Design of LCOS Microdisplay Backplanes for Projection Applications

More documents

Recommendations

Info

CH1 - 28 Chapter 1 : Welcome to “Display World” The chromaticity diagram shown in figure 1-3 is a systematic collection of color impressions a standard human eye is able to detect 1 . It is an instrument that allows to quantify and to compare color display systems. Many color displays use three primary colors (red, green and blue). These points define a triangle of color impressions that can be emulated with weighted combinations of the three primary colors. The larger the triangle, the more color impressions can be reproduced. For different display systems the coordinates of the primary colors can differ and thus are a performance parameter. As a result, one color picture element (color pixel) often contains three sub-pixels (red-green-blue RGB, or sometimes cyan-magenta-yellow CMY). Because of the spatial frequency of the phosphor primaries of a CRT display, one can say the color reproduction is obtained through spatial-multiplexing. Another technique relies on time-multiplexing to reproduce color. With time-multiplexing, our brains interpret quick successions of images as full color images. The latency of the eye is at the basis of color perception and of the perception of video. 2) Sufficiently fast successions of still images are seen as 'moving images' – see e.g. the phenakistiscope mentioned above for a rather ancient example. Later in history one of the first electronic displays shows up, the 'Braun tube'. It is the pre-runner of our everyday, omnipresent television (TV) sets. As electronics enable ever higher switching speeds, the booming of electronic displays is unavoidable. However, even nowadays, flat panel displays reproduce moving images by displaying ... (very) quick successions of still images. The number of images displayed per second is called the frame rate. Note that if the frame rate of a display system is too low, the human eye will detect it. This is just one case of display ‘flicker’. The eye can be fooled with sufficiently high frame rates, and cannot detect flicker. This is easily verified by comparing the images of 100Hz TV sets with their older 50/60Hz variants. 3) Below a threshold viewing angle, intensities and colors will be averaged out. This happens when fine details become too close to each other, or when the magnification level (zoom level) is small enough. It means that details in a small area will be averaged into a single 'spot'. A group of spatially close red, green and blue spots yields a 'white' impression, provided the viewing distance to the spots is large enough. This characteristic is at the very heart of many color display systems. Below a threshold resolution, the eye will detect no extra information. Thus, the viewing distance determines the number of pixels a display must count to make image discretization very hard to detect. Current color display systems for moving images rely upon each of these features. In particular, this is demonstrated by the single cell color sequential optical architecture (see 1.3.2) and by the color thin-film-transistor (TFT) active matrix displays in laptops. It is nice to know all this; however, as we do have working displays, why does display research still make sense? 1 Note that at most the colors within an cyan-magenta-yellow (CMY) triangle can be correct, because the printer used for the reproduction of this figure is not capable of more. A display or printer produces color impressions limited to the inside of the triangle formed by the so-called ‘color primaries’. CH1 - 28
Chapter 1 : Welcome to “Display World” CH1 - 29 1.2 Market significance The second paragraph briefly mentions economical aspects and gives an indicative value of the "real world" market. After all, why research on displays? Today’s state of evolution is marked by exchanges of increasingly massive quantities of information. In this respect, display systems play a prominent role in everyday communications. Maybe this is a sufficient incentive to have a closer look at what display systems are sold around the planet. For sure, market estimations are neither a goal nor an essential tool for the research oriented work presented here. Rather does such exercise provide a means to evaluate an aspect of the relevance of research in this field. Looking at market data is another interesting way to learn about "display world". Markets only exist because there are customers. Fortunately for the display community, there are plenty of customers desiring more and better display systems. There is a growing demand for large, flat displays. McLaughlin’s 2005 market estimate for microdisplay-based rear-projection TVs (RPTVs) is 13 million units by 2009 (5 million units being the conservative estimate). The sales prices for liquid-crystal-on-silicon based RPTVs is around 2600$ according to Microdisplay Report of august 2005. Billion $ 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Projected FPD market (all technologies, Displaysearch) 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Figure 1-4 : estimated total flat panel display market Note that the market figures are maybe optimistic estimates to attract investors – they give an indication of what several manufacturers believe to be the market potential. Depending on who ordered the market study, numbers and proportions will vary… this isn't exact science anymore. Anyway, the billion euro figures on displays can help appreciating the drive behind micro-display research [6],[7],[8]. Another evidence of the role played by displays in real life, is the large number of displays that operate at all time of the day and that show up in a multitude of equipment. Maybe it all started with vacuum fluorescence displays (VFDs) in hand-calculators; for sure many people remember the emergence of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in Year CH1 - 29
Page 1 and 2: Ontwerp van LCOS microbeeldscherm b
Page 3 and 4: E Acknowledgements motions overwhel
Page 5 and 6: In the mean time, the author worked
Page 7 and 8: "real world" market. After all, wha
Page 9 and 10: Nederlandse samenvatting Het werk d
Page 11 and 12: architecturen die slechts één enk
Page 13 and 14: 2.3.2 Photolithography I: some basi
Page 15 and 16: List of abbreviations µD micro-dis
Page 17 and 18: IST Information Society Technologie
Page 19: TFT thin film transistor TiN Titane
Page 22 and 23: of the 11th international symposium
Page 24 and 25: 26. G. Van Doorselaer, D. Cuypers,
Page 26 and 27: CH1 - 26 Chapter 1 : Welcome to “
Page 42 and 43: CH2 -42 Chapter 2: Constraints from
Page 72 and 73: CH3 - 72 Chapter 3: Photolithograph
Page 78 and 79:
CH3 - 78 Chapter 3: Photolithograph
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
CH4 - 100 Chapter 4: The pixel matr
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
implementations during the MOSAREL
Page 160 and 161:
CH - 160 Appendices a single pixel
Page 162 and 163:
CH - 162 Appendices c) Schematic of
Page 164 and 165:
CH - 164 Appendices CH6-164 Figure
Page 166 and 167:
CH - 166 Appendices CH6-166 Align m
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
CH - 170 Appendices CH6-170 28 row_
Page 172 and 173:
CH - 172 Appendices CH6-172 Scan bu
Page 174 and 175:
CH - 174 Appendices e) List of test
Page 176 and 177:
CH - 176 Appendices design rule che
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
CH - 182 Appendices c) Pin-out of G
Page 184 and 185:
CH - 184 Appendices Period of horiz
Page 186 and 187:
CH - 186 Appendices Pin 08: VVDD1 S
Page 188 and 189:
CH - 188 Appendices CH6-188 Min. de
Page 190 and 191:
CH - 190 Appendices d) Schematic of
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
CH - 194 Appendices CH6-194 BSD IN
Page 196 and 197:
CH - 196 Appendices CH6-196 VID 4 V
Page 198 and 199:
CH - 198 Appendices e) Schematic of
Page 200 and 201:
CH - 200 Appendices 6.1.4 TMDC XGA
Page 202 and 203:
CH - 202 Appendices implemented how
Page 204 and 205:
CH - 204 Appendices later stadium t
Page 206 and 207:
CH - 206 Appendices • for every n
Page 208 and 209:
CH - 208 Appendices CH6-208 Rin/Lou
Page 210 and 211:
CH - 210 Appendices CH6-210 ACPU VI
Page 212 and 213:
CH - 212 Appendices /RWCLK LDISA /H
Page 214 and 215:
CH - 214 Appendices disable CH6-214
Page 216 and 217:
CH6 - 216 Appendices 6.2 Hands-on d
Page 218 and 219:
CH6 - 218 Appendices 6.2.2 The inpu
Page 220 and 221:
CH6 - 220 Appendices 6.2.2.2 The 'i
Page 222 and 223:
CH6 - 222 Appendices net name defin
Page 224 and 225:
CH6 - 224 Appendices 6.2.2.3 The
Page 226 and 227:
CH6 - 226 Appendices Layer logic (a
Page 228 and 229:
CH6 - 228 Appendices CH6 - 228 +X -
Page 230 and 231:
CH6 - 230 Appendices Extraction rel
Page 232 and 233:
CH6 - 232 Appendices ;ELEMENT MOS[m
Page 234 and 235:
CH6 - 234 Appendices before startin
Page 236 and 237:
CH6 - 236 Appendices 6.3 The skill
Page 238 and 239:
CH6 - 238 Appendices 6.3.2 Function
Page 240 and 241:
CH6 - 240 Appendices 6.3.2.3 Automa
Page 242 and 243:
CH6 - 242 Appendices • FILETYPE i
Page 244 and 245:
References - 244 References 18 D. C
Page 246 and 247:
References - 246 References 43 J. V
Page 248 and 249:
References - 248 References Referen
Page 250:
References - 250 References 30 J. C
show all

Design of LCOS Microdisplay Backplanes for Projection Applications

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?