduce Shark Interactions A8.11.1. Avoiding peak areas and times of shark abundance A8.11.2. Reducing the detection of baited hooks by sharks, such as by refraining from chumming during the set and not discarding offal and spent bait during the haul A8.11.3. Limiting shark access to baited hooks, such as altering fishing practices to consider deployment depth of hooks and timing of the soak and haul to avoid problematic shark species A8.11.4. Deterring sharks such as with chemical shark deterrents and electrical deterrents A8.11.5. Reducing the attractiveness of baited hooks to sharks, such as by using artificial baits, using or not using light sticks, or avoiding a bait type known to result in high shark catch rates A8.11.6. Reducing injury to hooked sharks that you will discard
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Appendix 2, Chile Page 69 Captures
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Appendix 2, Chile Page 71 Landings
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Appendix 2, Chile Page 73 Table A2.
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Appendix 2, Chile Page 75 Fig. A2.5
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Appendix 2, Chile Page 77 A summary
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Appendix 3, Fiji Page 89 • Robert
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Appendix 3, Fiji Page 91 The data i
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Appendix 3, Fiji Page 93 Table A3.4
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Appendix 4, Italy Page 107 Table A4
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Appendix 5, Japan Page 111 Appendix
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Appendix 6, Peru Page 135 Appendix
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Appendix 6, Peru Page 141 Table A6.
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Appendix 7, South Africa Page 151 A
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Appendix 8, Hawaii Page 163 Table A
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Appendix 8, Hawaii Page 165 Average
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Appendix 8, Hawaii Page 167 regulat
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Table A8.7. Shark capture statistic
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Shark Depredation and Bycatch in Pe
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