Epidemiological principles for EMF and EMR studies - Lincoln ...

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Figure 24: Measured FM radio broadcast field intensity spectrum in Portland, Oregon, 1976, Tell and Mantiply (1980). Figure 25: Differential fraction of population and 15 cities exposed to measured radio-frequency radiation, Tell and Mantiply (1980). 37 Installation of many cell phone base stations in Vancouver raised concerns about exposure of children’s schools. In 1997 a base-station antenna was installed in the church cross located across the street from an elementary school in Vancouver. Some of the parents of the students became concerned that the RF radiation from this and other antennas could affect their children’s health. In response, a survey was carried out of RF radiation in around five schools selected in consultation with the concerned parents, Thansandote, Gajda and Lecuyer (1999). The results are set out in a table, Figure 26. The authors of the paper try to allay the parents’ concerns in a statement that the exposures are well within the Canadian Standard, Code 6. However, the standard is based on avoiding acute tissue heating effects, not on avoiding cancer and many
38 other health effects being shown to be caused well under the reported levels, even when the peak level is divided by 200 to approximate the mean exposure level. Figure 26: Maximum measured power densities of radiofrequency radiation in areas by staff and students in 5 Vancouver Schools, Thansandote et al. (1999). The total exposure for schools 1 to 5 are 2068.7µW/cm 2 (10.3µW/cm 2 ); 25,600µW/cm 2 (123µW/cm 2 ); 2296.5µW/cm 2 (11.4µW/cm 2 ); 52.02µW/cm 2 (0.26µW/cm 2 ) and 91.6µW/cm 2 (0.46µW/cm 2 ), with the mean exposures in brackets. All schools have an estimated mean exposure above the 0.2µW/cm 2 threshold found for childhood leukaemia incidence and mortality in North Sydney, and Rome. Cell phone radiation has been shown to significantly damage DNA, p
Page 1 and 2: Epidemiological Principles for ELF
Page 3 and 4: 2 Kingdom; Professor Abraham Lilien
Page 5 and 6: 4 causing the disease. For each of
Page 7 and 8: 6 “Once again looking at the obve
Page 9 and 10: 8 A case-control study looks back a
Page 11 and 12: 10 Figure 2: The basic design of a
Page 13 and 14: 12 size. All have the same RR value
Page 15 and 16: 14 Table 4: An example, with a tren
Page 17 and 18: Occupational Risk Assessment: 16 If
Page 19 and 20: 18 The significant drop in dielectr
Page 21 and 22: 20 These biophysics relationships s
Page 23 and 24: 22 For EMR the mean operational exp
Page 25 and 26: 24 Almost all residential studies o
Page 27 and 28: 26 An independent comparison in ava
Page 29 and 30: Broadcast Tower Epidemiological Stu
Page 31 and 32: 30 However, no other site than Birm
Page 33 and 34: 32 0.155, or relative gains of 1.0,
Page 35 and 36: 34 showing the frequency dependence
Page 37: 36 Figure 23 shows that the general
Page 41 and 42: 40 Figure 29: Age-specific death ra
Page 43 and 44: 42 between the UK and the US. It al
Page 45 and 46: 44 traffic. The cases and controls
Page 47 and 48: 46 The greater strength of evidence
Page 49 and 50: 48 yrs. When using a risk assessmen
Page 51 and 52: 50 Conclusions and Recommendations:
Page 53 and 54: 52 For residential radio-frequency
Page 55 and 56: 54 Haines, C., Kaune, W.T., Friedma
Page 57 and 58: 56 Nicholas, J.S., Lackland, D.T.,

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