Epidemiological principles for EMF and EMR studies - Lincoln ...

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Conclusions and Recommendations:
The fundamental and classical epidemiological approach recommended by Sir
Austin Bradford Hill, along with appropriate consideration of a more accurate
exposure assessment approach would result in very different decision outcomes.
Appropriate integration of all of the laboratory evidence that electromagnetic fields
and radiation are genotoxic would make scientific sense of a very large body of
epidemiological studies showing elevated cancer rates, not only in occupational
exposures but also in residential exposure situations. This strongly challenges and
rejects the modern interpretation that the only effects are shocks and tissue
heating. Accepting that epidemiological evidence is the strongest evidence of
human health effects, points to the same conclusions. The failure to recognize
ubiquitous exposure effect has grossly underestimated and masked the true
epidemiological results. An understanding of the radial radio-frequency and
microwave exposures around radio/TV towers and cell site’s allows dose-response
relationships to be found, and all point to a no safe threshold level, consistent with
the genotoxic nature of the EMF/EMR signals. Understanding and appreciating that
extremely low residential exposure levels to a genotoxic substance causes
elevated cancer rates, along with many other health effects caused by mutations
and enhanced cell death rates that has the effect of accelerated aging.
When setting public health standards for air pollution health effects, for example,
very fine particles which are recognized by the WHO to have dose-responses with
a safe level of zero exposure, then a standard authority can choose to set a
standard such as 50µg/m 3 as a mean daily concentration of PM10, Figure 38.
Figure 38: Increase in daily mortality as a function of PM concentration. WHO
(1999).
The environmental performance indications of the desired levels can be decided by
national or regional standards authorities. The New Zealand Ministry for the
Environment promotes an approach set out in Table 10. Where exposure levels are
regularly above a practically achievable guideline or standard, for the agents whose
safe level is actually zero, then a management plan should be developed to reduce