Gyula Demeter

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Four dominant dimensions have been used in the literature to classify PM tasks. The first classification distinguishes between event and time based PM tasks (Einstein & McDaniel, 1996). In event-based tasks the PM cue which signals the execution of the intended action is an externally presented event (e.g., the entrance of the experimenter in the room, the appearance of a form on the computer display). In time-based tasks the intended actions supposed to be carried out at a well specified point in time (e.g., call me at 8.p.m.; press the up-arrow key after four minutes). The second dimension is the complexity of the PM task, and distinguishes between simple, single intention tasks which require subject to execute an intended action just once (e.g., the 2 PM subtests in the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), Wilson, Cockburn & Baddeley, 1985) and complex, multi intention tasks which require to plan and carry out several delayed intentions (e.g., Six Elements Task from the Behavioural Assesment of Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS), Wilson, Alderman, Burgess, Emslie, & Evans, 1996; the Virtual Week task, Rendell & Craick, 2000). The third dimension refers to the context – environment of the PM task and distinguishes between laboratory (e.g., press a button if situations) and more naturalistic, every day life situation tasks (e.g., buy groceries on a way back home) (Henry, MacLeod, Phillips, & Crawford, 2004; Phillips, Henry, & Martin, 2008). The fourth dimension is the agent who forms the intentions to be carried out, creating self cued (e.g., at 9 a.m. I will call X) and cued by others or by the environment (e.g., my boss told me to call X at 9 a.m.) PM tasks. These dimensions are applied a little bit arbitrary and serve just as guidelines for defining different type of PM tasks but in our daily life and in experimental settings we usually face a combination of all these (e.g., press the up-arrow key in every 2 minutes while you are performing a general quiz – self cued laboratory complex time based PM task). 28
3.2.1. Theories of prospective memory – monitoring as a key component In the theories of PM developed in the last two decades, monitoring is described as a strategic process. Below, the most important theories from this field of research pointing out the role of monitoring processes are outlined. The earliest theoretical approach accounting for PM retrieval in the context of other ongoing behaviors is probably the SAS model (Norman & Shallice, 1986; Burgess & Shallice, 1997) described in the previous chapter. The multiprocess model This model proposes that although PM is supported by automatic processes when there is a strong association between the PM target event and the intended actions, there are other circumstances when PM performance is mediated by more strategic monitoring processes (Einstein et al., 2005; McDaniel & Einstein, 2000; McDaniel, Guynn, Einstein and Breneiser, 2004). The multiprocess framework makes a distinction between focal and nonfocal cues. The previous refers to the PM cues which overlap with the information relevant to performing the ongoing task, while the second to those cues which are part of the environment but not considered by the subject (McDaniel, Einstein & Rendell, 2008). According to this approach focal cues can stimulate automatic spontaneous retrieval of the intended action while nonfocal cues require more strategic attentional resources (Einstein et al., 2005). Monitoring is one of the possible strategic processes which indicate when it is appropriate to execute an intended action. There are situations when monitoring is more important than in others, for example when the PM target events are not salient, or there is no strong association between target events and the intended action, or when the ongoing activity does not elicit focal processing of target events. It is also believed that monitoring for targets plays a specific role in individual’s behaviors with obsessive-compulsive tendencies. The preparatory attentional and memory processes model (PAM) The model proposes that non-automatic attentional processes are always involved in PM retrieval (Smith, 2003; Smith & Bayen, 2004). One component of these preparatory attentional processes is monitoring for the PM target events that indicate the appropriate time 29
Page 1 and 2: Budapest University of Technology a
Page 3 and 4: 6.3. Study 3: Over-monitoring secon
Page 5 and 6: Glossary of abbreviations ACC Anter
Page 7 and 8: WCST-LS Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
Page 9 and 10: Kivonat Az obszesszív-kompulzív z
Page 11 and 12: Introduction In our daily life we r
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Page 29 and 30: Inhibition In the Miyake et al. (20
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Page 33 and 34: Authors Samples Medication Performa
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Page 41 and 42: According to Guynn (2008) retrieval
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Page 65 and 66: Procedure All OCD patients received
Page 67 and 68: series of equal length, and we cons
Page 69 and 70: called error inhibition index (SEII
Page 71 and 72: Reaction Time Colour Naming Conditi
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Page 81: 6.2. Study 2: Impaired prospective
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Table 1 Sample demographics and bas
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Written instructions were read to t
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Table 2 Hit rate in the two experim
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Comparison of patient and healthy a
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can be concluded that OCD patients
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6.5. Study 5: No retrieval induced
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Experimental design and materials T
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Procedure “In the study phase, pa
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RIF effect in the control group, t(
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Gyula Demeter

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