prevalence and molecular characteristics of vibrio species in pre ...

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14 furazolidone and cotrimazole and also for cifrofloxacine with MIC>4mg/ml which is relatively high (Das et al., 2008). Such a serotype change (Ogawa to Inaba) may be due to pre-existing Ogawa antibodies or perhaps due to antimicrobial selection pressure. From deferent aquatic locations in Kerala, South India, multi-resistant non O1 and non O139 V. cholerae strain were isolated and the majority of strains (59%) were found to be multi-drug resistant (Jagadeeshan et al., 2009). Climatic changes and global warming impose a negative impact on the water and food borne diseases caused by micro-organisms. As shrimp is always produced in water and water is used for processing, these changes affect the shrimp safety. A study done in Bangladesh showed that the high frequency of cholera outbreaks during the El Nino Southern Oscillation, which leads to increased surface sea water (Pascual et al., 2000). A similar study carried out in Africa also confirms the relationship between climatic change and cholera epidemics (Constantin de Magny et al., 2007). The association between the El Nino events and records of V. parahaemolyticus infection analyzed during 1994-2005 time period in Peru identified the El Nino episodes as a reliable vehicle for the introduction and propagation of Vibrio in South America (Martinez- Urtaza et al., 2008). With an expanding population of highly susceptible people due to aging, malnutrition, immune-compromisation and illnesses such as diabetes, the need for a better understanding of food safety is crucial (Wan Norhana et al., 2010). Food borne outbreaks cause economic burdens on patients and their families through treatment costs, loss of productivity, suffering and the risk of death, and also affect the public health systems of the country financially (Suzita et al., 2009). Food borne illnesses due to Vibrio are reported throughout the world and are largely caused by the consumption of seafood. Seven epidemics of cholera have been recorded since 1817 and the 8 th one is in progress (Table 4). During 1992, the epidemic of V. cholerae O139 originated in the Bengal region of India and spread through India, eventually to Bangladesh, Nepal, Burma, Pakistan, Thailand, China, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia. Imported cases were reported in the United Kingdom and the United States. Some suggest it as 8 th cholera pandemic due to its rapid spread within a 2 year period (Kaysner, 2000).
Table 4: Cholera pandemics Pandemic Dates Origin Biotype I. 1817-1823 Indian subcontinent - II. 1829-1851 Indian subcontinent - III. 1852-1859 Indian subcontinent - IV. 1863-1879 Indian subcontinent - V. 1881-1896 Indian subcontinent - VI. 1899-1923/5 Indian subcontinent Classical VII. 1961-Present Indonesia O1 classical, 15 O1 E1 Tor VIII. 1992-Present Indian subcontinent O139 serotype V. parahaemolyticus is the most common cause of food borne disease in the Asian region. In Japan, it has been implicated as a cause of at least a quarter of the total food borne diseases (Feldhusen, 2000). In Korea, food borne outbreaks due to Vibrio from 2003 to 2006 were 80, and 2261 human infections were recorded (Lee et al., 2008 a). Since 1996 V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 is considered to be the first pandemic strain due to its spread from India to many countries within a short period of time. Western countries also experienced gastroenteritis due to V. parahaemolyticus (Cabanillas-Beltrán et al., 2006). 2.6.2 Regulatory perspective of Vibrio in shrimp Japan, the European Union and the United States are the largest seafood importers and account for 82% of the total volume of seafood imports in the world (FAO, 2005). Increasing awareness and demand of consumers for safe and high quality food forced the governments to impose strict regulations and rules on food
Page 1 and 2: 2.1 Shellfish culture CHAPTER II LI
Page 3 and 4: 7 constant over the years while cul
Page 5 and 6: 9 Pathogenic bacteria associated wi
Page 7 and 8: 11 Listeriosis, and other pathogens
Page 9: Coastal water Shrimp Bangladesh (Co
Page 13 and 14: 17 parahaemolyticus should be Kanag
Page 15 and 16: 19 2.7.2 Biochemical characteristic
Page 17 and 18: 21 2.7.4 Genotypic characteristics
Page 19 and 20: 23 Clinical strains of V. parahaemo
Page 21 and 22: 2.8 Human pathogenic Vibrio 2.8.1 V
Page 23 and 24: 27 Vibrio spp. display similar bioc
Page 25 and 26: 29 host and effluent from the conta
Page 27 and 28: 31 elimination of Edwardsiella tard
Page 29 and 30: A. Cooling and freezing 33 Rapid an
Page 31: 2.10.3 Consumer education 35 Consum

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