ER/PR pharmDx™ Interpretation Manual - Dako
ER/PR pharmDx™ Interpretation Manual - Dako
ER/PR pharmDx™ Interpretation Manual - Dako
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Artifacts and Various Factors Affecting staining<br />
Epitope Retrieval Artifacts<br />
<strong>ER</strong>/<strong>PR</strong> pharmDx tM includes pre-treatment by means of<br />
epitope retrieval in a pressure cooker. tissue sections<br />
may occasionally be harmed by epitope retrieval,<br />
causing disruption of cell membranes and overall tissue<br />
architecture. breast tissue commonly contains fat which<br />
can be easily disrupted. the use of positively charged<br />
slides may improve the adherence of tissue.<br />
Breast Cancer with Adipocytes<br />
Figure 39<br />
Breast cancer stained with <strong>ER</strong>; Example of breast carcinoma with adipocytes<br />
(PS 2) + (IS 2) = TS 4; 40x magnification<br />
Background Staining<br />
background staining is defined as diffuse, non-specific<br />
staining of a specimen. It can be caused by several<br />
factors. these factors include, but are not limited to,<br />
fixation and processing of the specimen, incomplete<br />
removal of paraffin from sections prior to staining, and<br />
incomplete rinsing of slides.<br />
Unacceptable Background<br />
Figure 40<br />
Breast cancer stained with <strong>ER</strong>; Example of unacceptable background staining<br />
Invalid test; 40x magnification<br />
<strong>ER</strong>/<strong>PR</strong> pharmDx <strong>Interpretation</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
ARtIFACts<br />
21
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