MEH531 Gömülü Sistemler - KULIS

MEH531 Gömülü Sistemler
Ders Saati: Perşembe – 13:00 – 15:50 (EHMB – YL Dersliği)
Öğretim Üyesi: Doç.Dr. Oğuzhan Urhan , urhano@ieee.org
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Graphics:
© Aleexandra
Noolte,
Gesinee
Marwedel,
2003

İzlence
İçerik: Gömülü sistemlere giriş, mikroişlemci,
mikrodenetleyici kavramları, 8-bitlik (PIC), 16-bitlik
(MSP430) ve 32-bitlik (ARM) mimarilerin örnek işlemciler ile
ele l alınması, l SSayısal liişaret tiişleyiciler l i il (DSP) ve mimarileri, i il i
System on Chip (SoC) tasarım, bus haberleşmesi ve bazı
seri haberleşme ş protokolleri p ( (I2C, , USB, , IrDA), ), güç g ç yönetimi, y ,
Gömülü yazılım geliştirme, kod optimizasyonu, gerçek
zamanlı scheduling, Ağa bağlı sistemler, Uygulamalar.
Değerlendirme
Ders için ara ve yıl sonu sınavları yapılacaktır
yapılacaktır.
Değerlendirmenin önemli kısmında yapılacak uygulama
projeleri dikkate alınacaktır.
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İzlence
Uygulama Projeleri Hakkında:
BBu çalışma l kkapsamında d hher bi bir öğ öğrencinin i i bi bir gömülü ö ülü sistemi i t i
pratik olarak gerçekleştirilmesi beklenmektedir. Bu amaçla 3 hafta
içinde haftalık hedefler içeren bir proje planı sunması
gerekmektedir. Son tarih 14 Ekim 2010. Her öğrenci ile en geç 2
haftada bir birebir görüşülerek proje, proje planı doğrultusunda
değerlendirilecektir.
ğ
Kaynaklar:
[1] W. Wolf, “Computers as Components, Second Edition: Principles of
Embedded Computing System Design,” Morgan Kaufmann, 2008.
[2] P. Marwedel, “Embedded System Design”, ISBN 1-4020-7690-8, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2003.
[3] F. Vahid, T. Givargis, “Embedded System Design: A Unified
Hardware/Software Introduction”, ISBN 0-471-38678-2, Wiley and Sons,
2002.
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According to forecasts characterized
by y the terms such as
Post-PC era
Disappearing computer
Ubiquitous computing
Pervasive computing
Ambient intelligence g
Embedded systems
Future of IT?
preface
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Embedded Systems
Embedded systems (ES) = information processing
systems t embedded b dd d into i t a larger l product d t
Main reason for buying is not information processing
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Embedded systems
and ubiquitous computing
Ubiquitous computing: Information anytime, anywhere.
Embedded systems provide fundamental technology.
UMTS,
Ist.gif g
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• Automotive electronics
• Aircraft electronics
• Trains
• Telecommunication
Application areas (1)
1.2 Application areas
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• Medical systems
e.g. “artificial eye”
• Blood Pressure Monitors
Application areas (2)
[www.dobelle.com]
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• Military applications
• Authentication
Application areas (3)
http://www.submarine.co.mp/wallpaper/submarine_640.jpg
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• Consumer
electronics
Application areas (4)
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• Fabrication equipment
• SSmart t bbuildings ildi
Application areas (5)
Show movie http://www.dateconference.com/conference/
2003/keynotes/index.htm
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• Robotics
Application areas (6)
„Pipe-climber“ Robot
„Johnnie“
(Courtesy
and ©:
H.Ulbrich, F.
Pfeiffer, TU
München)
Show movie of 2-legged robot(s)
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Examples
Some embedded
systems from
real ea lifee

Information
Teechnoologyy
Smart Beer Glass
Contact less
transmission
of power and
readings
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se
Capacitive sensor
for fluid level
8-bit, bit, 88-pin
pin
PIC processor
Inductive coil for RF
ID activation &
power
CPU and reading coil in the
table. Reports the level of fluid in
the glass, alerts servers when
close to empty
© Jakob Engblom

Information
Teechnoologyy
Smart Beer Glass
Typical embedded solution
Integrates several technologies:
Radio transmissions
Sensor technology
MMagnetic ti inductance i d t f for power
Computer used for calibration
Impossible without the computer
Meaningless without the electronics
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se
© Jakob Engblom

Information
Teechnoologyy
Pedometer
Obvious computer
work:
Count steps
Keep time
Averages
etc.
Hard computer work:
Actually y identify y when a
step is taken
Sensor feels motion of
ddevice, i not t of f user feet f t
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se
© Jakob Engblom

Information
Teechnoologyy
Mobile phones
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se
© Jakob Engblom
Multiprocessor
88-bit/32-bit bit/32 bit for UI
DSP for signals
32 32-bit bit in IR port
32-bit in Bluetooth
88-100 100 MB of memory
All custom chips
P Power consumption ti &
battery life depends
on software

Information
Teechnoologyy
Mobile base station
Massive signal processing
Several processing tasks per
connected mobile phone
Based on DSPs
Standard or custom
100s of processors
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se © Jakob Engblom

Information
Teechnoologyy
Telecom Switch
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se
© Jakob Engblom
Rack-based
CControl t l cards d
IO cards
DSP cards d
...
Optical & copper
connections
Digital & analog
signals g

Information
Teechnoologyy
Sewing Machine
User interface
EEmbroidery b id patterns tt
Touch-screen control
” ”Smart” ”
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se © Jakob Engblom
Sets pressure of foot
ddepending di on task k
Raise foot when stopped
New functions added by
upgrading the software

Information
Teechnoologyy
Cars
Multiple processors
Up to 100
Networked
together
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se © Jakob Engblom
Multiple networks
BBody, d engine, i
telematics, media,
safety

Information
Teechnoologyy
Cars
Functions by embedded processing:
ABS: Anti-lock braking systems
ESP: Electronic stability y control
Airbags
Efficient automatic gearboxes
Theft prevention with smart keys
Blind-angle alert systems
... etc ...
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se © Jakob Engblom

Information
Teechnoologyy
Cars
Large diversity in processor types:
8-bit – door locks, lights, etc.
16-bit – most functions
32-bit – engine control, airbags
Form follows function
Processing where the action is
Sensors and actuators distributed all
over the vehicle
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se © Jakob Engblom

Information
Teechnoologyy
Extremely Large
Functions requiring
computers:
Radar
Weapons
Damage control
Navigation g
basically everything
Computers: p
Large servers
1000s of
processors
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se
© Jakob Engblom

Information
Teechnoologyy
Inside your PC
Custom processors
Graphics Graphics, sound
32-bit processors
Network Network, WLAN
Harddisk
RAID controllers
8-bit processors
USB
Keyboard, mouse
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se © Jakob Engblom

Information
Teechnoologyy
If you want to play
Lego mindstorms
robotics kit
Standard controller
8-bit processor p
64 kB of memory
Electronics to
iinterface t f t to motors t
and sensors
Good way to learn
embedded
systems
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se
© Jakob Engblom

Concept of ES Education
programming algorithms computer math electrical networks
organization education & digital circuits
A course
on embedded systems
control DSP machine real-time project applications …
systems vision systems group
Provides motivation and context of other work in the area
Mix of students and courses from CS and EE departments
lab
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A possible structure for this course
1.4 Structure
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Growing importance of embedded systems (1)
GGrowing i economical i l iimportance t of f embedded b dd d systems t
THE growing market according to forecasts, e.g.:
• Worldwide mobile phone sales surpassed 156 156.4 4 mln
units in Q2 2004, a 35% increase from Q2 2003,
according to Gartner [www.itfacts.biz]
• The worldwide portable flash player market exploded
in 2003 and is expected p to ggrow
from 12.5 mln units in
2003 to over 50 mln units in 2008 [www.itfacts.biz]
• Global 3G subscribers will grow g from an estimated 45
mln at the end of 2004 to 85 mln in 2005, according to
Wireless World Forum. [www.itfacts.biz]
1.3 … importance
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Growing importance of embedded systems (2)
• The number of broadband lines worldwide increased by y
almost 55% to over 123 mln in the 12 months to the end
of June 2004, according to Point-Topic.
[ [www.itfacts.biz] itf t bi ]
• Today's DVR (digital video recorders) users - 5% of
households - will grow to 41% within five years years,
according to Forrester. [www.itfacts.biz]
• The automotive sector … ensures the employment of
more than 4 million people in Europe. Altogether, some
8 million jobs in total depend on the fortunes of the
transport industry and related sectors - representing
around 7 per cent of the European Union’s Gross
National Product (GNP) [OMI bulletin]
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Growing importance of embedded systems (3)
• .. but embedded chips form the backbone of the
electronics driven world in which we live ... they are
part of almost everything that runs on electricity
[Mary Ryan, EEDesign, 1995]
• 79% of all high high-end end processors are used in
embedded systems
The future is embedded, Embedded is the future!
Foundation for the „post PC era“
ES ES hardly discussed in other CS and EE courses
1.3 … importance
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems (1)
Must be dependable,
• Reliability R(t) = probability of system working
correctly provided that is was working at t=0
• MMaintainability i t i bilit M(d) = th the probability b bilit th that t a ffailing ili
system can be repaired within a certain time-frame.
• Availability A(t): probability of system working at time t
• Safety: no harm to be caused
• Security: confidential and authentic communication
Even perfectly designed systems can fail if the
assumptions p about the workload and ppossible
errors turn
out to be wrong.
Making the system dependable must not be an after-
thought, it must be considered ffrom
the very beginning
1.1 terms and scope
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems (2)
Must be efficient
– Energy efficient
– Code-size efficient
(especially for systems on a chip)
– Run-time efficient (consuming less resource)
– Weight efficient
– Cost efficient
Dedicated towards a certain application
Knowledge g about behavior at design g time can be used
to minimize resources and to maximize robustness
Dedicated user interface
(no mouse, keyboard and screen)
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems (3)
Many a y ES S must ust meet eet real-time ea t e co constraints st a ts
– A real-time system must react to stimuli from the
controlled object j ( (or the operator) p ) within the time
interval dictated by the environment.
– For real-time systems, right answers arriving too late
are wrong.
– „A real-time constraint is called hard, if not
meeting ti that th t constraint t i t could ld result lt in i a
catastrophe“ [Kopetz, 1997].
– All other time time-constraints constraints are called soft soft.
– A guaranteed system response has to be explained
without statistical arguments
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Information
Teechnoologyy
Real-Time Systems
Embedded and Real-Time
Synonymous?
Most embedded
systems t are
embedded
real-time embedded
real real-time time
Most real-time
systems y are
embedded real real-time time
Department of Information Technology | www.it.uu.se © Jakob Engblom

Characteristics of Embedded Systems (4)
Frequently q y connected to physical p y environment
through sensors and actuators,
Hybrid systems
(analog + digital parts).
Typically, ES are reactive systems:
„A reactive system is one which is in continual
interaction with is environment and executes at a
pace determined by that environment“ [Bergé, 1995]
Behavior depends on input and current state.
automata model appropriate,
model of computable p functions inappropriate. pp p
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems (5)
ES are underrepresented in teaching and
public discussions:
„Embedded chips p aren‘t hyped yp in TV and
magazine ads ... [Mary Ryan, EEDesign, 1995]
Not every ES has all of the above characteristics.
Def Def.: : Information processing systems having most of the
above characteristics are called embedded systems.
CCourse on embedded b dd d systems t makes k sense bbecause of f th the
number of common characteristics.
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Challenges for implementation in hardware
Lack of flexibility (changing standards).
Mask cost for specialized HW becomes very expensive
Trend
towards
implementation
in Software
[http://www.molecularimprints.com/Technology/
tech_articles/MII_COO_NIST_2001.PDF9]
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Importance of Embedded Software
and Embedded Processors
“... the New York Times has
estimated that the average g
American comes into contact
with about 60 micro-
processors every d day....” ”
[Camposano, 1996]
Latest top-level BMWs
contain over 100 micro
processors
[Personal communication]
Most The average of the
functionality American does will
be not implemented
drive a
in BMW! software
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Challenges for implementation in software
If embedded systems will be
iimplemented l t d mostly tl iin software, ft th then
why don‘t we just use what software
engineers have come up with?
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Software complexity is a challenge
Exponential Exponential increase in software
complexity
In In some areas code size is
doubling every 9 months [ST
Microelectronics, Medea Workshop, Fall
2003]
... > 70% of the development cost
for complex systems such as
Opportunities and challenges in embedded systems,
automotive electronics and
communication systems y are due
to software development
[A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, 1999]
Rob van Ommering, COPA Tutorial, as cited by: Gerrit Müller:
Eindhoven Embedded Systems Institute, 2004
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More challenges for embedded software
Dynamic y environments
Capture the required behaviour!
Validate specifications
Efficient translation of specifications
into implementations!
HHow can we check h k th that t we meet t reall
time constraints?
How do we validate embedded realtime
software? (large volumes of data,
ttesting ti may be b safety-critical)
f t iti l)
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It is not sufficient to consider ES
just as a special case of software engineering
EE knowledge g must be available, ,
Walls between EE and CS must be torn down
CS EE
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