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Table 1.5. Description of Survey Sites Area District Nature of Resource Belemath Burdwan Forest Matha Purulia Forest Hazamdihi Bankura Water Body Bon Hooghly Chorchoria Calcutta Metro-politan District Calcutta Metro-politan District Form of Regime Whether Successful Forest Protection Committee Forest Protection Committee Family Based Village Committee Successful Failure Mixed Success Water Body Registered Co-operative Successful Water Body Registered Co-operative Successful The socio-economic characteristics of the five areas are not very similar. But the essential differences lies in the external environment of these resource communities and in their historical settings. We now discuss the features of the survey sites and the reasons for choosing them. Burdwan is a prosperous agricultural district. It’s population is highly literate and politically conscious. In contrast, Belemath – a village situated in the Jungal Mahal area near the Birbhum-Burdwan border, is a poor village. The population is mixed – consisting of Muslims and Hindus, tribals and non-tribals. Although the villagers are politically conscious and the ruling Communist Party of India (Marxist) has a strong base, the level of development is low. Belemath is an enclave in another sense. Although Forest Protection Committees have been established in the surrounding areas like Jalikunda, Hedegauda, etc., such Committees have not been very successful. In contrast, the village of Matha is a typical village in Purulia. Its population is tribal, illiterate, and extremely poor. The red laterite soil, and the arid climate has restricted the potential for agricultural development. This has led to an under developed economy. Simultaneously, there is a lack of alternative opportunities available to the 17
villagers. These conditions would appear to be favorable for the emergence of collective action directed towards conserving the resource (Dasgupta, 1997). However, the actual facts do not tally with our a priori hypothesis. The study of Matha and Belemath form an interesting comparison. This is because the State has introduced a similar institution in similar historical and socio-economic settings in two different areas. However, the experience of the FPCs has been different in these two villages. Bankura has a agro-climatic zone similar to Purulia. This has led to a low level of development. Bankura too has a tribal population. However, the village surveyed by us was not a tribal village – it was dominated by Schedule Caste and Scheduled Tribe Hindus, with a few households of upper caste Hindus. The interesting feature of the CP regime was that it was family based, persisting over 5-6 generations. The resource – a water body – was initially owned and used by a family. Over time, with expansion of the family, the shares of each member have been fragmented into insignificant portions. Common use of the pond, however, continues. Another interesting feature is the fact that the water body has multiple uses, with each use having a specific form of property right attached to it; further, the property right attached to a particular use fluctuates across seasons. In this sense, our case study of Bankura is unique in the annals of CPR theory. Finally, we have studied two registered fishermen’s co-operatives using the water bodies within the Calcutta Metropolitan District. The existence of a CP regime within a metropolitan area appeared interesting to us. We would expect that commercial forces and the social structure would weaken norms and traditional/local sources of authority. That this has not happened goes against mainstream CPR theory. Section 1.11: Scheme of Work We will start our report with a survey of the CPR literature. We will state Hardin’s model and show how this has been rejected by the CPR school led by Ostrom. We will examine the main tenets of Ostrom’s analysis. In recent years, Ostrom’s works have been examined using alternative perspectives. This has led to suggestions to 18
Page 1 and 2: EERC Theme: CPRs and Forests EERC W
Page 3 and 4: CPR INSTITUTIONS IN WEST BENGAL An
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables c-
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES 1.1: Classification
Page 9 and 10: List of Project Personnel Principal
Page 11 and 12: Hypothesis Our project focussed on
Page 13 and 14: The other three sites studied are s
Page 15 and 16: 10. The community that did not norm
Page 17 and 18: also helped us with our Accounts. O
Page 19 and 20: exploit the resource. Such resource
Page 21 and 22: [7] CPRs help to maintain the ecolo
Page 23 and 24: households. The poor households obt
Page 25 and 26: Now, Ciriacy-Wantrup (1971) & Bisho
Page 27 and 28: CPR with Tightened Access Figure 1.
Page 29 and 30: 4. Decisions are based on simple ru
Page 31 and 32: According to World Resource Institu
Page 33: Secondly, during our preliminary at
Page 37 and 38: Finally, we shall sum up the policy
Page 39 and 40: interest in a society that believes
Page 41 and 42: unknown time period, can lead to co
Page 43 and 44: ules? Why do resource users monitor
Page 45 and 46: 6) Conflict resolution mechanisms e
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.3: Design Principles for Su
Page 49 and 50: of CPR theory is in a stasis. This
Page 51 and 52: In the succeeding chapters we will,
Page 53 and 54: Over time, resource users are facin
Page 55 and 56: Table 3.1: Land Holdings in Belemat
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.2: Grass-Root Indicators of
Page 59 and 60: Table 3.4: Dependence of Income fro
Page 61 and 62: 4. The payment of wages and distrib
Page 63 and 64: that it was rich households who wer
Page 65 and 66: the education level is low, it is m
Page 67 and 68: Unlike the responses in Belemath, t
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.11: Item Wise Dependence on
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 4: FISHERMEN’S CO-OPERATI
Page 73 and 74: These households mainly migrated to
Page 75 and 76: not been terminated out of sentimen
Page 77 and 78: Table 4.3: Allocation of Duties and
Page 79 and 80: Table 4.5: Direct and Indirect Bene
Page 81 and 82: exploitation, they stopped fishing
Page 83 and 84: R-Squared 0.93328 R-Bar-Squared 0.9
Page 85 and 86:
growth of fish. On the other hand,
Page 87 and 88:
the environmental impact of this wi
Page 89 and 90:
found that the party retained tight
Page 91 and 92:
Table 5.2: Distribution of Populati
Page 93 and 94:
Section 5.3: Property Rights and th
Page 95 and 96:
costs of production, exclusion and
Page 97 and 98:
There are two interesting features
Page 99 and 100:
In the case of some of the benefits
Page 101 and 102:
Section 5.5: Resource and Villagers
Page 103 and 104:
1. Physical attributes of the resou
Page 105 and 106:
the locality. In addition and impor
Page 107 and 108:
Turning to the co-operatives we fin
Page 109 and 110:
In Hazamdihi there is a total lack
Page 111 and 112:
Interdependence is possibly most st
Page 113 and 114:
A related issue is that of equity.
Page 115 and 116:
The success of the regime in ensuri
Page 117 and 118:
collective action institutionalized
Page 119 and 120:
esource. Water body, regular financ
Page 121 and 122:
5. Communities not inheriting any p
Page 123 and 124:
1 > b2-c2, 0 > b1-c1 , and b2-c2 >
Page 125 and 126:
Following Dixit and Skeath (1999) a
Page 127 and 128:
group manifest themselves as PD. Ho
Page 129 and 130:
1- (b2-c2) ≥ δ (b2-c2)/(1-δ), t
Page 131 and 132:
the following manner: if the realiz
Page 133 and 134:
Let us assume that b / (n) > 0 and
Page 135 and 136:
Player I Strategies C D Strategies
Page 137 and 138:
mechanisms and multiplex relationsh
Page 139 and 140:
degrading it’s sustainability). W
Page 141 and 142:
Increasing market and market opport
Page 143 and 144:
ITEMS CONSUMPTION ENERGY INTERMEDIA
Page 145 and 146:
Main Occupation 60000 60001- 70000
Page 147 and 148:
Income class Table A.2.6: Illegal F
Page 149 and 150:
Year Fish Seed Fish Sales 1990-1 24
Page 151 and 152:
Note: Here the variables are INT =
Page 153 and 154:
11. Axelrod, R. & W.D. Hamilton (19
Page 155 and 156:
35. Haefale, E.T. (1974) The Govern
Page 157:
of Wight (UK), Connemara (Ireland)
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