Epidemiological principles for EMF and EMR studies - Lincoln ...

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51 exposures to have no exceedences of the desired target level. When the 0 exceedences level has been set then further reductions should be sought to progressively reduce the rates of the adverse health effects. Where the exposures are lower than the chosen target level then they should be maintained, and where the community desires, reduced towards the good (33%) or excellent level, 10% of the target standard. Table 10: Environmental Performance Indicators Programme air quality categories, Ministry for the Environment. Category Measured value Comment Action Exceeds the guideline Exceedences of the guideline value are a cause for concern and warrant action if they occur on a regular basis. Alert Between 66% and 100% This is a warning level, which of the guideline value can lead to exceedences if trends are not curbed. Acceptable Between 33% and 66% of This is a broad category, where the guideline value maximum values might be of concern in some sensitive locations, but are generally at a level that does not warrant dramatic action. Good Between 10% and 33% of Peak measurements in this the guideline value range are unlikely to affect air quality. Excellent Less than 10% of the Of little concern: if maximum guideline value values are less than a 10th of the guideline, average values are likely to be much less. There is strong and robust evidence that there is a causal relationship between chronic exposure to electromagnetic fields and radiation of human populations and elevated rates of serious health effects, because they are genotoxic. This requires major reductions in the allowable public and occupational health protection exposure standards. Their levels should be set at such values that chronic exposure does not result in detectable elevation of cancer, cardiac, reproductive and neurological health effects, once the ubiquitous exposures have been reduced. For residential ELF exposures in the community, a desirable and achievable Standard level is 1mG (0.1µT), with a Good level of 0.33mG and an Excellent level of 0.1mG.
52 For residential radio-frequency and microwave exposures in the community an initial desirable and achievable direct external standard level of 0.1µW/cm 2 is recommended, as it is applied in Salzburg, Austria. Because their signals are genotoxic carcinogens there is no safe threshold and the exposures need to be minimized. An excellent level is 0.01µW/cm 2 . With the large reduction of indoor exposures of less than 2% of the outdoor exposure, away from windows facing a source antenna, allowing for inside and outside, and home and away activity a mean level of 5% can be achieved, which for an excellent situation would result in a mean exposure of about 0.5nW/cm 2 . References: Adey, W.R., 1980: “Frequency and Power windowing in tissue interactions with weak electromagnetic fields”. Proc. IEEE, 68:119-125. Adey, W.R., 1988: “Cell membranes: The electromagnetic environment and cancer promotion”., Neurochemical Research, 13 (7): 671-677. Ahlbom A, Day N, Feychting M, Roman E, Skinner J, Dockerty J, Linet M, McBride M, Michaelis J, Olsen JH, Tynes T, Verkasalo PK. 2000 A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia. Br J Cancer. 83(5): 692-698. Beaglehole, R., Bonita, R. and Kjellström, T., 1993: "Basic Epidemiology", Publ. World Health Organization, Geneva. Ben-Dov, O., 1972: “Measurement of circularly polarized broadcast antennas”. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, BC18(1): 28-32. Bernardi, P., Cavagnaro, M., Pisa, S. and Piuzzi, E., 2000: “Human exposure to radio base-station antennas in the urban environment”. IEEE Trans Micro Theo and Tech 48(11): 1996-2002. Blackman, C.F., 1990: "ELF effects on calcium homeostasis". In "Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields: The question of cancer", BW Wilson, RG Stevens, LE Anderson Eds, Publ. Battelle Press Columbus: 1990; 187-208. Burch, J.B., Reif, J.S. and Yost, M.G., 1999: "Geomagnetic disturbances are associated with reduced nocturnal excretion of melatonin metabolite in humans". Neurosci Lett 266(3):209-212. Cherry, N, 2001: Re: “Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain, II All high power transmitters”, Dolk et al. 1997 a,b in American J. of Epidemiology, 145(1):1-9 and 10-17. Comment in American J of Epidemiology 153(2): 204-205. Cherry, N.J., 2002: “Schumann Resonances, a plausible biophysical mechanism for the human health effects of Solar/Geomagnetic Activity”. Natural Hazards 26: 279-331. Court-Brown, W. M., Doll R., 1961: "Leukaemia in childhood and young adult life: Trends in mortality in relation to aetiology". BMJ 26:981-988.
Page 1 and 2: Epidemiological Principles for ELF
Page 3 and 4: 2 Kingdom; Professor Abraham Lilien
Page 5 and 6: 4 causing the disease. For each of
Page 7 and 8: 6 “Once again looking at the obve
Page 9 and 10: 8 A case-control study looks back a
Page 11 and 12: 10 Figure 2: The basic design of a
Page 13 and 14: 12 size. All have the same RR value
Page 15 and 16: 14 Table 4: An example, with a tren
Page 17 and 18: Occupational Risk Assessment: 16 If
Page 19 and 20: 18 The significant drop in dielectr
Page 21 and 22: 20 These biophysics relationships s
Page 23 and 24: 22 For EMR the mean operational exp
Page 25 and 26: 24 Almost all residential studies o
Page 27 and 28: 26 An independent comparison in ava
Page 29 and 30: Broadcast Tower Epidemiological Stu
Page 31 and 32: 30 However, no other site than Birm
Page 33 and 34: 32 0.155, or relative gains of 1.0,
Page 35 and 36: 34 showing the frequency dependence
Page 37 and 38: 36 Figure 23 shows that the general
Page 39 and 40: 38 other health effects being shown
Page 41 and 42: 40 Figure 29: Age-specific death ra
Page 43 and 44: 42 between the UK and the US. It al
Page 45 and 46: 44 traffic. The cases and controls
Page 47 and 48: 46 The greater strength of evidence
Page 49 and 50: 48 yrs. When using a risk assessmen
Page 51: 50 Conclusions and Recommendations:
Page 55 and 56: 54 Haines, C., Kaune, W.T., Friedma
Page 57 and 58: 56 Nicholas, J.S., Lackland, D.T.,

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