Gyula Demeter

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3. obsession related to symmetry and punctuality with repeating, ordering, counting rituals and compulsions 4. obsessions related to contaminations with cleaning compulsions 5. hoarding obsessions and compulsions 6
Chapter 2. The study of executive functions in OCD 2.1. The concept of executive functions Executive function as so many cognitive psychological constructs is an umbrella term and a lot of researchers from the past decades understand very different processes and mechanisms by it. The study of executive functions and the use of this terminology raise a lot of questions. This apparent contradiction may originate in the fact that the definition of the concept is not clear and is a theoretical one. Additionally, the executive system is not unitary and different researchers understand different cognitive mechanisms on it. For example Shallice and Evans (1978) refers to it as cognitive estimation, Shimamura, Janowsky and Squire (1990) as behavior initiation, Levine, Goldstein, Williams and Eisenberg (1991) as problem solving, Shallice and Burgess (1991) as planning and Baddely (1996) as attention control just to mention a few. The studies in this field can be grouped in three main categories: a) describing the connections between executive functions and the frontal lobe b) focusing on the developmental aspects of executive functions in childhood, adulthood and normal ageing c) focusing on the effects of different degenerative and psychiatric disorders on executive functions. According to Fodor (1983) executive processes are effortful, conscious and poorly understood compared to modular and automatic processes. Baddely and Hitch (1974) respective Baddely (1996) have introduced the concept of central executive in the context of a working memory model, and thought that its main function is related to control and resource allocation. Many researchers and clinical practitioners prefer the use of executive functions instead of the concept of central executive, outlining their multidimensional aspect. According to Burgess (1997) we need executive functions: • in planning and decision making situations • in error detection and correction • in new situations requiring a response which competes with habitual responses • in situations when the links between the input schema control units are novel and not well learned • in dangerous and difficult situations. 7
Page 1 and 2: Budapest University of Technology a
Page 3 and 4: 6.3. Study 3: Over-monitoring secon
Page 5 and 6: Glossary of abbreviations ACC Anter
Page 7 and 8: WCST-LS Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
Page 9 and 10: Kivonat Az obszesszív-kompulzív z
Page 11 and 12: Introduction In our daily life we r
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1. Overview of Obsessive co
Page 15: ilaterally at the ventromedial pref
Page 19 and 20: 2.2. Theories and measurement of ex
Page 21 and 22: outcomes etc.) which in many labora
Page 23 and 24: As far as we know no executive task
Page 25 and 26: The tasks that are most commonly us
Page 27 and 28: 2002) and on the Intra-Dimensional/
Page 29 and 30: Inhibition In the Miyake et al. (20
Page 31 and 32: Table 1. Summary of OCD patients re
Page 33 and 34: Authors Samples Medication Performa
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3. The study of memory func
Page 37 and 38: 3.2. Prospective memory Prospective
Page 39 and 40: 3.2.1. Theories of prospective memo
Page 41 and 42: According to Guynn (2008) retrieval
Page 43 and 44: intention or the initiation and exe
Page 45 and 46: 3.2.3. Studying PM in OCD While at
Page 47 and 48: 3.2.4. A possible PM model of OCD O
Page 49 and 50: 3.3. The role of inhibition in sele
Page 51 and 52: Further two recent results will be
Page 53 and 54: it, (3) the neuropsychological impa
Page 55 and 56: 4.3. Current neurobiological model
Page 57 and 58: The role of amygdale in the express
Page 59 and 60: 5.1. Main goals 1. To assess the le
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 6. Studies 6.1. Study 1: Im
Page 63 and 64: impairment in this task 15 and othe
Page 65 and 66: Procedure All OCD patients received
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series of equal length, and we cons
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called error inhibition index (SEII
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Reaction Time Colour Naming Conditi
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which might be impaired in OCD. 9 I
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REFERENCES 1. American Psychiatric
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20. van der Wee NJ., Ramsey NF, Jan
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39. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen
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6.2. Study 2: Impaired prospective
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Table 1 Sample demographics and bas
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Written instructions were read to t
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Table 2 Hit rate in the two experim
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Comparison of patient and healthy a
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can be concluded that OCD patients
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6.5. Study 5: No retrieval induced
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Experimental design and materials T
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Procedure “In the study phase, pa
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RIF effect in the control group, t(
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Chapter 7. Discussion, conclusions
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and retrospective memory processes
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Bjork, & Bjork, 1994), which was of
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of the dACC contributes to the pers
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of patients’ cognitive abilities
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Anderson, M. C., & Spellman, B. A.
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Bajo, M. T., Gómez-Ariza, C. J., F
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Burgess, P. W. (1997). Theory and m
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Cambridge Cognition Limited (2006).
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Cuttler, C., & Graf, P. (2007). Sub
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Duncan, J. (1986). Disorganziation
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Gilbert, S.J. & Shallice, T. (2002)
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Harsányi, A., Csigó, K., Demeter,
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Kearns, N. P., Cruickshank, C. A.,
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Levy, B. J., & Anderson, M. C. (200
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McDaniel, M. A., Guynn, M. J., Eins
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neuropsychological and psychoanalyt
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(Eds.), Prospective memory: Cogniti
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Rogers, R. D., & Monsell, S. (1995)
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Smith, G. V., Della Salla, S., Logi
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Thordarson, D. S., Radomsky, A. S.,
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Wincze, J. (2001). The role of unde
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Gyula Demeter

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