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SEMINAR ON STATISTICAL MAPPING This seminar, held in two sessions on Monday and Wednesday afternoons, dealt with statistical mapping, map generalization and classification. Papers were presented by JEAN-CLAUDE MULLER, RICHARD SCHWEITZER and RflNALP ABLER. Critiques ofi the papers were made by the other seminar participant* who included ROBERTO BACHI, 0/ALPfl TOBLER and GEORGE JENKS, chairman o^ the seminar. At the Monday session JEAN-CLAUPE MULLER otf the Department o Geography at the University o& Georgia presented a paper on "Sta tistical Accuracy and Map Enhancement in Choroplethic Mapping." Many cartographers have been concerned witk the contradictory re lationship between statistical accuracy and map readability in choroplethic mapping. Map readability is not the only limiting factor in choropleth map accuracy. As the number o& classes oft a choropleth map decreases, the generalization process makes the map more informative by deleting detail [noise] that do not be long to the ideal picture (signal] o^ the distribution presented. This recovery process o& the underlying meaningful pattern on a map by generalization is called map enhancement. Study o£ the contrast within and between various choroplethic map patterns shows that 1) patterns are significantly aêcted by the number oft classes, and 2) the smaller the number oft classes, the sharper the contrast in the cartographic pattern, and the more amplified the differences between the maps. Solutions &or conciliating statistical accuracy and map enhancement were also described. The paper, "Undergeneralization and figure-Ground Relation ships in Statistical Mapping," summarizes the remarks o£ GEORGE JENKS o& the University ofi Kansas. He stressed the clarity o^ the map message as the overriding factor in statistical mapping. The map designer should retain only that-information which is essential to the map message. Map clarity, therefore, demands the development oft suitable visual figure-ground relationships. In the second session, the Comparative Atlas, a project the American Association ofa Geographers, and the Urban Atlas, produced by the Bureau ofa the Census, were described and discussed. Both projects were compared in terms oft the type o& maps, method o£ production, and the underlying rationale.
"The. Urban Atlas -Project: Historical and Cartographic Re.vi.ejju" is the. title o£ the. papeA presented by RICHARP SCHWEITZER oft the. BuAe.au. o& the, Census. He reviewed the. de.velopme.nt o& the. Urban ktlas Project firom the. viewpoint ofi the. cartogAaphlc tech niques used. He discussed alternative approaches and the, type, o£ decisions that were made, in producing the. filnal atlases. Impetus far the. atlas stemmed firom the, weed to 4upple.me.nt volu- mtnouA AtatiA£ic.al tablet oft 1970 c.e.nAuA tAact data utith a companion graphic. AummoAy. A dozen vaAiableA &OA A-lxty-^tve, ofa the, Nation'A laAge^t AtandaAd metropolitan statistical oAe,aA (SMSA'^l oAe, beting plotted -in coloA through automated mapping te.chniques. The. -inheAe.nt natuAe. and Ae,qulAe.me,ntA ofi c.e.nt>uA woAk Ae,quin.eA adheAing to choAopleth map pAeAe.ntationA. Glve.n the. he.avy use. oft maps by the, BuAeau. o^ the, Ce^tiai, the. -inno- vative,nesA ofi the. FR.-80 ComputeA Output MicAo^llm Re,coAdeA and o& the. micAogAaphlc. negative. contAibutes significantly to me.et- Ing this demand. ROWALP ABLER o& the. Pennsylvania State. UtnlveASlty's Geo- gAaphy Ve.paAtme.nt dUscusse.d the, se,cond atlas pAoje,ct In his papeA e.ntltle.d "The. CompoAatlve. htlas o£ AmeAlca's Twe,nty LaAgest Metropolitan Regions." The puApose ofi the pAoject to provide. PedeAol, State, and local o^lcials with on the, occuAence and Intensity o& problems In laAge hmeAlcan cities. The comparison and analysis o& geographic patteAns Is facilitated by this standardized presentation directed towards the lay map reader. SeveAal questions weAe Aalsed In the pre paration ofi the atlas, as fior example, which cities to map, what topics to map, map scales and coAtogAaphlc techniques, and the organization o^ the. atlas. A£ the. time o& conception, how- cveA, automated cartogAaphy had not reached the level oft devel opment and refinement necessary fior such an undertaking. following the presentations two questions were raised by the seminar chairman: 1} Is the selection o& a choropleth or isopleth map a function oft an Individual's perception or is It a policy decision; and 2) doe-4 the use oft a 4x4 color-cross map, which yields 16 color variations, really facilitate understand ing ÔA the map reader. These questions were discussed firom the viewpoint o^ both papers. 135
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sBuipaaoojd paj.sgsse-ja).nduioo uo
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of the international symposium on c
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PREFACE The. te.chnic.at oAticJteA
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Seminar on Statistical Mapping . .
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CHARGE TO THE CONFERENCE William B.
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CONCLUSION Summing up, the introduc
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INTRODUCTION MAP DESIGN Arthur H. R
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Because it will help to emphasize a
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The main idea behind the communicat
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INTRODUCTION A CHALLENGE TO CARTOGR
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manner: The authors have attempted
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But just how new is the concept of
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Clearly the ability and the desire
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The third step is the DECISION stag
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He went on to call for the creation
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VISIONS OF MAPS AND GRAPHS William
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intution, rule of thumb, and a kind
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(Of course it might be that some ca
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How stable, for example, are the re
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Henry ¥ Castner and Arthur H. Robi
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General Session Papers Introduction
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WALP0 T08LER has been with the. Geo
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INTRODUCTION A GEOGRAPHIC AND CARTO
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In addition, numerous administrativ
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DELINEATION OF STATISTICAL AREAS Su
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which exist around the central citi
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distribution of school children by
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INTRODUCTION CONTEMPORARY STATISTIC
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tial relationships of cropland acre
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Figures 3 and k. At least part of w
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AESTHETICS AND MAP COMMUNICATION Th
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As a case in point, study the three
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ABSTRACT CHARACTER OF A MAP TOPOLOG
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epresents the operator composition
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Thus a contour lies between two of
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(2) From this table compute plane c
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4: A Topogtuipkic. 1970 POPULRTION
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county map of the United States has
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If. D. Kendall, "Construction Of Ma
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By the way, graphs used for the var
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c. Suppose that maps are constructe
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Graph2: MEDIAN INCOME IN 1949 OF FA
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adults (see Yule and Kendall, 1950,
Page 91 and 92: original GRP, and a scale of tens h
Page 93 and 94: them (or in semi-logarithmic charts
Page 95 and 96: (iiaphll USA (1840, 1900, I960) Per
Page 97 and 98: ooooooooooooo< 4 DD 4 D 4 C 4 ooooo
Page 99 and 100: INTRODUCTION THE CHALLENGE OF MAPS
Page 101 and 102: Gilligan and Amendola here in the U
Page 103 and 104: handicapped will be better served b
Page 105 and 106: REFERENCES 1. Professor James F. Go
Page 107 and 108: INTRODUCTION MAP GENERALIZATION: TH
Page 109 and 110: map, symbols can be assigned and th
Page 111 and 112: that simplification of lines result
Page 113 and 114: Map 3a. .01 Map 3b. .30 Map 3c. .60
Page 115 and 116: 75,000
Page 117 and 118: As mentioned earlier, most surface
Page 119 and 120: exponentially with the number of po
Page 121 and 122: Panel Discussion on Experiences in
Page 123 and 124: C. GENE JOHNSON iA chie.fi ofi the.
Page 125 and 126: And in talking about the possibilit
Page 127 and 128: INTRODUCTION DECISION DAY FOR AUTOM
Page 129 and 130: THE ORDNANCE SURVEY This organizati
Page 131 and 132: AUTOMATED CARTOGRAPHY AT THE U. S.
Page 133 and 134: Two steps of choropleth mapping hav
Page 135 and 136: The identification subsystem will u
Page 137 and 138: AUTOMATED CARTOGRAPHY IN THE NATION
Page 139: GEODETIC CONTROL MAPS The National
Page 144 and 145: INTRODUCTION STATISTICAL ACCURACY A
Page 146 and 147: was purposely conventional. The low
Page 148 and 149: F;VL - FIVE 7 FIVE 9 FIVE M FIVE 16
Page 150 and 151: classes tended to smooth out the bl
Page 152 and 153: TABLE III. OVERALL ACCURACY OF THE
Page 154 and 155: epresentation of statistical relati
Page 156 and 157: 7. G. Jenks and F. Caspall, "Error
Page 158 and 159: 7. A -6eo£con oft the. UrUte,d Sta
Page 160 and 161: 3. Two boie map* pAepaAed tfoA paAt
Page 162 and 163: Figure 5 are generalizations of the
Page 164 and 165: City Selection The twenty largest m
Page 166 and 167: Dot distribution maps are used for
Page 168 and 169: plate. Pages with isopleth maps and
Page 170 and 171: THE URBAN ATLAS PROJECT: HISTORICAL
Page 172 and 173: The feasibility of such a project,
Page 174 and 175: SCALE Since the primary purpose of
Page 176 and 177: LINE-WEIGHT The line-weight of the
Page 178 and 179: SEMINAR ON MAP REAPING ANV PERCEPTI
Page 180 and 181: perception using the. basic oAAumpt
Page 182 and 183: an attempt to reach a re.atistic mo
Page 184 and 185: Census of Agriculture, the Census B
Page 186 and 187: maps. Research cartographers have m
Page 188 and 189: Five shades in black and white or c
Page 190 and 191: Ve selected this scheme for use in
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The important shift that has occurr
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For a good many years, researchers
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So far cartographic research in map
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This will be a difficult order, eve
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This is equally true of many aspect
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AN ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES IN MAP DE
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the clues that you get in the visua
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take immediate action to correct th
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• BASE MAPS PLANIMETRIC TOPOGRAPH
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as the one in the front of the room
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INTRODUCTION CURRENT RESEARCH IN TA
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D.B.RH. NEIGHBORHOOD MAP Key ;to m
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3. GENERAL REFERENCE MAP OF THE UNI
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tions were noted for both practiced
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for the single lines, ranging from
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INTRODUCTION THE OPTIMAL THEMATIC M
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eye comes to rest for at least 2/10
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The 20 reconstructed maps were then
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307 302 Figure. 10. TkeAe. two tKLc
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~i 12. Theê, dote -6how the. locat
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INTRODUCTION THE MAP IN THE MIND'S
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VALUE OF RETAIL TRADE SURPLUS LOCAT
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has a prominent role in goal specif
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the subjects some elements are domi
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a sound explanation for it. A secon
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Finally, one of the most interestin
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INTRODUCTION IN PURSUIT OF THE MAP
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producing a personal image fictitio
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individuals chosen appear from the
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screen gray area and its perceived
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There are a number of questions whi
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Note, first, that the four areas wi
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18. Stevens, S.S. (Geraldine Steven
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PER CAPITA INCOME: 1 970 3.
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MICROFILM OUTPUT This film is a typ
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ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA- GARDEN GROVE, CA
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ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA- GARDEN GROVE, CA
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NUMBER OF AMERICAN INDIANS COUNTIES
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HOUSING UNITS BUILT BEFORE 1950 - W
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NESTED CATEGORIES EMPHASIS ON EXTRE
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Seminar on Uses of Color Introducti
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In theJji pne*entation f "Tke- Sele
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INFORMATION PROCESSING AND RECALL T
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The great 19th century physicist Ja
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general, there is a tendency for a
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THE SELECTION OF COLOR FOR THE U.S.
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mixes for CIA with the formulas on
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Red Cyan Yellow Other Color Agrocli
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Red Cyan Yellow Other Color Rural P
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Administrative Divisions, p. 58 —
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spaced in hue, such as this sequenc
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THE ORGANIZATION OF COLOR ON TWO-VA
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diagonal. (See Figure 18, page 265
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Finally, there
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Seminar on Automation in Cartograph
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The. majoA tkAaAt o& the. TopogAaph
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Subcontracted work has until now ge
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Software development before 1970 di
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INTRODUCTION INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPH
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Our system assumes that automated c
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can be taught to correct some, at l
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this, very little attempt has been
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The vast increase in speed (about t
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Data Management System 1100 (now us
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APPENDIX B: A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF H
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CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS AND TRANSFORMS
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A digital data bank comprises colle
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The second advantage is particularl
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The production of maps, however, re
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Things become more complicated with
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For less high quality we plan to el
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One of the most important facts in
Page 340 and 341:
SEMINAR ON AUTOMATION IN CARTOGRAPH
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pAoje,ct at the. LaboAatoAy fioA Co
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Master Enumeration District List (M
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as seen in Figure 1. The resulting
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(X). Implicitly this problem is ide
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6. Fou/i data. po^ntA loc.at
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F-tgote 7. Cteecf and open Thxte64e
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INTRODUCTION TOPOLOGICAL INFORMATIO
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Topological notation emphasizes the
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NEW PROCEDURES In particular, many
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-INTRODUCTION CONTOURING ALGORITHMS
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The second step is the estimation o
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1111 T ? ^ ? Weighting Function F-c
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obtainable. An algorithm which fait
Page 369 and 370:
Seminar on Land Use Mapping Introdu
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de.veJtopme.nt and availability ofi
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Image. pAocessing te.chniqu.eA oAig
Page 375 and 376:
INTRODUCTION LAND UNIT MAPPING WITH
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MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS • Highly de
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SOURCE MAP CHARACTERISTICS WRIS has
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Polygon boundaries to be digitized
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less than 10 minutes. This speed wi
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6. Diello, Joseph, (1970), The Evol
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the map is only peripheral at prese
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THE NATURE OF PROPERTY TAXATION TAX
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The maps are actually parts of an i
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5. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, D
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LANDSAT image, a stereoscopic pair
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The climate of the area is moderate
Page 399 and 400:
The developed formula of peak runof
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This coordinate system is shown on
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The drainage basin maps show the ac
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BLOCK #24-21 (continued) 3. 153 Del
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SQUARE 2 1 ^ i 7 2 —— ~1T ~6^ 8
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24-21 msv -Co 75° 12' 40° 38' X =
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24-21 75°I2' 40°38' X = 1851968.7
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24-21 75° I2 1 40°38 X= 1851968.
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BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE USERS The req
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6. Halasi-Kun, G. J. (1975), "Water
Page 420 and 421:
SEMINAR ON IWTERACTIl/E MAP EPITING
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0/ES SHEPHERD o$ the. U.S. Amy Engi
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Youngmann (1972), Peucker (1973)> a
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developed in other areas, to the so
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7. Christian!, E. J., et al., 1973>
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NEIGHBORHOODS MAP EDITING USING A T
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FUTURE RESEARCH Every field in a DI
Page 434 and 435:
3. "Hie fiundanuintal noA.Qkbonhood
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7. Tkn dua£ $fw.pk aA.ou.nd ueAêx
Page 438 and 439:
INTRODUCTION GDIS VS. CUE: A LOOK A
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3. Douglas County Auto Title/Regist
Page 442 and 443:
3. The lack of broad based local go
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that intergovernmental cooperation
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2. Inquiry by address - The fields
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cities throughout the United States
Page 450 and 451:
REQUEST 1 DIME FILE RECORD U P D A
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REQUEST 3 DIME RES P 0 N S E S C R
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REQUEST 7 DIME RE S P 0 N S E S C R
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INTRODUCTION AN INTERACTIVE GBF CRE
Page 458 and 459:
equiring a GBF in a slightly differ
Page 461 and 462:
Seminar on Urban Information System
Page 463 and 464:
1/ICT0R PA I/IS oi the. Ci£y ojj A
Page 465 and 466:
INTRODUCTION ANALYTICAL MAPS FOR SC
Page 467 and 468:
coordinates (referred to as rectili
Page 469 and 470:
The map of Figure 3 shows the bound
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 4 BLACK STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS:
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Maps based on student-allocation mo
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housing development per every stude
Page 477 and 478:
COMPUTER MAPPING AND ITS IMPACT ON
Page 479 and 480:
the shades. Digit 5 is a coded numb
Page 481 and 482:
The most frequent use of computer m
Page 483 and 484:
\ \ / ,.L5_i / /hjgj-->-»• VJ1 .
Page 485 and 486:
B g TM BT BSTH TER M B8TH TfH M SBT
Page 487 and 488:
GRAFPAC Subroutines ADVANG - ADVANG
Page 489 and 490:
TABDVG - TABDVG initializes that pa
Page 491 and 492:
several decades increasing amounts
Page 493 and 494:
Automated Evolution of the Time Fac
Page 495 and 496:
It merits noting that operators and
Page 497 and 498:
So as to be consistent with the pre
Page 499 and 500:
INTRODUCTION GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION
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or values (weights) to the presence
Page 503 and 504:
factors are depicted in shades of g
Page 505 and 506:
Proper use of UNIMATCH, however, fr
Page 507 and 508:
INTRODUCTION THE CONGRUENCE BETWEEN
Page 509 and 510:
By 1968 SACS had been conceptually
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in an engineering precision. Inhere
Page 513 and 514:
Seminar on Data Structures Introduc
Page 515 and 516:
*cheme* oft aggregation present and
Page 517 and 518:
(Clement, 197*0> etc., have all bee
Page 519 and 520:
A line of n points can be subdivide
Page 521 and 522:
LINE GENERALIZATION The theory of t
Page 523 and 524:
shortened to close to half by const
Page 525 and 526:
DOUBLE LINE AND OTHER LINE SYMBOLS
Page 527 and 528:
INTRODUCTION APPLICATIONS OF LATTIC
Page 529 and 530:
The computation of intersections is
Page 531 and 532:
CARTOGRAPHIC DATA BASE DESCRIPTION
Page 533 and 534:
Cartographic data for the United St
Page 535 and 536:
P/iopo-i ecf D M S Output Decimal S
Page 537 and 538:
BASE CATEGORY IV - TERRAIN SURFACE
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objectives of a specific data base.
Page 541 and 542:
COORDINATE POINT DIRECTORY Coord. 4
Page 543 and 544:
7\ POINTS Ident. (Name) CHAIN GROUP
Page 545 and 546:
Some of the attributes of a topolog
Page 547 and 548:
Seminar on Automation in Cartograph
Page 549 and 550:
infrastructure, and human resources
Page 551 and 552:
negative and repel each other. This
Page 553 and 554:
THE GRIMAS SYSTEM APPLICATION softw
Page 555 and 556:
GRIMAS SYSTEM FLOW: PLOT -CONTROL/
Page 557 and 558:
All object classes have locational
Page 559 and 560:
PROJECT BAR CHART TR M E S T E R RR
Page 561 and 562:
To get a flexible system it was dec
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E. - Topography 80 Man-Hours F. - G
Page 565 and 566:
The goal described above is further
Page 567 and 568:
1. With respect to the dimensional
Page 569 and 570:
561 BRRSIL FUNDRCRO I.B.G.E. DIRETO
Page 571 and 572:
SPECIAL AND THEMATIC MAP SERIES The
Page 573 and 574:
As to geodetics and topography, the
Page 575 and 576:
THE AIR FORCE MINISTRY: ELECTRONICS
Page 577:
URBAN AND RURAL, TECHNICAL AND FISC
Page 580 and 581:
APPENDIX I AUTO-CARTO II STAFF AND
Page 582 and 583:
Robert T. Aangeenbrug Department of
Page 584 and 585:
H. G. Barnum University of Vermont
Page 586 and 587:
Kurt E. Brassel Assistant Professor
Page 588 and 589:
James M. Collom Cartographer NOAA N
Page 590 and 591:
James F. Dixon Assistant Director G
Page 592 and 593:
John B. Fieser Program Specialist U
Page 594 and 595:
Terry W. Gossard U.S.D.A. Forest Se
Page 596 and 597:
Daniel E. Holdgreve 507 Kibler Circ
Page 598 and 599:
Olaf Kays Asst. Program Mgr.-RALI U
Page 600 and 601:
Gary Lewis Graphics Coordinator Tet
Page 602 and 603:
S. E. Masry Assoc. Professor Univer
Page 604 and 605:
David C. Mowbray Head, Map Informat
Page 606 and 607:
Thomas K, Peucker Assoc. Prof. , Si
Page 608 and 609:
William R. Roseman Vice President I
Page 610 and 611:
Lee Henry Slorp Miami University, D
Page 612 and 613:
G. L. Thornton Research and Develop
Page 614 and 615:
Dean P. Westmeyer Cartographic Edit
Page 616 and 617:
APPENDIX III AUTHOR AND TITLE INDEX
Page 618 and 619:
Contemporary Statistical Map6: Evid
Page 620 and 621:
Martell, Alberto Torfer (Automation
Page 622:
Van Driel, Nicholas (Ge.ological In
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