Cleavage Structures.pdf

64 CLEAVAGE STRUCTURES, PARTy SYSTEMS, AND VOTER ALIGNMEI.ITS
91. To substantiate such generalization it will clearly be necessary to proceed to a
comparative census of "ephemeral" parties in Europe. Hans Daalder has made a useful
beginning through his inventory of small parties in the Nctherlands since 1918, the
country wilh the longest record of minimal-threshold PR; see "De kleine politiekc
partijen*-een voorlopige poging tot inventarisatie," Acta politica, I (1965-66), pp. 172-
96.
92. See Chapter 5 by Linz.
93. This is -a major theme in the Norwegian Program of electoral research; see
especially S. Rokkan and H. Valen, "The Mobilization of the Periphery," pp. 111-58
of S. Rokkan (ed.), Approaches to the Study ol Political Participation (Bergen: Chr.
Michelsen IDstitute, 1962), and T. Hjellum, Partiene i lokalpolitikken (Oslo: Gyldendal,
1967). The possibilities of comparativc research on the "politicization" of local govertrment
are discussed in S. Rokkan, "Electoral Mobilization, Party Competition and National
Integration" in J. LaPalombara and M. Weiner, op. cit., pp. 2a1-65..
94. For -a general statemeot of the need for such controls for the character of the
local party alternatives see S. Rokkan, "The Comparative Study of Political ParticiPation"
in A. Ranney (ed.), Essays on the Behavioral Study ol Politics (Urbana: Univ.
of Illinois Press, 1962), pp. 45-90.
95. On the development of this type of data fiIes for computer processing see S.
Rokkan (ed.), Data Archives for the Social Sciences (Paris: Mouton, 1966), and the
forthcoming report by Mattei Dogan and S. Rokkan on the Symposium on Quatrtitative
Ecological Analysis held at Evian, France, in September, 1966.
96. In the United States the ceotral figures in tbis movement were V. O. Key and Lce
Benson. It is interesting to note, however, that their work has in recent years been
vigorously followed up by such experts on survey analysis as Angus Campbell and his
colleagues Philip Converse, Warren Miller, and Donald Stokes; see Elections and the
Polirical Order (New York: Wiley, 1966), Chaps. 1-3 and 9.
97. For a detailed effort to integrate the fndings of various studies of American
student activism see S. M. Lipset and Philip Altbach, "Student Politics and Higher Education
in the United States," Comparative Education Rev., 10 (1966), pp. 320-49. This
article appears also in revised and expanded form in S. M. Lipset (ed.), Sludents and
Politics (New York: Basic Books, 1967). Thc Lipset-Altbach artible, as iell as other
essays in this volume contain extensive bibliographic rcferences. Another comprehensivs
discussion of the relevant literature may bc found in Jeanne Block, Norma Haan, and M.
Brewster Smith, "Activism and Apathy in Contemporary Adolescents," in James F.
Adams (ed.), Contribulions to the Understanding ol Adolescence (Boston: Allyn aud
Bacon, in press). A special issue of the Journal ol Social Issres to be published latc in
1967 will contah a number of articles dealing with "Protest otr the American Campus."
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The English-Speoking Democrqcir