Data Encryption Based On Protein Synthesis - Nguyen Dang Binh

For For this this process process to to to begin, begin, begin, instructions instructions or
or
blueprints blueprints blueprints are are are required. required. These These instructions instructions instructions could could be
be
found on DNA. Deoxyribonucleic Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
(DNA) is a
nucleic nucleic nucleic acid acid acid that that that contains contains the the genetic genetic genetic instructions
instructions
used used used in in in the the the development development development and and functioning functioning of of all
all
known known known living living living organisms. organisms. The The DNA DNA DNA is is situated situated situated in in in the
the
the
nucleus, nucleus, organized organized into into chromosomes.
chromosomes.
2.1 DNA
The The main main role role of of DNA DNA molecules molecules is the long long-term long
term
storage e of of information information needed needed to to construct other
other
components components components of of cells, cells, cells, such such as as as proteins proteins proteins and and and RNA
RNA
RNA
molecules. molecules. molecules. The The The DNA DNA DNA that that makes makes makes up up up the the the human
human
genome genome genome can can can be be be subdivided subdivided subdivided into into into information information bytes
bytes
bytes
called genes [5]; ; each each gene gene encodes encodes a unique
unique
protein protein that that performs a specialized special
special ized function in in the
the
cell. cell. cell. On On the the the other other other hand, hand, hand, other other DNA DNA DNA sequences sequences sequences have
have
have
structural structural structural purposes, purposes, or or or are are involved involved in in in regulating regulating regulating the
the
the
use use of of this this genetic genetic information.
information.
In In terms terms of of structure, DNA is a long polymer
polymer
made made made from from repeating repeating repeating units units units called called called nucleotides. nucleotides. nucleotides. In
In
living ving organisms, organisms, DNA DNA does does not not usually usually exist as a
single single single molecule, molecule, but but instead instead as as a a tightly-associated
tightly
tightly associated
pair of molecules. Two wo long strands of the DNA
entwine entwine entwine like like vines, vines, in in in the the shape shape shape of of of a a a double double double helix
helix
helix
[5, [5 8]. . The nucleotide nucleotide repeats, repeats
contain containing both the
segment segment segment of of of the the the backbone backbone backbone of of of the the the molecule, molecule, molecule, which
which
holds holds holds the the the chain chain together, together, together, and and a a a base, base, base, which which which interacts
interacts
interacts
with with with the the the other other other DNA DNA DNA strand strand in in the the the helix. helix. In In general, general, a
a
base base base linked linked linked to to to a a sugar sugar is is called called a a a nucleoside nucleoside nucleoside and and and a
a
a
base base base linked linked to to a a sugar sugar and and and one one or or more more phosphate
groups groups is is called called a a nucleotide.
nucleotide.
The The DNA DNA double double helix helix is is is stabilized stabilized by by hydrogen
bonds bonds bonds between between between the the bases bases attached attached attached to to the the the two
two
two
strands. strands. strands. The The The four four four bases bases found found found in in in DNA DNA DNA are are are adenine
adenine
(abbreviated (abbreviated (abbreviated A), A), A), cytosine cytosine cytosine (C), (C), guanine guanine (G) (G) (G) and
and
and
thymine th (T) ) [5, 8]. 8] Each ach type type of of base on one one strand
forms forms forms a a a bond bond bond with with with just just just one one type type of of of base base on on on the the the other
other
other
strand. strand. strand. This This is is called called complementary complementary complementary base base pairing
[5, 5, 8], 8] , , with with A A bonding bonding only only to to T, T, and and C C bonding bonding only
to to to G. G. This This arrangement arrangement arrangement of of two two two nucleotides nucleotides nucleotides binding
binding
together across the th
e double double helix helix is called a a base base pair
pair
[5, 8]. 8] Due to a weak bond between base pairs, DNA
strands strands strands could could could be be pulled pulled apart apart like like a a a zipper. zipper
zipper
2.2 CODONS
As As previously previously mentioned, mentioned, proteins proteins are are assembled
assembled
from from from amino amino acids acids acids using using using information information encoded encoded encoded in
in
in
genes. genes Each Each protein protein has has has its its its own unique amino acid
sequence sequence sequence that that that is is specified specified by by the the nucleotide
nucleotide
nucleotide
sequence sequence sequence of of of the the the gene gene gene encoding encoding encoding this this this protein. protein. protein. The
The
genetic genetic code code is is a a set set of of three-nucleotide three
three nucleotide sets sets called
called
CODONS and each three-nucleotide three
nucleotide combination
combination
stands for an amino acid, for example AUG AUG stands
for methionine [5, 8].
There are 4 4 bases bases in 3
3-letter combinations; there
are 64 64 possible codons codons ( (4 (
encode the twenty standard amino acids, giving
most amino acids more than one possible codon.
There are also three 'stop' or 'nonsense' codons
signifying the end of the the coding region
are the TAA, TGA and TAG codons.
Figure 2. 2
3 letter combinations; there
combinations). These
These
encode the the twenty twenty standard amino acids, giving
most amino acids more than one possible codon.
There are also three 'stop' or or 'nonsense' 'nonsense' codons
signifying the end of the coding region [5, 8]; ; these
are the TAA, TGA and TAG codons. This is shown in
Figure1 Figure1: : The chemical structure structure of DNA.
Hydrogen bonds bonds bonds are are shown shown as as as dotted dotted lines.
lines.
Figure 2: the combination of 4 base pairs in
codons
2.3 Transcription
DNA transcription transcription is is a a process process process that that involves involves the
the
transcribing of genetic information, information, i.e. i.e. the codons codons of
a gene from from DNA DNA to to RNA
RNA [5]. . Simply stated, in
transcription an an an mRNA mRNA mRNA template, template, template, encoding encoding encoding the
the
the
sequence of of of the the the protein protein protein in in in the the the form form form of of of a a trinucleotide
trinucleotide
code, is is transcribed transcribed from from from the the genome genome to to to provide provide provide a
a
a
template for for for translation. translation. Transcription Transcription Transcription copies copies the
the
template from from from one one one strand strand of of the the the DNA DNA DNA double double double helix,
helix,
helix,
called the template template strand
strand [5, 8].