Gyula Demeter

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previously reported work. The final Chapter, Further directions, we present a couple of relevant new directions in the cognitive function research of OCD. 2
Chapter 1. Overview of Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) - definition and main symptoms Definition Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly debilitating neuropsychiatric condition characterized by intrusive unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive, compulsive behaviors, or mental rituals (compulsions) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), and recent research produced compelling evidence for orbitofrontal and basal ganglia related neuropsychological dysfunctions (Brambilla, Barale, Caverzasi, & Soares, 2002; Busatto et al., 2000; Lucey et al., 1997; Saxena & Rauch, 2000; Kringelback & Rolls, 2004 Milad & Rauch, 2012). In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV, 1994) OCD is grouped together with other anxiety disorders, outlining the central role of anxiety and discomfort, which are accentuated usually by the obsessions and ameliorated by compulsions (for the exact criteria see DSM IV, 1994). Prevalence and comorbidity The prevalence of the disorder is between 2-3% in the general population. International studies found mostly the same occurrence rate in different countries (Montgomery & Zohar, 1999; Németh, 2000; Csigó, Harsányi, & <strong>Demeter</strong>, 2010). Based on epidemiological data in the general population the male/female ratio is 1:1. There are gender differences regarding the onset of the illness and main symptoms. More men are diagnostised with OCD in puberty and adolescence while in women the main onset is at the beginning of the 20s (Fontenelle & Hasler, 2008). Labad et al. (2007) found that more female patients were in the contamination obsession and cleaning compulsion dimension (Female/Male Odds ratio: 2,02) and less in the sexual and religious obsession dimension then male (Female/Male Odds ratio: 0,41). OCD can occur concomitantly with other disorders: depression, anxiety, Tourette’s disorder, panic disorder, phobias, tricotilomania, bulimia, anorexia (see Rasmussen & Eisen, 1994; Fineberg, Marazziti, & Stein, 2001). Symptom dimensions – the question of heterogenity Beside the unitary view of OCD outlined in DSM IV in the past decades it is conceptualized as a heterogeneous disorder and there were strong efforts to find and describe 3
Page 1 and 2: Budapest University of Technology a
Page 3 and 4: 6.3. Study 3: Over-monitoring secon
Page 5 and 6: Glossary of abbreviations ACC Anter
Page 7 and 8: WCST-LS Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
Page 9 and 10: Kivonat Az obszesszív-kompulzív z
Page 11: Introduction In our daily life we r
Page 15 and 16: ilaterally at the ventromedial pref
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2. The study of executive f
Page 19 and 20: 2.2. Theories and measurement of ex
Page 21 and 22: outcomes etc.) which in many labora
Page 23 and 24: As far as we know no executive task
Page 25 and 26: The tasks that are most commonly us
Page 27 and 28: 2002) and on the Intra-Dimensional/
Page 29 and 30: Inhibition In the Miyake et al. (20
Page 31 and 32: Table 1. Summary of OCD patients re
Page 33 and 34: Authors Samples Medication Performa
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3. The study of memory func
Page 37 and 38: 3.2. Prospective memory Prospective
Page 39 and 40: 3.2.1. Theories of prospective memo
Page 41 and 42: According to Guynn (2008) retrieval
Page 43 and 44: intention or the initiation and exe
Page 45 and 46: 3.2.3. Studying PM in OCD While at
Page 47 and 48: 3.2.4. A possible PM model of OCD O
Page 49 and 50: 3.3. The role of inhibition in sele
Page 51 and 52: Further two recent results will be
Page 53 and 54: it, (3) the neuropsychological impa
Page 55 and 56: 4.3. Current neurobiological model
Page 57 and 58: The role of amygdale in the express
Page 59 and 60: 5.1. Main goals 1. To assess the le
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 6. Studies 6.1. Study 1: Im
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impairment in this task 15 and othe
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Procedure All OCD patients received
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series of equal length, and we cons
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called error inhibition index (SEII
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Reaction Time Colour Naming Conditi
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which might be impaired in OCD. 9 I
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REFERENCES 1. American Psychiatric
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20. van der Wee NJ., Ramsey NF, Jan
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39. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen
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6.2. Study 2: Impaired prospective
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Table 1 Sample demographics and bas
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Written instructions were read to t
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Table 2 Hit rate in the two experim
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Comparison of patient and healthy a
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can be concluded that OCD patients
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6.5. Study 5: No retrieval induced
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Experimental design and materials T
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Procedure “In the study phase, pa
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RIF effect in the control group, t(
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Chapter 7. Discussion, conclusions
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and retrospective memory processes
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Bjork, & Bjork, 1994), which was of
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of the dACC contributes to the pers
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of patients’ cognitive abilities
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Anderson, M. C., & Spellman, B. A.
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Bajo, M. T., Gómez-Ariza, C. J., F
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Burgess, P. W. (1997). Theory and m
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Cambridge Cognition Limited (2006).
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Cuttler, C., & Graf, P. (2007). Sub
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Duncan, J. (1986). Disorganziation
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Gilbert, S.J. & Shallice, T. (2002)
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Harsányi, A., Csigó, K., Demeter,
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Kearns, N. P., Cruickshank, C. A.,
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Levy, B. J., & Anderson, M. C. (200
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McDaniel, M. A., Guynn, M. J., Eins
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neuropsychological and psychoanalyt
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(Eds.), Prospective memory: Cogniti
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Rogers, R. D., & Monsell, S. (1995)
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Smith, G. V., Della Salla, S., Logi
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Thordarson, D. S., Radomsky, A. S.,
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Wincze, J. (2001). The role of unde
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Gyula Demeter

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