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NEW PROCEDURES In particular, many operations which now place large demands on computer resources can be restructured because of easy access to full topological information. If GEOGRAF is to work, the first priority must be the ability to combine diverse net works into the structure of LCGU's. In a previous paper (Chrisman, 197*0 I have presented a method which, given access to full topological information on two networks, performs the work of intersection. The method presented operates at or near a linear order of complexity, because there is no need to compare every entity with every entity if the network connectivity is used. This procedure will require considerable experimentation, but the prototype should be working by October 1976. A GEOGRAPHIC OPERATING SYSTEM The mechanical programming problems of building a large and complete software system are monumental. The design of software for this project has been made sub servient to a very demanding list of criteria. GEOGRAF should address the broadest range of applications and should be applicable to very large data files. The pack age should be built to foster transfer of geographic data and software without impos ing arbitrary standards. To implement these requirements GEOGRAF is being developed in a subset of FOR TRAN amenable to transfer to all large and medium scale computer systems. Also the more restricted memory sizes of mini-computers have not been ruled out. In order to accomodate almost unlimited numbers of geographic entities and to operate with reasonable efficiency, a virtual memory system will allow constant interaction between software and storage. The resulting GEOGRAF package will consist of a set of subroutines that provide a basic geographic operating system. Requests will be made in a natural geographic manner without concern for the precise method of storage, internal or external. ¥e plan to develop a number of complete programs using this environment, but the operating system should be useful for other projects. While such a system may expand indefinitely, the target for first release is in 1977- SUMMARY By offering a complete topological data management system in a flexible computer environment, new avenues for spatial analysis can be opened. The connected structure of geographical entities should foster the development of analytical procedures sensi tive to spatial interdependence, rather than statistical independence. Spatial data collected for mapping can provide the base for more rigorous spatial understanding. GEOGRAF and similar systems should significantly enhance the ability to manipulate urban and environmental information. 350
REFERENCES 1. Blumberg, M., and L. van de Velde, "Developing a Computerized Impact Zoning System," Urban and Regional Information Systems; Resources and Results, Volume II, Papers from the Twelfth Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, August 197^> Montreal, PQ, Canada (Pomona, N.J.: Stockton State College, 1975), pp. 3^0-352. 2. Chrisman, N., "The Impact of Data Structure on Geographic Information Process ing," as discussed in Panel on Cartographic Data Structures, Proceedings of International Conference on Automation in Cartography, Reston, Virginia, December 197^>(Washington, D.C.:American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, 1976), pp. 165-181. 3. Cooke, Donald F., and William Maxfield, "The Development of a Geographic Base File and Its Use in Mapping," Urban and Regional Information Systems for Social Programs, Papers from the Fifth Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, Garden City, N.Y., September 1967? (Kent, Ohio; Center for Urban Regionalism, Kent State University, n.d.) pp. 207-218. ^. Laboratory for Computer Graphics, POLYVRT, A Program to Convert Geographic Base Files, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, 197^)• 5. Peucker, T. and N. Chrisman, "Cartographic Data Structures," The American Cartographer, volume 2, number 1 (April 1975)> PP« 55-69- 351
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sBuipaaoojd paj.sgsse-ja).nduioo uo
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of the international symposium on c
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PREFACE The. te.chnic.at oAticJteA
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Seminar on Statistical Mapping . .
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CHARGE TO THE CONFERENCE William B.
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CONCLUSION Summing up, the introduc
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INTRODUCTION MAP DESIGN Arthur H. R
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Because it will help to emphasize a
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The main idea behind the communicat
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INTRODUCTION A CHALLENGE TO CARTOGR
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manner: The authors have attempted
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But just how new is the concept of
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Clearly the ability and the desire
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The third step is the DECISION stag
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He went on to call for the creation
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VISIONS OF MAPS AND GRAPHS William
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intution, rule of thumb, and a kind
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(Of course it might be that some ca
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How stable, for example, are the re
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Henry ¥ Castner and Arthur H. Robi
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General Session Papers Introduction
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WALP0 T08LER has been with the. Geo
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INTRODUCTION A GEOGRAPHIC AND CARTO
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In addition, numerous administrativ
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DELINEATION OF STATISTICAL AREAS Su
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which exist around the central citi
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distribution of school children by
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INTRODUCTION CONTEMPORARY STATISTIC
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tial relationships of cropland acre
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Figures 3 and k. At least part of w
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AESTHETICS AND MAP COMMUNICATION Th
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As a case in point, study the three
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ABSTRACT CHARACTER OF A MAP TOPOLOG
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epresents the operator composition
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Thus a contour lies between two of
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(2) From this table compute plane c
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4: A Topogtuipkic. 1970 POPULRTION
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county map of the United States has
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If. D. Kendall, "Construction Of Ma
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By the way, graphs used for the var
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c. Suppose that maps are constructe
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Graph2: MEDIAN INCOME IN 1949 OF FA
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adults (see Yule and Kendall, 1950,
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original GRP, and a scale of tens h
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them (or in semi-logarithmic charts
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(iiaphll USA (1840, 1900, I960) Per
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ooooooooooooo< 4 DD 4 D 4 C 4 ooooo
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INTRODUCTION THE CHALLENGE OF MAPS
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Gilligan and Amendola here in the U
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handicapped will be better served b
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REFERENCES 1. Professor James F. Go
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INTRODUCTION MAP GENERALIZATION: TH
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map, symbols can be assigned and th
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that simplification of lines result
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Map 3a. .01 Map 3b. .30 Map 3c. .60
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75,000
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As mentioned earlier, most surface
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exponentially with the number of po
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Panel Discussion on Experiences in
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C. GENE JOHNSON iA chie.fi ofi the.
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And in talking about the possibilit
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INTRODUCTION DECISION DAY FOR AUTOM
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THE ORDNANCE SURVEY This organizati
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AUTOMATED CARTOGRAPHY AT THE U. S.
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Two steps of choropleth mapping hav
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The identification subsystem will u
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AUTOMATED CARTOGRAPHY IN THE NATION
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GEODETIC CONTROL MAPS The National
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SEMINAR ON STATISTICAL MAPPING This
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INTRODUCTION STATISTICAL ACCURACY A
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was purposely conventional. The low
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F;VL - FIVE 7 FIVE 9 FIVE M FIVE 16
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classes tended to smooth out the bl
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TABLE III. OVERALL ACCURACY OF THE
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epresentation of statistical relati
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7. G. Jenks and F. Caspall, "Error
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7. A -6eo£con oft the. UrUte,d Sta
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3. Two boie map* pAepaAed tfoA paAt
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Figure 5 are generalizations of the
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City Selection The twenty largest m
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Dot distribution maps are used for
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plate. Pages with isopleth maps and
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THE URBAN ATLAS PROJECT: HISTORICAL
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The feasibility of such a project,
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SCALE Since the primary purpose of
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LINE-WEIGHT The line-weight of the
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SEMINAR ON MAP REAPING ANV PERCEPTI
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perception using the. basic oAAumpt
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an attempt to reach a re.atistic mo
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Census of Agriculture, the Census B
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maps. Research cartographers have m
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Five shades in black and white or c
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Ve selected this scheme for use in
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The important shift that has occurr
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For a good many years, researchers
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So far cartographic research in map
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This will be a difficult order, eve
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This is equally true of many aspect
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AN ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES IN MAP DE
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the clues that you get in the visua
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take immediate action to correct th
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• BASE MAPS PLANIMETRIC TOPOGRAPH
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as the one in the front of the room
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INTRODUCTION CURRENT RESEARCH IN TA
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D.B.RH. NEIGHBORHOOD MAP Key ;to m
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3. GENERAL REFERENCE MAP OF THE UNI
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tions were noted for both practiced
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for the single lines, ranging from
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INTRODUCTION THE OPTIMAL THEMATIC M
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eye comes to rest for at least 2/10
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The 20 reconstructed maps were then
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307 302 Figure. 10. TkeAe. two tKLc
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~i 12. The^e, dote -6how the. locat
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INTRODUCTION THE MAP IN THE MIND'S
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VALUE OF RETAIL TRADE SURPLUS LOCAT
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has a prominent role in goal specif
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the subjects some elements are domi
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a sound explanation for it. A secon
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Finally, one of the most interestin
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INTRODUCTION IN PURSUIT OF THE MAP
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producing a personal image fictitio
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individuals chosen appear from the
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screen gray area and its perceived
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There are a number of questions whi
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Note, first, that the four areas wi
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18. Stevens, S.S. (Geraldine Steven
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PER CAPITA INCOME: 1 970 3.
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MICROFILM OUTPUT This film is a typ
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ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA- GARDEN GROVE, CA
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ANAHEIM-SANTA ANA- GARDEN GROVE, CA
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NUMBER OF AMERICAN INDIANS COUNTIES
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HOUSING UNITS BUILT BEFORE 1950 - W
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NESTED CATEGORIES EMPHASIS ON EXTRE
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Seminar on Uses of Color Introducti
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In theJji pne*entation f "Tke- Sele
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INFORMATION PROCESSING AND RECALL T
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The great 19th century physicist Ja
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general, there is a tendency for a
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THE SELECTION OF COLOR FOR THE U.S.
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mixes for CIA with the formulas on
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Red Cyan Yellow Other Color Agrocli
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Red Cyan Yellow Other Color Rural P
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Administrative Divisions, p. 58 —
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spaced in hue, such as this sequenc
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THE ORGANIZATION OF COLOR ON TWO-VA
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diagonal. (See Figure 18, page 265
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Finally, there
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Seminar on Automation in Cartograph
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The. majoA tkAaAt o& the. TopogAaph
Page 307 and 308: Subcontracted work has until now ge
Page 309 and 310: Software development before 1970 di
Page 311 and 312: INTRODUCTION INTERACTIVE CARTOGRAPH
Page 313 and 314: Our system assumes that automated c
Page 315 and 316: can be taught to correct some, at l
Page 317 and 318: this, very little attempt has been
Page 319 and 320: The vast increase in speed (about t
Page 321 and 322: Data Management System 1100 (now us
Page 323 and 324: APPENDIX B: A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF H
Page 325 and 326: CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS AND TRANSFORMS
Page 327 and 328: A digital data bank comprises colle
Page 329 and 330: The second advantage is particularl
Page 331 and 332: The production of maps, however, re
Page 333 and 334: Things become more complicated with
Page 335 and 336: For less high quality we plan to el
Page 337: One of the most important facts in
Page 340 and 341: SEMINAR ON AUTOMATION IN CARTOGRAPH
Page 342 and 343: pAoje,ct at the. LaboAatoAy fioA Co
Page 344 and 345: Master Enumeration District List (M
Page 346 and 347: as seen in Figure 1. The resulting
Page 348 and 349: (X). Implicitly this problem is ide
Page 350 and 351: 6. Fou/i data. po^ntA loc.at
Page 352 and 353: F-tgote 7. Cteecf and open Thxte64e
Page 354 and 355: INTRODUCTION TOPOLOGICAL INFORMATIO
Page 356 and 357: Topological notation emphasizes the
Page 360 and 361: -INTRODUCTION CONTOURING ALGORITHMS
Page 362 and 363: The second step is the estimation o
Page 364 and 365: 1111 T ? ^ ? Weighting Function F-c
Page 366 and 367: obtainable. An algorithm which fait
Page 369 and 370: Seminar on Land Use Mapping Introdu
Page 371 and 372: de.veJtopme.nt and availability ofi
Page 373 and 374: Image. pAocessing te.chniqu.eA oAig
Page 375 and 376: INTRODUCTION LAND UNIT MAPPING WITH
Page 377 and 378: MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS • Highly de
Page 379 and 380: SOURCE MAP CHARACTERISTICS WRIS has
Page 381 and 382: Polygon boundaries to be digitized
Page 383 and 384: less than 10 minutes. This speed wi
Page 385 and 386: 6. Diello, Joseph, (1970), The Evol
Page 387 and 388: the map is only peripheral at prese
Page 389 and 390: THE NATURE OF PROPERTY TAXATION TAX
Page 391 and 392: The maps are actually parts of an i
Page 393 and 394: 5. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, D
Page 395 and 396: LANDSAT image, a stereoscopic pair
Page 397 and 398: The climate of the area is moderate
Page 399 and 400: The developed formula of peak runof
Page 401 and 402: This coordinate system is shown on
Page 403 and 404: The drainage basin maps show the ac
Page 405 and 406: BLOCK #24-21 (continued) 3. 153 Del
Page 407 and 408: SQUARE 2 1 ^ i 7 2 —— ~1T ~6^ 8
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24-21 msv -Co 75° 12' 40° 38' X =
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24-21 75°I2' 40°38' X = 1851968.7
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24-21 75° I2 1 40°38 X= 1851968.
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BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE USERS The req
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6. Halasi-Kun, G. J. (1975), "Water
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SEMINAR ON IWTERACTIl/E MAP EPITING
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0/ES SHEPHERD o$ the. U.S. Amy Engi
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Youngmann (1972), Peucker (1973)> a
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developed in other areas, to the so
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7. Christian!, E. J., et al., 1973>
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NEIGHBORHOODS MAP EDITING USING A T
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FUTURE RESEARCH Every field in a DI
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3. "Hie fiundanuintal noA.Qkbonhood
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7. Tkn dua£ $fw.pk aA.ou.nd ueA^ex
Page 438 and 439:
INTRODUCTION GDIS VS. CUE: A LOOK A
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3. Douglas County Auto Title/Regist
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3. The lack of broad based local go
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that intergovernmental cooperation
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2. Inquiry by address - The fields
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cities throughout the United States
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REQUEST 1 DIME FILE RECORD U P D A
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REQUEST 3 DIME RES P 0 N S E S C R
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REQUEST 7 DIME RE S P 0 N S E S C R
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INTRODUCTION AN INTERACTIVE GBF CRE
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equiring a GBF in a slightly differ
Page 461 and 462:
Seminar on Urban Information System
Page 463 and 464:
1/ICT0R PA I/IS oi the. Ci£y ojj A
Page 465 and 466:
INTRODUCTION ANALYTICAL MAPS FOR SC
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coordinates (referred to as rectili
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The map of Figure 3 shows the bound
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Figure 4 BLACK STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS:
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Maps based on student-allocation mo
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housing development per every stude
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COMPUTER MAPPING AND ITS IMPACT ON
Page 479 and 480:
the shades. Digit 5 is a coded numb
Page 481 and 482:
The most frequent use of computer m
Page 483 and 484:
\ \ / ,.L5_i / /hjgj-->-»• VJ1 .
Page 485 and 486:
B g TM BT BSTH TER M B8TH TfH M SBT
Page 487 and 488:
GRAFPAC Subroutines ADVANG - ADVANG
Page 489 and 490:
TABDVG - TABDVG initializes that pa
Page 491 and 492:
several decades increasing amounts
Page 493 and 494:
Automated Evolution of the Time Fac
Page 495 and 496:
It merits noting that operators and
Page 497 and 498:
So as to be consistent with the pre
Page 499 and 500:
INTRODUCTION GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Page 501 and 502:
or values (weights) to the presence
Page 503 and 504:
factors are depicted in shades of g
Page 505 and 506:
Proper use of UNIMATCH, however, fr
Page 507 and 508:
INTRODUCTION THE CONGRUENCE BETWEEN
Page 509 and 510:
By 1968 SACS had been conceptually
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in an engineering precision. Inhere
Page 513 and 514:
Seminar on Data Structures Introduc
Page 515 and 516:
*cheme* oft aggregation present and
Page 517 and 518:
(Clement, 197*0> etc., have all bee
Page 519 and 520:
A line of n points can be subdivide
Page 521 and 522:
LINE GENERALIZATION The theory of t
Page 523 and 524:
shortened to close to half by const
Page 525 and 526:
DOUBLE LINE AND OTHER LINE SYMBOLS
Page 527 and 528:
INTRODUCTION APPLICATIONS OF LATTIC
Page 529 and 530:
The computation of intersections is
Page 531 and 532:
CARTOGRAPHIC DATA BASE DESCRIPTION
Page 533 and 534:
Cartographic data for the United St
Page 535 and 536:
P/iopo-i ecf D M S Output Decimal S
Page 537 and 538:
BASE CATEGORY IV - TERRAIN SURFACE
Page 539 and 540:
objectives of a specific data base.
Page 541 and 542:
COORDINATE POINT DIRECTORY Coord. 4
Page 543 and 544:
7\ POINTS Ident. (Name) CHAIN GROUP
Page 545 and 546:
Some of the attributes of a topolog
Page 547 and 548:
Seminar on Automation in Cartograph
Page 549 and 550:
infrastructure, and human resources
Page 551 and 552:
negative and repel each other. This
Page 553 and 554:
THE GRIMAS SYSTEM APPLICATION softw
Page 555 and 556:
GRIMAS SYSTEM FLOW: PLOT -CONTROL/
Page 557 and 558:
All object classes have locational
Page 559 and 560:
PROJECT BAR CHART TR M E S T E R RR
Page 561 and 562:
To get a flexible system it was dec
Page 563 and 564:
E. - Topography 80 Man-Hours F. - G
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The goal described above is further
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1. With respect to the dimensional
Page 569 and 570:
561 BRRSIL FUNDRCRO I.B.G.E. DIRETO
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SPECIAL AND THEMATIC MAP SERIES The
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As to geodetics and topography, the
Page 575 and 576:
THE AIR FORCE MINISTRY: ELECTRONICS
Page 577:
URBAN AND RURAL, TECHNICAL AND FISC
Page 580 and 581:
APPENDIX I AUTO-CARTO II STAFF AND
Page 582 and 583:
Robert T. Aangeenbrug Department of
Page 584 and 585:
H. G. Barnum University of Vermont
Page 586 and 587:
Kurt E. Brassel Assistant Professor
Page 588 and 589:
James M. Collom Cartographer NOAA N
Page 590 and 591:
James F. Dixon Assistant Director G
Page 592 and 593:
John B. Fieser Program Specialist U
Page 594 and 595:
Terry W. Gossard U.S.D.A. Forest Se
Page 596 and 597:
Daniel E. Holdgreve 507 Kibler Circ
Page 598 and 599:
Olaf Kays Asst. Program Mgr.-RALI U
Page 600 and 601:
Gary Lewis Graphics Coordinator Tet
Page 602 and 603:
S. E. Masry Assoc. Professor Univer
Page 604 and 605:
David C. Mowbray Head, Map Informat
Page 606 and 607:
Thomas K, Peucker Assoc. Prof. , Si
Page 608 and 609:
William R. Roseman Vice President I
Page 610 and 611:
Lee Henry Slorp Miami University, D
Page 612 and 613:
G. L. Thornton Research and Develop
Page 614 and 615:
Dean P. Westmeyer Cartographic Edit
Page 616 and 617:
APPENDIX III AUTHOR AND TITLE INDEX
Page 618 and 619:
Contemporary Statistical Map6: Evid
Page 620 and 621:
Martell, Alberto Torfer (Automation
Page 622:
Van Driel, Nicholas (Ge.ological In
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