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7. G. Jenks and F. Caspall, "Error on Choroplethic Maps: Definition, Measurement, Reduction," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 60, No.2 (1971), PP» 217-2^.Jenks and Caspall's solution has the advantage of mini mizing the information loss or discrepancy between the numerical values dis played by the map classes and the corresponding numerical values given by the raw data. 8. Map accuracy is measured by the absolute deviation of the map values from the corresponding values of the data set. See G. Jenks and F. Caspall, op. cit. 9. Richard 0. Duda and Peter E. Hart, Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis, (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1973), p. 268.
INTRODUCTION UNDERGENERALIZATION AND FIGURE-GROUND RELATIONSHIPS IN STATISTICAL MAPPING George F. Jenks The University of Kansas Every statistical map is a device by which the author (cartographer) attempts to communicate spatial information to mapreaders. The cartographer translates his understanding of the subject matter into a graphic statement by controlling such design elements as content, contrast, symbology, scale, etc. If these concepts are transferred to the mapreader with little or no distortion, the map can be judged to be a success, but if for some reason the reader obtains a highly distorted version of the spatial information, there is a breakdown in communication. Breakdowns in graphic communication which are related to the psychological, physiological or environmental state of the mapreader tend to be beyond the control of the mapmaker. The cartographer cannot know who will read his map or when it will be read, nor can he control the conditions under which it is read. Since these are the realities of the map user situation, it then seems reasonable to assume that the greatest improvements in cartographic communication will come about by increasing the capabilities of the mapmaker and by broadening his knowledge of the psychophysical characteristics of the "average mapreader." Spatial information on a statistical map can be broken down into two quite different classes: specific facts about selected places or agglomerative facts which become apparent when specific knowledge is suppressed so that areal patterns become visually dominant. _1/ This dichotomy of spatial information gives rise to three different mapmaking objectives. The cartographer may elect to 1) facilitate data retrieval, 2) maximize perception of spatial features, or 3) attempt to com bine both data retrieval and pattern perception. Many cartographers select the third objective, and some create maps which are rather successful in communicating both types of information. Many others fail, however, and the failure can often be linked to undergeneralization and a misunderstanding of the figure-ground relation ships on statistical maps. 2/ UNDERGENERALIZATIONS In the process of creating a statistical map the cartographer normally uses two sources of information: a base map and a statistical table. Information on the base map may include point, line, or areal places and their identification. The section of the Bureau of the Census base map shown in Figure 1 is a good example of the nature and content of a base map source. jj Tabular sources of information are
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sBuipaaoojd paj.sgsse-ja).nduioo uo
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of the international symposium on c
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PREFACE The. te.chnic.at oAticJteA
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Seminar on Statistical Mapping . .
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CHARGE TO THE CONFERENCE William B.
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CONCLUSION Summing up, the introduc
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INTRODUCTION MAP DESIGN Arthur H. R
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Because it will help to emphasize a
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The main idea behind the communicat
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INTRODUCTION A CHALLENGE TO CARTOGR
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manner: The authors have attempted
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But just how new is the concept of
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Clearly the ability and the desire
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The third step is the DECISION stag
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He went on to call for the creation
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VISIONS OF MAPS AND GRAPHS William
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intution, rule of thumb, and a kind
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(Of course it might be that some ca
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How stable, for example, are the re
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Henry ¥ Castner and Arthur H. Robi
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General Session Papers Introduction
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WALP0 T08LER has been with the. Geo
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INTRODUCTION A GEOGRAPHIC AND CARTO
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In addition, numerous administrativ
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DELINEATION OF STATISTICAL AREAS Su
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which exist around the central citi
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distribution of school children by
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INTRODUCTION CONTEMPORARY STATISTIC
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tial relationships of cropland acre
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Figures 3 and k. At least part of w
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AESTHETICS AND MAP COMMUNICATION Th
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As a case in point, study the three
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ABSTRACT CHARACTER OF A MAP TOPOLOG
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epresents the operator composition
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Thus a contour lies between two of
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(2) From this table compute plane c
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4: A Topogtuipkic. 1970 POPULRTION
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county map of the United States has
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If. D. Kendall, "Construction Of Ma
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By the way, graphs used for the var
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c. Suppose that maps are constructe
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Graph2: MEDIAN INCOME IN 1949 OF FA
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adults (see Yule and Kendall, 1950,
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original GRP, and a scale of tens h
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them (or in semi-logarithmic charts
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(iiaphll USA (1840, 1900, I960) Per
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ooooooooooooo< 4 DD 4 D 4 C 4 ooooo
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INTRODUCTION THE CHALLENGE OF MAPS
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Gilligan and Amendola here in the U
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handicapped will be better served b
Page 105 and 106: REFERENCES 1. Professor James F. Go
Page 107 and 108: INTRODUCTION MAP GENERALIZATION: TH
Page 109 and 110: map, symbols can be assigned and th
Page 111 and 112: that simplification of lines result
Page 113 and 114: Map 3a. .01 Map 3b. .30 Map 3c. .60
Page 115 and 116: 75,000
Page 117 and 118: As mentioned earlier, most surface
Page 119 and 120: exponentially with the number of po
Page 121 and 122: Panel Discussion on Experiences in
Page 123 and 124: C. GENE JOHNSON iA chie.fi ofi the.
Page 125 and 126: And in talking about the possibilit
Page 127 and 128: INTRODUCTION DECISION DAY FOR AUTOM
Page 129 and 130: THE ORDNANCE SURVEY This organizati
Page 131 and 132: AUTOMATED CARTOGRAPHY AT THE U. S.
Page 133 and 134: Two steps of choropleth mapping hav
Page 135 and 136: The identification subsystem will u
Page 137 and 138: AUTOMATED CARTOGRAPHY IN THE NATION
Page 139: GEODETIC CONTROL MAPS The National
Page 142 and 143: SEMINAR ON STATISTICAL MAPPING This
Page 144 and 145: INTRODUCTION STATISTICAL ACCURACY A
Page 146 and 147: was purposely conventional. The low
Page 148 and 149: F;VL - FIVE 7 FIVE 9 FIVE M FIVE 16
Page 150 and 151: classes tended to smooth out the bl
Page 152 and 153: TABLE III. OVERALL ACCURACY OF THE
Page 154 and 155: epresentation of statistical relati
Page 158 and 159: 7. A -6eo£con oft the. UrUte,d Sta
Page 160 and 161: 3. Two boie map* pAepaAed tfoA paAt
Page 162 and 163: Figure 5 are generalizations of the
Page 164 and 165: City Selection The twenty largest m
Page 166 and 167: Dot distribution maps are used for
Page 168 and 169: plate. Pages with isopleth maps and
Page 170 and 171: THE URBAN ATLAS PROJECT: HISTORICAL
Page 172 and 173: The feasibility of such a project,
Page 174 and 175: SCALE Since the primary purpose of
Page 176 and 177: LINE-WEIGHT The line-weight of the
Page 178 and 179: SEMINAR ON MAP REAPING ANV PERCEPTI
Page 180 and 181: perception using the. basic oAAumpt
Page 182 and 183: an attempt to reach a re.atistic mo
Page 184 and 185: Census of Agriculture, the Census B
Page 186 and 187: maps. Research cartographers have m
Page 188 and 189: Five shades in black and white or c
Page 190 and 191: Ve selected this scheme for use in
Page 192 and 193: The important shift that has occurr
Page 194 and 195: For a good many years, researchers
Page 196 and 197: So far cartographic research in map
Page 198 and 199: This will be a difficult order, eve
Page 200 and 201: This is equally true of many aspect
Page 202 and 203: AN ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES IN MAP DE
Page 204 and 205: the clues that you get in the visua
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take immediate action to correct th
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• BASE MAPS PLANIMETRIC TOPOGRAPH
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as the one in the front of the room
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INTRODUCTION CURRENT RESEARCH IN TA
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D.B.RH. NEIGHBORHOOD MAP Key ;to m
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3. GENERAL REFERENCE MAP OF THE UNI
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tions were noted for both practiced
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for the single lines, ranging from
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INTRODUCTION THE OPTIMAL THEMATIC M
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eye comes to rest for at least 2/10
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The 20 reconstructed maps were then
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307 302 Figure. 10. TkeAe. two tKLc
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~i 12. The^e, dote -6how the. locat
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INTRODUCTION THE MAP IN THE MIND'S
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VALUE OF RETAIL TRADE SURPLUS LOCAT
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has a prominent role in goal specif
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the subjects some elements are domi
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a sound explanation for it. A secon
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Finally, one of the most interestin
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INTRODUCTION IN PURSUIT OF THE MAP
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producing a personal image fictitio
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individuals chosen appear from the
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screen gray area and its perceived
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There are a number of questions whi
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Note, first, that the four areas wi
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18. Stevens, S.S. (Geraldine Steven
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PER CAPITA INCOME: 1 970 3.
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MICROFILM OUTPUT This film is a typ
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ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA- GARDEN GROVE, CA
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ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA- GARDEN GROVE, CA
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NUMBER OF AMERICAN INDIANS COUNTIES
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HOUSING UNITS BUILT BEFORE 1950 - W
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NESTED CATEGORIES EMPHASIS ON EXTRE
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Seminar on Uses of Color Introducti
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In theJji pne*entation f "Tke- Sele
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INFORMATION PROCESSING AND RECALL T
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The great 19th century physicist Ja
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general, there is a tendency for a
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THE SELECTION OF COLOR FOR THE U.S.
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mixes for CIA with the formulas on
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Red Cyan Yellow Other Color Agrocli
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Red Cyan Yellow Other Color Rural P
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Administrative Divisions, p. 58 —
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spaced in hue, such as this sequenc
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THE ORGANIZATION OF COLOR ON TWO-VA
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diagonal. (See Figure 18, page 265
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Finally, there
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Seminar on Automation in Cartograph
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The. majoA tkAaAt o& the. TopogAaph
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Subcontracted work has until now ge
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Software development before 1970 di
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INTRODUCTION INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPH
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Our system assumes that automated c
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can be taught to correct some, at l
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this, very little attempt has been
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The vast increase in speed (about t
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Data Management System 1100 (now us
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APPENDIX B: A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF H
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CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS AND TRANSFORMS
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A digital data bank comprises colle
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The second advantage is particularl
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The production of maps, however, re
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Things become more complicated with
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For less high quality we plan to el
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One of the most important facts in
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SEMINAR ON AUTOMATION IN CARTOGRAPH
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pAoje,ct at the. LaboAatoAy fioA Co
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Master Enumeration District List (M
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as seen in Figure 1. The resulting
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(X). Implicitly this problem is ide
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6. Fou/i data. po^ntA loc.at
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F-tgote 7. Cteecf and open Thxte64e
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INTRODUCTION TOPOLOGICAL INFORMATIO
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Topological notation emphasizes the
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NEW PROCEDURES In particular, many
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-INTRODUCTION CONTOURING ALGORITHMS
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The second step is the estimation o
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1111 T ? ^ ? Weighting Function F-c
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obtainable. An algorithm which fait
Page 369 and 370:
Seminar on Land Use Mapping Introdu
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de.veJtopme.nt and availability ofi
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Image. pAocessing te.chniqu.eA oAig
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INTRODUCTION LAND UNIT MAPPING WITH
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MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS • Highly de
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SOURCE MAP CHARACTERISTICS WRIS has
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Polygon boundaries to be digitized
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less than 10 minutes. This speed wi
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6. Diello, Joseph, (1970), The Evol
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the map is only peripheral at prese
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THE NATURE OF PROPERTY TAXATION TAX
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The maps are actually parts of an i
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5. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, D
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LANDSAT image, a stereoscopic pair
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The climate of the area is moderate
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The developed formula of peak runof
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This coordinate system is shown on
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The drainage basin maps show the ac
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BLOCK #24-21 (continued) 3. 153 Del
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SQUARE 2 1 ^ i 7 2 —— ~1T ~6^ 8
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24-21 msv -Co 75° 12' 40° 38' X =
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24-21 75°I2' 40°38' X = 1851968.7
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24-21 75° I2 1 40°38 X= 1851968.
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BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE USERS The req
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6. Halasi-Kun, G. J. (1975), "Water
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SEMINAR ON IWTERACTIl/E MAP EPITING
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0/ES SHEPHERD o$ the. U.S. Amy Engi
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Youngmann (1972), Peucker (1973)> a
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developed in other areas, to the so
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7. Christian!, E. J., et al., 1973>
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NEIGHBORHOODS MAP EDITING USING A T
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FUTURE RESEARCH Every field in a DI
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3. "Hie fiundanuintal noA.Qkbonhood
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7. Tkn dua£ $fw.pk aA.ou.nd ueA^ex
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INTRODUCTION GDIS VS. CUE: A LOOK A
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3. Douglas County Auto Title/Regist
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3. The lack of broad based local go
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that intergovernmental cooperation
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2. Inquiry by address - The fields
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cities throughout the United States
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REQUEST 1 DIME FILE RECORD U P D A
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REQUEST 3 DIME RES P 0 N S E S C R
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REQUEST 7 DIME RE S P 0 N S E S C R
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INTRODUCTION AN INTERACTIVE GBF CRE
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equiring a GBF in a slightly differ
Page 461 and 462:
Seminar on Urban Information System
Page 463 and 464:
1/ICT0R PA I/IS oi the. Ci£y ojj A
Page 465 and 466:
INTRODUCTION ANALYTICAL MAPS FOR SC
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coordinates (referred to as rectili
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The map of Figure 3 shows the bound
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 4 BLACK STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS:
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Maps based on student-allocation mo
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housing development per every stude
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COMPUTER MAPPING AND ITS IMPACT ON
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the shades. Digit 5 is a coded numb
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The most frequent use of computer m
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\ \ / ,.L5_i / /hjgj-->-»• VJ1 .
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B g TM BT BSTH TER M B8TH TfH M SBT
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GRAFPAC Subroutines ADVANG - ADVANG
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TABDVG - TABDVG initializes that pa
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several decades increasing amounts
Page 493 and 494:
Automated Evolution of the Time Fac
Page 495 and 496:
It merits noting that operators and
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So as to be consistent with the pre
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INTRODUCTION GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION
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or values (weights) to the presence
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factors are depicted in shades of g
Page 505 and 506:
Proper use of UNIMATCH, however, fr
Page 507 and 508:
INTRODUCTION THE CONGRUENCE BETWEEN
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By 1968 SACS had been conceptually
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in an engineering precision. Inhere
Page 513 and 514:
Seminar on Data Structures Introduc
Page 515 and 516:
*cheme* oft aggregation present and
Page 517 and 518:
(Clement, 197*0> etc., have all bee
Page 519 and 520:
A line of n points can be subdivide
Page 521 and 522:
LINE GENERALIZATION The theory of t
Page 523 and 524:
shortened to close to half by const
Page 525 and 526:
DOUBLE LINE AND OTHER LINE SYMBOLS
Page 527 and 528:
INTRODUCTION APPLICATIONS OF LATTIC
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The computation of intersections is
Page 531 and 532:
CARTOGRAPHIC DATA BASE DESCRIPTION
Page 533 and 534:
Cartographic data for the United St
Page 535 and 536:
P/iopo-i ecf D M S Output Decimal S
Page 537 and 538:
BASE CATEGORY IV - TERRAIN SURFACE
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objectives of a specific data base.
Page 541 and 542:
COORDINATE POINT DIRECTORY Coord. 4
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7\ POINTS Ident. (Name) CHAIN GROUP
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Some of the attributes of a topolog
Page 547 and 548:
Seminar on Automation in Cartograph
Page 549 and 550:
infrastructure, and human resources
Page 551 and 552:
negative and repel each other. This
Page 553 and 554:
THE GRIMAS SYSTEM APPLICATION softw
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GRIMAS SYSTEM FLOW: PLOT -CONTROL/
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All object classes have locational
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PROJECT BAR CHART TR M E S T E R RR
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To get a flexible system it was dec
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E. - Topography 80 Man-Hours F. - G
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The goal described above is further
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1. With respect to the dimensional
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561 BRRSIL FUNDRCRO I.B.G.E. DIRETO
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SPECIAL AND THEMATIC MAP SERIES The
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As to geodetics and topography, the
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THE AIR FORCE MINISTRY: ELECTRONICS
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URBAN AND RURAL, TECHNICAL AND FISC
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APPENDIX I AUTO-CARTO II STAFF AND
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Robert T. Aangeenbrug Department of
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H. G. Barnum University of Vermont
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Kurt E. Brassel Assistant Professor
Page 588 and 589:
James M. Collom Cartographer NOAA N
Page 590 and 591:
James F. Dixon Assistant Director G
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John B. Fieser Program Specialist U
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Terry W. Gossard U.S.D.A. Forest Se
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Daniel E. Holdgreve 507 Kibler Circ
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Olaf Kays Asst. Program Mgr.-RALI U
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Gary Lewis Graphics Coordinator Tet
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S. E. Masry Assoc. Professor Univer
Page 604 and 605:
David C. Mowbray Head, Map Informat
Page 606 and 607:
Thomas K, Peucker Assoc. Prof. , Si
Page 608 and 609:
William R. Roseman Vice President I
Page 610 and 611:
Lee Henry Slorp Miami University, D
Page 612 and 613:
G. L. Thornton Research and Develop
Page 614 and 615:
Dean P. Westmeyer Cartographic Edit
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APPENDIX III AUTHOR AND TITLE INDEX
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Contemporary Statistical Map6: Evid
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Martell, Alberto Torfer (Automation
Page 622:
Van Driel, Nicholas (Ge.ological In
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