34 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 Lichen diversity Epiphytic lichens ...

34 

CHAPTER 4 

RESULTS 

4.1 Lichen diversity 

Epiphytic lichens were collected from field survey at Doi Suthep-Pui National 

Park during May, 2009 to April, 2010. Five sampling sites with different altitudes 

were selected. Total of 689 epiphytic lichen specimens were gathered from 100 trees. 

Twenty-seven families and 58 genera which comprised of 149 specise were found. 

However, due to lacking of appropriate identification keys, some lichens were not 

able to be identified (Table 4.1). 

Table 4.1 Lichen families and genera found in the study 

Families 

Arthoniaceae 

Arthoniaceae 

Arthoniaceae 

Bacidiaceae 

Chrysotrichaece 

Cladoniaceae 

Collemataceae 

Collemataceae 

Crocyniaceae 

Haematommataceae 

Laureraceae 

Lecanoraceae 

Lecanoraceae 

Lecideaceae 

Letrouitiaceae 

Lobariceae 

Lobariceae 

Genera 

Arthonia 

Arthothelium 

Cryptothecia 

Bacidia 

Chrysothrix 

Cladonia 

Collema 

Leptogium 

Crocynia 

Haematomma 

Laurera 

Catinaria 

Lecanora 

Malcolmiella 

Letrouitia 

Lobaria 

Sticta

35 

Table 4.1 Lichen families and genera found in the study (continued) 

Families 

Megalosporaceae 

Nephromataceae 

Pannariaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Parmeliaceae 

Pertusariaceae 

Phyllopsoraceae 

Physiaceae 

Physiaceae 

Physiaceae 

Physiaceae 

Physiaceae 

Physiaceae 

Physiaceae 

Pilocarpaceae 

Pilocarpacea 

Porinaceae 

Pyrenulaceae 

Ramalinaceae 

Ramalinaceae 

Roccellaceae 

Roccellaceae 

Roccellaceae 

Genera 

Megalospora 

Nephroma helveticum Ach. 

Erioderma 

Bulbothrix 

Canomaculina 

Canoparmelia 

Everniastrum 

Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale. 

Hypotrachyna 

Parmelinella 

Parmelinopsis 

Parmotrema 

Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex 

Nyl.) Hale. 

Relicina 

Relicinopsis 

Rimelia 

Rimelia reticulata Hale & A. Fletcher 

Pertusaria 

Phyllopsora 

Buellia 

Dirinarie 

Heterodermia 

Physcia 

Pyxine 

Pyxine coccifera (Fee) Nyl. 

Pyxine coralliger Malme. 

Byssoloma 

Fellhanera 

Clathoporina 

Pyrenula 

Biatora 

Lecania 

Cresponea 

Enterographa 

Mazosia

36 

Table 4.1 Lichen families and genera found in the study (continued) 

Families 

Roccellaceae 

Stereocaulaceae 

Trelothemataceae 




Trichothelisceae 

Usneaceae 

Genera 

Syncesia 

Lepraria 

Chapsa 

Myriotrema 

Ocellularia 

Thelotrema 

Porina 

Usnea 

Short descriptions and illustrations of each family, genera and species were 

given Lichen Determination Keys-common Malesian lichen genera: Key to the lichen 

genera of Borgor, Cibodas and Singapore (Sipman, 2003), FLORA OF AUSTRALIA: 

Volume 55 Lichens-Lecanorales 2, Parmeliaceae (Orchard, 1994), Lichens of 

Tropical Forest in Thailand: A Field Key to Characteristic Epiphytic Lichens in 

Northern Thailand (Wolseley and Aguirre-Hudson, 1997c) and BIBLIOTHECA 

LICHENOLOGICA: A Key to the Microlichens of India, Napal and Sri Lanka 

(Awasthi, 1991).

37 

Family ARTHONIACEAE 

ARTHONIA Ach. 

Thallus crustose, immersed or superficial, effuse or delimited. Photobiont 

Trentepohlia, chlorococcoid or absent. Ascocarps flat or convex to elongate. Disc 

red-brown to black. Hymenium I+ blue or red and K/I+ blue. Paraphyses branched 

and anastomosing loos or compact. Asci 8-spored, globular or oblong, thick walled. 

Ascospores colourless or brown, transversely 1-9-septate, shape much variable. 

Arthonia sp.1 Arthonia sp.2 Arthonia sp.3 

Figure 4.1 Arthonia spp., scale bar = 5 mm 

ARTHOTHELIUM Massal. 

Thallus crustose, immersed or superficial, effuse or delimited. Photobiont 

Trentepohlia, chlorococcoid or absent. Ascocarps flat or convex to elongate. Disc 

red-brown to black sometimes pruinose. Hymenium usually I+ blue. Asci arthoniatype. 

Ascospores ovoid to ellipsoid, colourless, muriform. 

Arthothelium sp.1 

Arthothelium sp.2 

Figure 4.2 Arthothelium spp., scale bar = 5 mm

38 

CRYPTOTHECIA Massal. 

Thallus crustose, superficial. Photobiont Trentepohlia. Hymenium I+ pale 

blue (mainly ascus walls). Ascocarps poorly differentiated or no organised. Asci not 

embedded in proper hymenium with differentiated paraphyses and hymenial gelatine, 

1-8-spored, Ascospores ovoid, colourless, transversely 3-4-septate. 

Cryptothecia sp.1 Cryptothecia sp.2 Cryptothecia sp.3 



Figure 4.3 Cryptothecia spp., scale bar = 5 mm

39 

Family BACIDIACEAE 

BACIDIA de Not. 

Thallus crustose, smooth, warted, granular or sorediate. Photobiont green 

algae (Chlorococcoid). Ascocarp sessile, rounded, biatorine or lecideine, apothecia’s 

margin clearly present. Hymenium I+ blue. Paraphyses sparingly branched with 

hyaline or pigmented apices, or branched and anastomosing. Asci 8-spored, Tholus 

largely I+ blue with narrow I- negative axial mass. Ascospores colourless, mostly 

3- or more-septate at maturity. 

Bacidia sp.1 Bacidia sp.2 Bacidia sp.3 

Bacidia sp.4 Bacidia sp.5 Bacidia sp.6 

Figure 4.4 Bacidia spp., scale bar = 1 mm

40 

Family CHRYSOTRICHAECE 

CHRYSOTHRIX Mont. 

Thallus leprose, conspicuous and stain-like, bright yellow to yellowishgreen, 

comprising a mass powdery, globose granuls and anastomosing hyphae. 

Photobiont green algae; chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia rare or absent. Asci 8- 

spored. Ascospores colourless, 1-3 septate. 

Chrysothrix sp. 

Figure 4.5 Chrysothrix sp., scale bar = 5 mm 

Family CLADONIACEAE 

CLADONIA Hill ex Browne. 

Thallus flattened squamulose, which are green-grey above and white below. 

Photobiont Trebouxia. Ascocarps apothecia, at apices of podetia, on cup rims or 

rarely sessile on basal squamules. Hymenium red, pale or dark brown. Asci elongateclavate, 

thicked at the apex, 8-spored, with a I+ blue tholus and outer gelatinous 

sheath. Ascospores colourless, simple, oblong or ovoid.

41 

Cladonia sp. 

Figure 4.6 Cladonia sp., scale bar = 5 mm 

Family COLLLEMATACEAE 

COLLEMA Weber ex Wigg. 

Thallus foliose, swelling when wet, upper surface brown-black, rarely greyblue. 

Photobiont blue-green algae; Nostoc. Upper and Lower cortex absent, 

Rhizines present. Isidia frequent, soredia absent. Hymenium colourless, I+ blue. 

Ascocarps apothecia, with a pale-brown, red-brown and brown-black disc. 

Ascospores transversely septate to muriform. 

Collema sp.1 

Figure 4.7 Collema sp., scale bar = 5 mm

42 

LEPTOGIUM (Ach.) Gray 

Thallus foliose, gelatinous, blue-grey to brown or blackish, not layer in 

section. Photobiont blue-green algae: Nostoc. Upper cortex smooth to wrinkled or 

gidged, rarely arachnoid. Lower cortex smooth, arachnoid or hairy, or group of white 

rhizines. Isidia present. Ascocarp apothecia, sessile, mainly laminal, disc concave to 

flat. Hymenium colourless, I+ blue. Aci 4-8-spored, clavate. Ascospores ellipsoid, 

ovoid or fusiform, septate, colourless, submuriform to muriform. 

Leptogium sp.1 

Leptogium sp.2 

Figure 4.8 Leptogium spp., scale bar = 5 mm 

Family CROCYNIACEAE 

CROCYNIA Nyl. 

Thallus squamulose, densely matted hyphae, often a felt-like, hypothallus, 

with raised tips 0.5-2 mm long, without cortex. Photobiont green algae. Ascocarps 

apothecia, without thalline margin, disc-like, sessile, usually grey to black. 

Hymenium exposed. Asci 3-8 spored. Ascospores colourless, without septa.

43 

Crocynia spp. 

Figure 4.9 Crocynia spp., scale bar = 5 mm 

Family HAEMATOMMATACEAE 

HAEMATOMMA Massal. 

Thallus crustose. Photobiont green algae: Trebouxia. Ascocarps apothecia, 

sessile, lecanorine, rounded, disc red or brown. Hymenium I+ blue. Paraphyses 

branched and anastomosing, not thicked at apices. Aci Lecanora-type, 8-spored, 

clavate. Ascospores colourless, fusiform or acicular, transversely 3-15-septate. 

Haematomma sp.1 

Haematomma sp.2 

Figure 4.10 Haematomma spp., scale bar = 2 mm

44 

Family LAURERACEAE 

LAURERA Reichenb. 

Thallus crustose. Photobiont green algae: Trentepohlia. Ascocarps perithecia 

isolated ostioles, verrucae concolorous with thallus or orange, yellow ore brownishblack. 

Paraphyses branched and anastomosing, distinct. Aci bitunicate, with 

thickened apical wall 2-8-spored. Ascospores colourless, muriform, thickened septa, 

lumina rounded. 

Laurera sp.1 

Figure 4.11 Laurera sp., scale bar = 2 mm 

Family LECANORACEAE 

CATINARIA Vainio. 

Thallus crustose, thin. Photobiont green algae; Trentepohlia. Ascocarps 

apothecia, sessile, rounded, biatorine or lecideine. Paraphyses simpled, persistent. 

Hymenium I+ blue to brownish. Aci 1-8-spored, I+ blue concentrated inside and/ or 

on outside of ascus tips. Ascospores colourless, less than 20 mu wide, single septum, 

septa about as thin as outer wall.

45 

Cartinaria sp.1 

Figure 4.12 Cartinaria sp., scale bar = 5 mm 

LECANORA Ach. 

Thallus crustose, granular, areolate Photobiont Trebouxia and perhaps 

chlorococcoid algae. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, rounded, lecanorine. Hymenium 

I+ blue. Aci 6-8-spored. Ascospores colourless, simple, not over 30 mu long. 

Lecanora sp.1 

Lecanora sp.2 

Lecanora sp.3 

Lecanora sp.4 Lecanora sp.5 Lecanora sp.6 

Figure 4.13 Lecanora spp., scale bar = 1 mm

46 

Family LECIDEACEAE 

MALCOLMIELLA Vězda 

Thallus crustose. Photobiont Trebouxia. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, 

rounded, biatorine or lecideine. Hymenium I+ blue. Aci I- negative tholus, or with 

weakly I+ blue, tubular structure in tholus. Aci 6-8-spored. Ascospores colourless, 

simple, not over 30 mu long. 

Malcolmiella sp.1 Malcolmiella sp.2 Malcolmiella sp.3 



Figure 4.14 Malcolmiella spp., scale bar = 2 mm

47 

Family LETROUIACEAE 

LETROUITAI Haf. & Bellem. 

Thallus crustose, pale yellow to greenish-yellow or orange-yellow. 

Photobiont green algae. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, disc yellow-orange to orange 

or brownish, margin prominent, pale orange, generally lighter than disc, biatorine. 

Hymenium K+ purple or blue-violet. Paraphyses slightly branched and 

anastomosing. Aci 2-8-spored. Ascospores colourless, transversely septate, lensshaped 

locules. 

Letrouitia sp.1 

Letrouitia sp.2 

Figure 4.15 Letrouitia spp., scale bar = 1 mm 

Family LOBARICEAE 

LOBARIA (Schreber) Hoffm. 

Thallus foliose, lobes branched. Upper surface smooth, flat or wrinkled, 

scrobiculate. Soredia and isidia present. Photobiont green algae: Myrmecia or 

Trebouxia or blue-green algae: Nostoc or Scytonema. Lower surface tomentose, 

rhizines present. Ascocarps apothecia laminal on upper surface of thallus. Aci 8- 

spored, Peltigera-type. Ascospores colourless or pale brown, 1-7-septate, fusiform to 

elongated.

48 

Lobaria sp.1 

Figure 4.16 Lobaria sp., scale bar = 5 mm 

STICTA (Schreber) Ach. 

Thallus foliose, dorsiventral, loosely attached, single- to multi-lobed. Upper 

surface smooth or wrinkled. Soredia and isidia present or absent. Photobiont 

chlorococcoid or blue-green algae: Nostoc. Lower surface tomentose. Ascocarps 

apothecia, sessile, mostly very rare or absent. Cyphellae present. Aci Peltigera-type, 

8-spored. Ascospores colourless to pale brownish, 1-3-septate. 

Sticta sp.1 

Sticta sp.2 

Figure 4.17 Sticta spp., scale bar = 5 mm

49 

Family MAGALOSPORACEAE 

MEGALOSPORA Meyen. 

Thallus crustose, superficial. Photobiont green algae; Dictyochloropsis, 

chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, rounded, biatorine, disc brown to blackbrown. 

Hymenium I- or I+ blue, with oil droplets. Paraphyses indistinctly septate, 

usually branched and anastomosing in the epithecial region. Aci Lecanora-type, with 

apical dome, ovoid-ellipsoid, 1-8-spored. Ascospores colourless, elongate, 1-many 

septate with thin septa. 

Megalospora sp.1 

Megalospora sp.2 

Figure 4.18 Megalospora spp., scale bar = 5 mm 

Family NEPHROMATACEAE 

NEPHROMA HELVETICUM Ach. 

Thallus foliose, dorsiventral, loosely attached, lobes rounded to slightly 

elongate. Photobiont green algae: Coccomyxa or blue-green algae; Nostoc. 

Upper surface smooth, matt or shining. Soredia sometimes present. Cortex 

pseudoparenchymatous. Medulla white or yellow. Lower surface tomentose, 

corticated. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, rounded to reniform, disc pale brown to redbrown-black. 

Aci 8-spored. Ascospores pale brown, 3-septate.

50 

Nephoma helveticum 

Figure 4.19 Nephoma helveticum, scale bar = 5 mm 

Family PANNARIACEAE 

ERIODERMA Fée. 

Thallus foliose, usually under 5 cm diam, not gelatinous, small, pale brown to 

olive-brown. Photobiont blue-green algae; Scytonema. Ascocarps apothecia, with 

constricted base. Lower surface attached to substrate by patches of thick tomentum, 

vein-like structures. 

Erioderma sp.1 

Figure 4.20 Erioderma sp., scale bar = 3 mm

51 

BULBOTHRIX Hale. 

Thallus foliose, rounded lobes, not dichotomously branched, grey to greengrey, 

appressed attached substrate, margins with bulbate cilia. Upper surface grey 

(aratorin), K+ yellow, smooth, with or without isidia, lacking soredia and 

pseudocyphellae. Medulla loosely packed, white or partly pigmented. Lower surface 

rhizines simple to densely dichotomously branched. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, 

disc concave, pale to dark brown. Asci 8-spored. Ascospores ellipsoidal or bicornute. 

Bulbothrix sp.1 




Figure 4.21 Bulbothrix spp., scale bar of Bulbothrix sp.1 and sp. 2 = 2 mm, scale bar 

of Bulbothrix sp.3 and sp. 4 = 5 mm

52 

CANOMACULINA Elix & Hale 

Thallus foliose, loosely, flat, 1-5 mm wide, rotund at apices, cilia dense. 

Upper surface pale to mid-grey (aratorin and chloroaratorin), K+ yellow, without 

pseudocyphellae, pruinose towards lobe apices, with or without isidia and soredia. 

Medulla white. Lower surface black or brown. Rhizines simple and dense. Asci 8- 

spored. Ascocarps apothecia, laminal. Ascospores ellipsoidal. 

Canomaculina sp.1 

Canomaculina sp.2 

Figure 4.22 Canomaculina spp., scale bar = 5 mm 

CANOPARMELIA Elix & Hale 

Thallus foliose, farinose, soralia or isidia present. Upper surface K+ yellow 

(aratorin), without pseudocyphellae, cilia absent. Lower surface brown at the 

margin, black towards the centre. Rhizines simple or irregularly branched, white, 

present till the margin. Asci 8-spored. Ascospores colourless, without septa. 

Canoparmelia sp.1 

Figure 4.23 Canoparmelia sp., scale bar = 5 mm

53 

EVERNIASTRUM Hale ex Sipman 

Thallus foliose, loosely adnate, to 4-30 cm wide, dichotomously branched, 

narrow, 0.5-4 mm wide. Photobiont green algae: Trebouxia. Upper surface pale 

grey to green-grey, K+ yellow (aratorin), without pseudocyphellae, with or without 

isidia and soredia, cilia present. Medulla white. Lower surface black to brown 

Rhizines absent. Ascocarps apothecia, laminal, hollow. Asci 8-spored Ascospores 

relatively large, ellipsoid. 

Everniastrum sp.1 

Figure 4.24 Everniastrum spp., scale bar = 5 mm 

Everniastrum sp.2 

FLAVOPARMELIA CAPERATA Hale. 

Thallus foliose, loosely adnate, orbicular, lobes irregular. Photobiont green 

algae: Trebouxia. Upper surface yellow-green to green, K-, KC+ yellow (usnic acid), 

without pseudocyphellae, cilia absent. Medulla white. Lower surface brown at 

the margins, black towards the centre, Rhizines present till the margin, simple or 

irregularly branched, black or white. Ascocarps apothecia, laminal, sessile, redbrown. 

Asci 8-spored. Ascospores without septa, colourless. 

Flavoparmelia caperata 

Figure 4.25 Flavoparmelia caperata, scale bar = 5 mm

54 

HYPOTRACHYNA (Vinio) Hale. 

Thallus foliose, dorsiventral, loosely to tightly adnate, lobes sublinear. Upper 

surface whitish to grey or yellow-green, K+ yellow (usnic acid), soredia, pustules and 

isidia, without pseudocyphellae, cilia absent. Medulla white. Lower surface black, 

sometimes paler towards lobe apices. Rhizines dichotomously branched, black. 

Ascocarps apothecia, laminal, sessile, disc imperforate. Asci 8-spored. Ascospores 

ellipsoid. 

Hypotrachyna sp.1 

Hypotrachyna sp.2 

Figure 4.26 Hypotrachyna spp., scale bar = 5 mm 

PARMELINELLA (Taylor) Elix & Hale 

Thallus foliose, leathery, loosely adnate to adnate, lobes irregular, over 3-10 

mm wide, often shallowly divided, cilia present. Upper surface pale grey, K+ yellow 

(usnic acid), KC- (atranorin present), without pseudocyphellae, with or without 

soredia and isidia. Medulla white. Lower surface black. Rhizines uniform, side near 

the margin. Ascocarps apothecia, laminal, sessile, disc imperforate. Asci 8-spored. 

Ascospores ellipsoid.

55 

Parmelinella sp.1 




Figure 4.27 Parmelinella spp., scale bar = 5 mm 

PARMELINOPSIS (Taylor) Elix & Hale 

Thallus foliose, loosely to tightly adnate, lobes axils rounded, narrow, 

dichotomously to irregularly branched. cilia present. Upper surface pale grey, K+ 

yellow (usnic acid), KC- (atranorin present), with or without soredia, pustules 

and isidia. Medulla white, C+ red or rose. Lower surface ivory to pale brown 

or black. Rhizines simple, till the margin. Ascocarps apothecia, laminal, sessile 

to subpedicellate, disc imperforate, pale brown to bark brown. Asci 8-spored. 

Ascospores ellipsoid, with thickened wall. 

Parmelinopsis sp.1 Parmelinopsis sp.2 

Figure 4.28 Parmelinopsis spp., scale bar = 5 mm

56 

PARMOTREMA A. Massal. 

Thallus foliose, loosely adnate to adnate, large, lobes broad, 2-30 mm wide, 

cilia simple or branched. Upper surface grey to grey-green, flat or rarely convex, 

shiny or dull, smooth, with or without soredia and isidia, without pseudocyphellae. 

Medulla white. Lower surface brown or black. Rhizines simple, present, absent 

from marginal zone. Ascocarps apothecia, laminal, commonly pedicellate, disc 

perforate. Asci 8-spored. Ascospores globose-ellipsoid, large, thickened wall. 

Parmotrema sp.1 

Figure 4.29 Parmotrema sp., scale bar = 5 mm 

PARMOTREMA TINCTORUM (Nyl.) Hale 

Thallus foliose, loosely adnate to adnate, 10-30 mm wide, lobes irregular, 

margins entire or crenate. Upper surface pale grey to grey-green, shiny, dull towards 

thallus centre, without soredia, isidia spare to sbundant, thin, irregularly inflated. 

Medulla white, K-, C+ red, KC+ red. Lower surface smooth, shiny, brown-black. 

Rhizines simple, absent from marginal zone, coarse, short. Ascocarps apothecia very 

rare, laminal, subpedicellate, disc imperforate, concave, dark brown. Asci 8-spored. 

Ascospores 13-15 x 7-8 µm, globose-ellipsoid, large, thickened wall.

57 

Parmotrema tinctorum 

Figure 4.30 Parmotrema tinctorum, scale bar = 5 mm 

RELICINA Elix & H. Sipman 

Thallus foliose, adnate to tightly adnate, rounded lobes, narrow, yellow green, 

margins with bulbate cilia. Upper surface pale green to yellow-green (usnic acid), 

with or without isidia, without soredia and pseudocyphellae. Medulla loosely packed, 

white Lower surface pale tan to black, Rhizines simple, usually colourless, not 

continuous to the margin. Ascocarps apothecia, common, laminal, sessile, pale brown 

to dark brown. Asci 8-spored. Ascospores 3-12 x 2-6 µm, ellipsoid. 

Relicina sp.1 

Relicina sp.2 

Figure 4.31 Relicina spp., scale bar = 3 mm

58 

RELICINOPSIS Elix & Verdon 

Thallus foliose, closely appressed to the substrate. upper side greenish to 

yellowish grey, K-, KC+ yellow (usnic acid), with narrow radiating lobes, cilia 

present. Upper surface transversely cracked pseudocyphellae. Rhizines till the 

margin. Medulla white. Ascocarp apothecia with margin the same colour as thallus. 

Relicinopsis sp.1 

Figure 4.32 Relicinopsis sp., scale bar = 5 mm 

RIMELIA Hale & A.Fletcher 

Thallus foliose, lobes wide, 3-10 mm wide, often shallowly divided, cilia 

present Upper surface pale grey, K+ yellow, KC- (atranorin present) finely whitereticulate, 

soredia present. Rhizines very variable length, till the margin. Medulla 

white, relatively thick, Lower surface brown to black, plane to papillate marginally. 

Ascocarps apothecial, margin prominent with thalloid rim, gray or hyaline. Asci 8- 

spored. Ascospores simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, thinned wall. 

Rimelia sp.1 

Figure 4.33 Rimelia sp., scale bar = 5 mm

59 

RIMELIA RETICULATA (Taylor) Hale & A.Fletcher 

Thallus foliose, lobes wide, branching irregular, loosely attached to substrate. 

Photobiont Trebouxia. Upper surface reticulately cracked and maculate, cilia present 

along thalline margins. Soredia present along margins or lobe ends of thallus. 

Medulla white, relatively thick, Lower surface black centrally, brown peripherally, 

plane to papillate marginally. Rhizines simple, short and long. Ascocarps apothecial, 

laminal, orbicular, margin prominent with thalloid rim, gray or hyaline. Asci 

lecanoral, apex thickened and amyloid, with wide, 8-spored. Ascospores simple, 

ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 10-18 x 6-11 µm, thinned wall. 

Rimelia reticulata 

Figure 4.34 Rimelia reticulata, scale bar = 5 mm 

Family PERTUSARIACEAE 

PERTUSARIA DC. 

Thallus crustose, continuous or areolate to granular. Photobiont green algae: 

Trebouxia, chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia, immersed, disc wide, punctiform 

and opening by ostiole and thus perithecioid. Paraphyses branched and variously 

reticulately anastomosing, not capitates. Asci 1-8-spored. Ascospores colourless, over 

50 µm long, without septa, oval ellipsoid.

60 

Pertusaria sp.1 Pertusaria sp.2 Pertusaria sp.3 

Pertusaria sp.4 Pertusaria sp.5 Pertusaria sp.6 

Figure 4.35 Pertusaria spp., scale bar = 2 mm 

Family PHYLLOPSORACEAE 

PHYLLOPSORA John A. Elix 

Thallus squamulose, simple or lobed, hypothallus, with saised tips 0.5-2 mm 

long. Upper cortex present. Lower cortex absent. Ascocarps disc-like, more or less 

rounded, sessile, Hymenium exposed. Asci 3-8 spored. Ascospores colourless, 

without septa. 

Phyllopsora spp. 

Figure 4.36 Phyllopsora spp., scale bar = 5 mm

61 

Family PHYSIACEAE 

BUELLIA De Not. 

Thallus crustose, smooth, rimose, granular, whitish to grey, brown or green, 

hypothallus rarely present. Photobiont green algae: chlorococcoid. Ascocarps 

apothecia, sessile, lecideine, dark brown to black, rounded. Hymenium colourless, or 

greenish in upper part, with or without oil droplets. Paraphyses simple to apically 

branched, brownish-black at apices, conglutinated. Asci 8-spored, clavate, Lecanoratype. 

Ascospores brown to dark-brown, 1-septate, ellipsoid, oblong or fusiform. 

Buellia sp.1 

Figure 4.37 Buellia sp., scale bar = 2 mm 

DIRINARIA (Tuck.) Clem. 

Thallus foliose, placodioid, radiating lobes, closely appressed to the substrate, 

white to cream, thallus attached by hapters. Photobiont green algae. Upper surface 

K+ yellow, atranorin present. Medulla UV+ or absent. Lower surface lower cortex 

present. Rhizines absent. Ascocarps apothecia, disk-like, very rarely present. 

Ascospores brown, 1-septate, narrowly ellipsoid.

62 

Dirinaria sp.1 

Figure 4.38 Dirinaria sp., scale bar = 5 mm 

HETERODERMIA Trevis. 

Thallus foliose, radiating mats, closely adpressed or ribbon-like, ascending 

and loosely attached, white to grayish. Soredia lobules and sidia usually present. 

Upper cortex periclinal hyphae. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Lower surface with or 

without a cortex. Ascocarps apothecia, immersed to sessile, red-brown, disc convex. 

Asci elongate-clavate, thickened, I+ blue tholus, almost Bacidia-like, 8-spored. 

Ascospores simple, colourless, smooth. 

Heterodermia sp.1 Heterodermia sp.2 Heterodermia sp.3 

Heterodermia sp.4 Heterodermia sp.5 Heterodermia sp.6 

Figure 4.39 Heterodermia spp., scale bar = 5 mm

63 

PHYSCIA (Schreber) Michaux 

Thallus foliose, deeply dissected, elongate and sometimes forming a reticulate 

pattern. without pseudocyphellae, cilia absent. Upper surface K-, without atranorin. 

Lower surface white or yellowish or grey to black at the margin, of the same colour 

or darker towards the centre. Rhizine simple or irregularly branched, till the margin. 

Medulla white. Ascocarp apothecia, lecideine Ascospore transversely septate, grey 

to brown. 

Physcia sp.1 

Physcia sp.2 

Figure 4.40 Physcia spp., scale bar = 5 mm 

PYXINE Fr. 

Thallus foliose, pale grey to dark grey, deeply dissected, closely appressed to 

the substrate, elongate and reticulate pattern. pseudocyphellae present along the 

margin and sometimes on the surface, cilia absent. Upper surface K-, without 

atranorin. Lower surface white or yellowish or grey to black at the margin, of the 

same colour or darker towards the centre. Rhizine simple or irregularly branched, till 

the margin. Medulla white to buff or yellowish.. Ascocarp apothecia, lecideine 

Ascospore transversely septate, grey to brown.

64 

Pyxine sp.1 

Pyxine sp.2 

Figure 4.41 Pyxine spp., scale bar = 5 mm 

PYXINE COCCIFERA (Fée) Nyl. 

Thallus foliose, dark grey, deeply dissected, closely appressed to the 

substrate, elongate and reticulate pattern. pseudocyphellae present along the margin 

and sometimes on the surface, cilia absent. Upper surface K-, without atranorin, red 

soredia. Lower surface white or yellowish or grey to black at the margin, of the same 

colour or darker towards the centre. Rhizine simple or irregularly branched, till the 

margin. Medulla white to buff or yellowish.. Ascocarp apothecia, lecideine 

Ascospore transversely septate, grey to brown. 

Pyxine coccifera 

Figure 4.42 Pyxine coccifera, scale bar = 5 mm

65 

PYXINE CORALLIGERA Malme. 

Thallus foliose, dark grey, deeply dissected, closely appressed to the substrate, 

elongate and reticulate pattern, pseudocyphellae present along the margin and 

sometimes on the surface, cilia absent. Upper surface K-, without atranorin, red 

soredia. Lower surface white or yellowish or grey to black at the margin, of the same 

colour or darker toward the center. Rhizine simple or irregularly branched, till the 

margin. Medulla white to buff or yellowish. Ascocarp apothecia, lecideine 

Ascospore transversely septate, grey to brown. 

Pyxine coralliger 

Figure 4.43 Pyxine coralliger, scale bar = 5 mm 

Family PILOCARPACEAE 

BYSSOLOMA Trevisan 

Thallus crustose, effuse, cortex absent. Photobiont green algae: 

chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, round, byssoid outer margin. 

Hymenium I+ blue to brownish. Paraphyses simple or branched. Asci 8-spored, 

I+blue concentrated inside and/ or on outside of the ascus tips. Ascospores 3-septate, 

colourless.

66 

Byssoloma sp.1 Byssoloma sp.2 Byssoloma sp.3 

Figure 4.44 Byssoloma spp., scale bar = 1 mm 

FELLHANERA Vĕzda 

Thallus crustose, rimose, ecorticate, whitish to grey-green or dull ochraceous. 

Photobiont green algae: chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, biatorine, 

thinly white-pruinose, whitish, beige or yellowish. Hymenium I+ blue. Paraphyses 

tubuliform, simple to branched and anastomosing. Asci 8-spored, tholus I+ blue. 

Ascospores colourless, 1-6-septate, ovoid. 

Fellhanera sp.1 

Figure 4.45 Fellhanera sp., scale bar = 2 mm

67 

Family PORINACEAE 

CLATHROPORINA Müll. Arg. 

Thallus crustose, immersed to superficial, thallus medulla whitish. 

Photobiont green algae: Trentepohlia. Ascocarps perithecia, superficial or immersed. 

Hymenium gelatin I- or + greenish blue in parts. Paraphyses simple, distinct. Asci 

thin apical wall, 8-spored. Ascospores colourless, muriform. 

Clathoporina sp.1 

Clathoporina sp.2 

Figure 4.46 Clathoporina spp., scale bar = 1 mm 

Family PYRENULACEAE 

PYRENULA Ach. 

Thallus crustose, immersed or rarely superficial, often with thin black 

prothallus. Photobiont green algae: Trentepohlia. Ascocarps perithecia, carbonized, 

black, flash-shaped, rounded or in irregular groups, ostiole apical. Hymenium gelatin 

I- or + greenish blue in parts. Paraphyses simple, distinct. Asci cylindrical, 

bitunicate, 8-spored. Ascospores grey to brown, transversely septate, thickened septa, 

rounded lumina.

68 

Pyrenula sp.1 

Pyrenula sp.2 

Pyrenula sp.3 

Figure 4.47 Pyrenula spp., scale bar = 1 mm 

Pyrenula sp.4 

Family RAMALINACEAE 

BIATORA Fr. 

Thallus crustose, effuse, granular, creamy white, dull green, glaucous green or 

green-grey. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia, biatorine, sessile, 

whitish to dark brown, not pruinose, sometimes with a reddish brown pigment, but 

never with purplish, greenish or very dark brown (carbonaceous) pigmentation. 

Hymenium granules or oil-droplets, I+ blue. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical-clavate, 

lateral walls 0.7-1µm wide, Biatora-type. Ascospores colourless, ellipsoid or oblong, 

to oblong-fusiform, simple to 3-5-septate. 

Biatora sp.1 

Figure 4.48 Biatora sp., scale bar = 1 mm

69 

LECANIA Massal. 

Thallus crustose, thin or thick, continuous or granules, grey-white, whiteyellow, 

to brown-black. Photobiont Trebouxia, chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia, 

sessile, round, lecanorine, pale- to black-brown, to orange. Hymenium colourless, 

K/I+ blue. Paraphyses unbranched. Asci 8-16-spored, Bacidia-type. Ascopores 

colourles, 1-3-septate, thin walled, ellipsoid. 

Lecania sp.1 

Figure 4.49 Lecania sp. (http://www.bgbm.fu.berlin.de/sipman/.../Lecania.htm.) 

scale bar = 2 mm 

Family ROCCELLACEAE 

CRESPONEA Egea & Torrente 

Thallus crustose, continuous, cracked, thin, white, pale gray or pale green, 

smooth, effuse, lacking isidia or soredia. Photobiont Trentepohlia. Ascocarps 

apothecia, sessile, with constricted base, disc black, at first usually concave but soon 

plane to slightly convex, margin: lecideine, glossy black, prominent, raised above 

disc. Hymenium hyaline, I+ blue/red or pale red, K/I+ blue, Paraphyses septate, 

simple or sparsely branched, with few or no anastomoses. Asci bitunicate, clavate to 

cylindrical-clavate, slightly stiped, 8-spored Ascospores rarely brownish when old, 3- 

19-septate transversely, oblong-fusiform.

70 

Cresponea sp.1 

Cresponea sp.2 

Figure 4.50 Cresponea spp., scale bar = 1 mm 

ENTEROGRAPHA Fée 

Thallus crustose, effuse, not layered, smooth or cracked-areolate, white-grey 

to dark olive-green or brown, prothallus grey to black, separating the thalli. 

Photobiont green algae: Trentepohlia. Ascocarps apothecia, elongate, immersed, 

punctiform, disc flat, brown to black, not pruinose. Hymenium I+blue to reddish or 

absent. Paraphyses branched and anastomosing. Asci thick walled, 8-spored, K/I+ 

dark blue ring. Ascospores colourless, thin septa, I-negative, transversely septate, 

ovoid, fusiform or acicular. 

Enterographa sp.1 

Figure 4.51 Enterographa sp., scale bar = 2 mm

71 

MAZOSIA Massal. 

Thallus crustose, effuse, ecorticated. Photobiont green algae: Phycopeltis. 

Ascocarps apothecia, rounded, thin, distinct, dark. Paraphyses branched, 

anastomosing. Asci thick walled, 8-spored. Ascospores colourless, transversely 

septate, fusiform or acicular, microcephalic. 

Mazosia sp.1 

Figure 4.52 Mazosia sp., scale bar = 1 mm 

SYNCESIA Taylor 

Thallus crustose. Ascocarps apothecia, disc wider, rounded, pinkish to 

whitish pruinose. Hymenium I+ blue to reddish or absent, the colour restricted to the 

hymenial jelly or the ascospores, ascus tips unstained. Ascospores colourless, thin 

septa, transversely septate, I- negative. 

Syncesia sp.1 

Figure 4.53 Syncesia sp., scale bar = 5 mm

72 

CHAPSA A. Massal. 

Thallus crustose, smooth , continuous, greenish to white-grey, numerous 

photobiont cells , few small calcium oxalate crystals on thallus. Ascocarp apothecia, 

erumpent , angular-rounded, disc more or less covered by a narrow pore, flesh-colored 

and slightly translucent, thalline margin fissured to lobulate . Paraphyses simple. 

Asci 6-8 per ascus. Ascospores, transversely septate, thick-walled, with rounded 

ends, colourless, I+ dark violet-blue. 

Chapsa sp.1 

Figure 4.54 Chapsa sp., scale bar = 2 mm 

Family STEREOCAULACEAE 

LEPRARIA Ach. 

Thallus foliose, rosettes, K- or + yellow, C-, KC-, soredia present. Photobiont: 

green alga, Trebouxia. Ascocarps absent. 

Lepraria sp.1 

Figure 4.55 Lepraria sp., scale bar = 2 mm

73 

Family THELOTREMATACEAE 

MYRIOTREMA Fée 

Thallus crustose, epiphloedal, corticiform layer usually dense. Photobiont 

Trentepohlia. Ascocarps apothecia, immersed, without carbonized parts, lacking 

thalline rim, or raised with a distinct thalline rim or minute pore. Hymenium 

colourless, I-, not separated from thalline margin or without periphyses. Paraphyses 

simple or branched, free or conglutinate. Asci 1- 8-spored. Ascospores colourless, 

thickened septa, rounded lumina, transversely septate, I+ deep blue to violet. 

Myriotrema sp.1 Myriotrema sp.2 Myriotrema sp.3 

Myriotrema sp.4 Myriotrema sp.5 Myriotrema sp.6 

Myriotrema sp.7 

Myriotrema sp.8 

Figure 4.56 Myriotrema spp., scale bar = 1 mm

74 

OCELLULARIA Meyer 

Thallus crustose. Photobiont green algae: Trentepohlia. Ascocarps 

apothecia, emergent or immersed, thalline rim distinct,exiple usually carbonized, 

fused, columella present, carbonized. Hymenium I+ blue to reddish or absent. Aci 1- 

8-spored. Ascospores colourless or pale brown, transversely septate, thickened septa, 

rounded lumina, I+ blue to violet. 

Ocellularia sp.1 Ocellularia sp.2 Ocellularia sp.3 



Figure 4.57 Ocellularia spp., scale bar = 1 mm

75 

THELOTREMA Ach. 

Thallus crustose, uniform, sometimes immersed, usually shades of cream or 

fawn, prothallus absent. Photobiont Trentepohlia. Ascocarps apothecia, immersed, 

disc concave to flat, often gaping, black, sometimes pruinose. Thalline exiple 

distinct. Hymenium colourless, I-. Aci I-, 1-8-spored, subcylindrical, with a single 

functional wall layer, Ascospores colourless, transversely septate. 

Thelotrema sp.1 Thelotrema sp.2 Thelotrema sp.3 

Figure 4.58 Thelotrema spp., scale bar = 1 mm 

Thelotremataceae (Unknown genus) 

Figure 4.59 Unknown genus, scale bar = 2 mm

76 

Family TRICHOTHELISCEAE 

PORINA Müll. Arg. 

Thallus crustose, immersed to superficial. Photobiont green algae: 

Trentepohlia. Ascocarps perithecia, superficial or immersed. Hymenium gelatin I- or 

+ greenish blue in parts. Paraphyses simple, distinct. Asci thin apical wall, 8-spored. 

Ascospores colourless, transversely septate, thin septa, lumina angular, 1-3-septate 

Porina sp.1 

Porina sp.2 

Porina sp.3 

Porina sp.4 

Figure 4.60 Porina spp., scale bar = 1 mm 

Family USNEACEAE 

USNEA Hill. 

Thallus shrubby, attached by holdfast, branching irregular, shiny or matt, 

tubercles, papillae, pseudocyphellae, Isidia and soredia present. Photobiont 

Trebouxia. Madulla lax or compact. Ascocarps apothecia, lateral or terminal, disc 

rounded, flat. Thalline exciple persistent, ray-like projections. Asci 8-spored, 

elongate-clavate, Lecanora-type. Ascospores simple, ellipsoid, colourless.

77 

Usnea sp.1 

Figure 4.61 Usnea sp., scale bar = 5 mm 

Lichens unknown 

Crustose unknown 1 Crustose unknown 2 

Figure 4.62 Crustose unknowns, scale bar = 5 mm

78 

4.1.1 Types of lichen found in the study areas 

Crustose was the most lichen group which was found in all study areas, 

followed by foliose, squamulose and fruticose, respectively (Figure 4.1-4.62). 

However, in San Khu foliose was the most dominant group. The highest species 

number of lichen was found in San Khu site: 18 families, 34 genera and 59 species. In 

contrast, the lowest lichen number was found in Palad nature-trail site with 13 

families, 17 genera and 23 species (Figure 4.63). 

70 

60 

Number 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 

Sites 

squamulose 

fruticose 

foliose 

crustose 

Figure 4.63 Total lichen number on all trees sampled in each site

79 

4.1.2 Total lichen genera found in the study areas 

The highest lichen diversity was found in San Khu site, whereas the least 

genera of lichens found in Palad nature-trail site. Lichen genera which belonged to 

family Parmeliaceae was found most, whereas only one genus was found in family 

Laureraceae, Lepariaceae and Cladoniaceae. Species of Leptogium which is common 

in moist forest, were found in Montatarn waterfall and Palad nature-trail. Genera that 

commonly found in the study were Phyllopsora, Bacidia and Lecanora. Otherwise, 

there are some genera found only in moist areas such as Byssoloma, Cartinaria, 

Cryptothecia, Fellhanera, Myriotrema, Malcolmeilla, Ocellularia and Porina. 

Species found only in San Khu were Chapsa sp., Cladonia sp., Megalospora sp. and 

Usnea sp. Some species such as Dirinaria sp.1, Erioderma sp.1, Pyxine coccifera and 

Pyxine coralliger were the species that could not found in other sites but Palad naturetrail. 

The list of lichens species found in study areas was presented in Table 4.2.

80 

Table 4.2 List of total lichen genera found and their frequencies in all study 

areas 

Families 

Lichens 

Site 

1 2 3 4 5 

Arthoniaceae Arthonia sp.1 9 9 

Arthonia sp.2 10 

Arthonia sp.3 2 

Arthothelium sp.1 2 

Arthothelium sp.2 3 2 

Cryptothecia sp.1 4 10 

Cryptothecia sp.2 4 8 10 





Cryptothecia sp.7 1 



Bacidiaceae Bacidia sp.1 1 2 

Bacidia sp.2 1 13 4 3 

Bacidia sp.3 1 

Bacidia sp.4 4 2 



Chrysotrichaece Chrysothrix sp. 9 2 4 

Cladoniaceae Cladonia sp. 3 

Collemataceae Collema sp.1 3 

Leptogium sp.1 4 

Leptogium sp.2 1 

Crocyniaceae Crocynia spp. 1 56 

Haematommataceae Haematomma sp.1 3 1 

Haematomma sp.2 5 1 1 

Laureraceae Laurera sp.1 2 

Lecanoraceae Catinaria sp.1 2 

Lecanora sp.1 1 1 8 

Lecanora sp.2 1 


Lecanora sp.4 3 5 


Lecanora sp.6 1

81 


areas (continued) 

Families 


Site 

1 2 3 4 5 

Lecideaceae Malcolmiella sp.1 l 1 5 9 

Malcolmiella sp.2 13 


Malcolmiella sp.4 17 4 






Letrouitiaceae Letrouitia sp.1 7 

Letrouitia sp.2 14 

Lobariceae Lobaria sp.1 2 

Sticta sp.1 1 

Sticta sp.2 1 

Megalosporaceae Megalospora sp.1 3 

Megalospora sp.2 3 

Nephromataceae Nephroma helveticum Ach. 2 

(Nyl.) Hale. 

Pannariaceae Erioderma sp.1 1 

Parmeliaceae Bulbothrix sp.1 7 

Bulbothrix sp.2 3 



Canomaculina sp.1 4 

Canomaculina sp.2 7 

Canoparmelia sp.1 4 3 4 

Everniastrum sp.1 4 

Everniastrum sp.2 1 

Flavoparmelia caperata 1 1 

(L.) Hale. 

Hypotrachyna sp.1 4 

Hypotrachyna sp.2 1 

Parmelinella sp.1 1 

Parmelinella sp.2 14 1 

Parmelinella sp.3 10

82 



Families 


Site 

1 2 3 4 5 

Parmelinella sp.4 1 

Parmelinopsis sp.1 12 

Parmelinopsis sp.2 9 

Parmotrema sp.1 3 

Parmotrema tinctorum 5 5 

(Despr. Ex Nyl.) Hale. 

Relicina sp.1 2 

Relicina sp.2 2 3 

Relicinopsis sp.1 2 

Rimelia 82eticulate Hale & 20 

A. Fletcher. 

Rimelia sp.1 1 

Pertusariaceae Pertusaria sp.1 1 3 

Pertusaria sp.2 3 



Pertusaria sp.5 2 1 


Phyllopsoraceae Phyllopsora spp. 11 1 19 50 10 

Physiaceae Buellia sp.1 1 

Dirinarie sp.1 1 

Heterodermia sp.1 2 

Heterodermia sp.2 

l 





Physcia sp.1 4 1 

Physcia sp.2 2 

Pyxine coccifera (Fee) Nyl. 1 

Pyxine coralliger Malme. 2 

Pyxine sp.1 1 

Pyxine sp.2 1 

Pilocarpaceae Byssoloma sp.1 1 

Byssoloma sp.2 1

83 



Families 


Site 

1 2 3 4 5 

Byssoloma sp.3 3 

Byssoloma sp.4 1 

Fellhanera sp.1 7 

Porinaceae Clathoporina sp.1 3 2 

Clathoporina sp.2 7 5 

Clathoporina sp.3 3 

Pyrenulaceae Pyrenula sp.1 1 5 3 

Pyrenula sp.2 1 5 

Pyrenula sp.3 16 

Pyrenula sp.4 2 19 7 

Ramalinaceae Biatora sp.1 2 

Lecania sp.1 7 

Roccellaceae Cresponea sp.1 3 3 

Cresponea sp.2 2 

Enterographa sp.1 4 

Mazosia sp.1 9 10 

Syncesia sp.1 5 

Stereocaulaceae Lepraria sp.1 6 

Trelothemataceae Chapsa sp.1 5 

Myriotrema sp.1 10 3 

Myriotrema sp.2 5 



Myriotrema sp.5 14 4 




Ocellularia sp.1 4 

Ocellularia sp.2 3 1 

Ocellularia sp.3 6 7 6 




Ocellularia sp.7 2 2 

Ocellularia sp.8 1

84 



Families 


Site 

1 2 3 4 5 


Thelotrema sp.1 1 1 

Thelotrema sp.2 1 6 

Thelotrema sp.3 10 

Thelotremataceae 5 

(unknown genus) 

Trichothelisceae Porina sp.1 1 7 10 

Porina sp.2 5 

Porina sp.3 3 

Porina sp.4 1 14 

Usneaceae Usnea sp.1 13 

Unknow Crustose unknown 1 1 

Unknow Crustose unknown 2 18 

Total number of genera 34 17 27 24 18 

Total frequency 249 105 252 338 89 

Note: site1: San Khu, site2: Huay Kg-Ma, site3: Youth camp, site4: Montatarn waterfall, 

site5: Palad nature-trail

85 

4.1.3 Species, girth and pH of the sampling trees 

A list of tree species collected from all study sites and frequency of lichens 

found on each tree along with girth and bark pH was shown in Table 4.3-4.7. 

The most frequent tree species found in each site were as followed; San Khu: 

Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) King ex Hook. f.; Huay Kog-Ma: Terminalia 

mucronata Craib & Hutch., Youth camp: Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth., Montatarn 

waterfall: Protium serratum (Wall. Ex Colebr.) Engl. and Palad nature-trail: 

Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. 

Circumferences of trees in each site were varied. The widest girth was 

269 cm from Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. from Youth camp and the smallest 

circumference is 50 cm from Glochidion sphaerogynum (M.-A.) Kurz. from Huay 

Kog-Ma watershed. 

The lowest pH (3.45) was found in a tree from San Khu (Castanopsis 

acuminatissima Rehd.) and the highest pH (7.15) was found in a bark sample of 

Mangifera caloneura Kurz. from Youth camp. 

Lichen frequency on Michelia floribunda Finet & Gagnep. from Montatarn 

waterfall was the highest (49) and lowest was on Shorea siamensis Miq. (2) at Palad 

nature-trail. Total tree species number and their average bark pH, which were selected 

for lichen frequency study, was presented in Table 4.7. Average bark pH of sampling 

tree was between 3.45 to 7.59. Tree species with the highest average bark pH was 

Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon., whereas the lowest was Castanopsis acuminatissima 

Rehd. (Table 4.8).

86 

Table 4.3 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at San Khu 

No. Families Species 

Thai GBH pH Lichen 

name (cm.) frequency 

1 Fagaceae Quercus helferiana A. DC. กอแอบ 139 4.42 43 



4 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 158 4.90 14 

(Kurz) King ex Hook. f. 

5 Fagaceae Castanopsis acuminatissima กอเดือย 72 3.45 17 

Rehd. 











11 Fagaceae Castanopsis tribuloides กอใบเลื่อม 129 4.82 13 

(Sm.) A. DC. 








16 Fagaceae Quercus helferiana A. DC. กอแอบ 104 4.60 21

87 

Table 4.3 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at San Khu (continued) 




17 Pinaceae Pinus Kesiya Royle ex สนสามใบ 58 4.08 32 

Gordon. 



19 Fagaceae Castanopsis tribuloides กอใบเลื่อม 85.2 4.87 23 

(Sm.) A. DC. 

20 Theaceae Anneslea fragrans Wall. สารภีปา 79 5.82 8

88 

Table 4.4 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at Huay Kog-Ma watershed 




1 Combretaceae Terminalia mucronata ตะแบกเลือด 121 4.28 17 

Craib & Hutch. 

2 Leguminosae- Pterocarpus macrocarpus ประดู 96.5 4.70 16 

Papilionoideae Kurz. 



4 Fagaceae Lithocarpus thomsonii กอขาว 57.5 4.32 18 

Rehd. 







8 Unidentified Unknown 79 4.63 13 

9 Meliaceae Melia toosendan Sieb. & เลี่ยน 103 4.50 17 

Zucc. 

10 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion sphaerogynum มันปลา 49.5 4.33 27 

(M.-A.) Kurz . 


12 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion sphaerogynum มันปลา 48 4.42 11 

(M.-A.) Kurz. 




15 Combretaceae Terminalia mucronata ตะแบกเลือด 98 4.19 13 


16 Leguminosae- Dalbergia cana Graham ex ปพง 188 4.25 17 

Papilionoideae Kurz.

89 

Table 4.4 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at Huay Kog-Ma watershed 

(continued) 




17 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion sphaerogynum มันปลา 50 4.34 10 

(M.-A.) Kurz. 






Craib & Hutch.

90 

Table 4.5 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at Youth camp 




1 Burseraceae Garuga pinnata Roxb. ตะคร้ํา 114 3.98 10 



3 Pinaceae Pinus Kesiya Royle ex สนสามใบ 239 3.51 29 

Gordon. 

4 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 173 4.13 17 


5 Guttiferae Mesua ferrea Linn. บุนนาค 95 5.01 17 

6 Rosaceae Prunus cerasoides D.Don นางพญา- 179 4.32 17 

เสือโครง 

7 Magnoliaceae Talauma hodgsonii Hook. f. ตองแข็ง 108 5.24 10 

& Thoms. 

8 Theaceae Schima wallichii (DC.) ทะโล 146 4.29 11 

Korth. 

9 Anacardiaceae Spondias pinnata Kurz. มะกอก 101 5.46 19 


Korth. 


Korth. 

12 Styracaceae Styrax benzoides Craib. กํายาน 84 4.21 27 

13 Leguminosae- Dalbergia ovata Grah. ประดูดอง 73 4.87 11 

Papilionoideae 

14 Bombacaceae Bombax ceiba Linn. งิ้วปา 92 5.53 18 


16 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion sphaerogynum มันปลา 106 5.43 44 

(M.-A.) Kurz. 

17 Leguminosae- Dalbergia ovata Grah. ประดูดอง 78 4.72 20 


18 Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. หวา 89 4.59 27 

19 Juglandaceae Engelhardtia spicata คาหด 197 5.87 39 

(Lindl. ex. Wall.) Kuntze. 

20 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga denticulata ตองแตบ 170 5.27 12 

(Bl.) Muell. Arg.

91 

Table 4.6 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at Montatarn waterfall 




1 Magnoliaceae Michelia floribunda Finet จําปปา 92 4.92 49 

& Gagnep. 

2 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus costatus ยางปาย 90 5.36 38 

Gaerth.f. 

3 Burseraceae Canarium subulatum มะเกิ้ม 146 6.01 33 

Guillaumin. 

4 Burseraceae Protium serratum (Wall. ex มะแฟน 78 6.59 26 

Colebr.) Engl. 

5 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus costatus ยางปาย 63 5.26 25 

Gaerth.f. 



7 Myrtaceae 

Syzygium cumini (L.) 

Skeels. 

หวา 83.5 5.13 29 

8 Annonaceae Miliusa lineata Alston. ปอขี้แฮด 80 5.27 16 

9 Anacardiaceae Mangifera caloneura Kurz. มะมวงปา 100 5.49 29 

10 Myrsinaceae Maesa ramentacea A. DC. 

ขาวสาร 

หลวง 

55 4.79 45 



12 Anacardiaceae Mangifera caloneura Kurz. มะมวงปา 81 7.15 14 


14 Euphorbiaceae Croton roxburghii N.P. เปลาหลวง 98 4.25 30 

Balakr. 

15 Anacardiaceae Spondias pinnata Kurz. มะกอก 169 5.21 27 


17 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus barbatus Muell. ปอเตา 88 4.48 26 

Arg. 

18 Lauraceae Cinnamomum sp. อบเชยตัวผู 55 5.59 23 

19 Lauraceae Cinnamomum sp. อบเชยตัวผู 66 5.56 24 


Colebr.) Engl.

92 

Table 4.7 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at Palad nature-trail 




1 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ยางเหียง 81 5.70 11 

Teijsm. 

2 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea siamensis Miq. รัง 70.5 4.84 5 

3 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea siamensis Miq. รัง 53 5.49 13 


Teijsm. 


Teijsm. 


Teijsm. 


Teijsm. 

8 Fagaceae Quercus kerrii Craib. กอแพะ 55 4.63 10 


Teijsm. 



Teijsm. 

12 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea obtusa Wall. ex เต็ง 80 5.24 8 

Blume. 


Teijsm. 


Blume. 




Blume. 


Teijsm.

93 

Table 4.7 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at Palad nature-trail (continued) 



name (cm.) Frequency 


Blume. 


Table 4.8 Selected trees in all plots, number sampled (no.) and mean bark pH and 

standard deviation (pH ± SD) of number (no.) of trees 

Tree species No. pH ± SD 

Anneslea fragrans Wall. 1 5.82* 

Bombax ceiba Linn. 1 5.53* 

Canarium subulatum Guillaumin. 1 6.01* 

Castanopsis acuminatissima Rehd. 1 3.45* 

Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) King ex Hook. f. 12 4.84 ± 0.57 

Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A. DC. 2 4.14 ± 0.97 

Cinnamomum sp. 2 5.11 ± 0.68 

Croton roxburghii N.P. Balakr. 1 4.25* 

Dalbergia cana Graham ex Kurz. 3 4.65 ± 0.70 

Dalbergia ovata Grah. 2 5.07 ± 0.29 

Dipterocarpus costatus Gaerth.f. 2 5.53 ± 0.24 

Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. 9 4.97 ± 0.77 

Engelhardtia spicata (Lindl. ex. Wall.) 1 5.87* 

Garuga pinnata Roxb. 1 3.98* 

Glochidion sphaerogynum (M.-A.) 4 5.06 ± 0.60 

Lithocarpus thomsonii Rehd. 1 4.32* 

Macaranga denticulata (Bl.) Muell. Arg. 1 5.27* 

Maesa ramentacea A. DC. 1 4.79* 

Mallotus barbatus Muell. Arg. 1 4.48* 

Mangifera caloneura Kurz. 2 4.91 ± 0.82 

Melia toosendan Sieb.& Zucc. 1 4.50* 

Mesua ferrea Linn. 1 5.01* 

Michelia floribunda Finet & Gagnep. 1 4.92* 

Miliusa lineata Alston. 3 4.67 ± 0.54 

Pinus Kesiya Royle ex Gordon. 2 7.59 ± 0.40

94 

Table 4.8 Selected trees in all plots, number sampled (no.) and mean bark pH and 

standard deviation (pH ± SD) of number (no.) of trees (continued) 

Tree species No. pH ± SD 

Protium serratum (Wall. ex Colebr.) 4 5.44 ± 0.92 

Prunus sp. 1 4.32* 

Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz. 1 4.70* 

Quercus helferiana A. DC. 5 4.46 ± 0.34 

Quercus kerrii Craib. 1 4.63* 

Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. 3 4.54 ± 0.41 

Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume. 4 4.72 ± 0.41 

Shorea siamensis Miq. 6 4.76 ± 0.85 

Spondias pinnata Kurz. 2 5.74 ± 0.39 

Styrax benzoides Craib. 1 4.21* 

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. 2 5.36 ± 0.33 

Talauma hodgsonii Hook. f. & Thoms. 1 5.24* 

Terminalia mucronata Craib & Hutch. 8 4.75 ± 0.42 

Unknown tree 1 4.63* 




* Note : Only single tree found in study plot. 

4.2 Lichen diversity indices 

The highest lichen species diversity (Shannon’s diversity index) was recorded 

in San Khu (S1), followed by Youth camp (S3), Montatarn waterfall (S4), Huay 

Kog-Ma watershed (S2) and Palad nature-trail (S5), respectively. The highest 

evenness occurred in San Khu, followed by Youth camp, Huay Kog-Ma watershed, 

Montatarn waterfall and Palad nature-trail, respectively. The highest species richness 

occurred in San Khu, followed by Montatarn waterfall, Youth camp, Huay Kog-Ma 

watershed and Palad nature-trail, respectively (Table 4.9).

95 

Table 4.9 Shannon’s diversity indices, evenness and species richness of lichens 

diversity on all selected tree species in each study site 

Study site Diversity index Evenness Species richness 

S1 3.70 0.92 56 

S2 3.17 0.90 34 

S3 3.47 0.91 45 

S4 3.27 0.84 49 

S5 2.74 0.86 23 

Similarity of each site was studied by using cluster analysis. Cluster analysis 

was performed using lichens species and their frequencies in each site. The result 

showed that the study sites were divided into two groups: group 1 which consists of 

Huay Kog-Ma, Youth camp, Montatarn waterfall and Palad nature-trail and group 2 

consist of San khu. The highest similarity at 0.41 (41%) and the lowest similarity was 

0.12 (12%) (Figure 4.64). 

1 

2 

UPGMA 

0.04 0.2 0.36 0.52 0.68 0.84 1 

Sorensen's Coefficient 

S5 

S4 

S3 

S2 

S1 

Figure 4.64 Cluster analysis of the lichen communities on all selected trees across all 

study sites (S1: San Khu, S2: Huay Kog-Ma watershed, S3: Youth camp, S4: 

Montatarn waterfall and S5: Palad nature-trail)

96 

4.3 Environmental factors in study sites 

Environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and light 

intensity were recorded during the field work period (Table 4.10). 

Table 4.10 List of environmental factors in study sites 

Site Time Temperature % Relative Light 

(°C) Humidity intensity (Lux) 

S1 20 May-20July 2009 18.0-21.0 70-89 280-440 

S2 14-29 August 2009 20.0-21.5 85-95 669-735 

S3 22-29 April 2010 22.0-29.5 51-53 870-950 

S4 18-26 May 2010 22.5-31.5 82-91 859-880 

S5 6-9 April 2010 22.0-39.0 * 1,130-1,380 

Note: * Values were too low to measure by using a wet-dry thermometer. 

4.4 Forest profile 

The forest profile was done in all sites by using a line transect with 40 m 

length. Trees with circumferences more than 10 cm at 1.3 m above ground level 

were selected. 

San Khu montane-oak forest. Most of trees found belonged to family 

Fagaceae. Turpinia cochinchinensis Merr. was the most species found. Canopy is 

divided into two layers. The top canopy is in range from 20-30 meters above a 

surface. The forest surface is relatively opened. There are scattered shrubs mixing 

with ferns and ivy continuously. Because of canopy width and not dense, sunlight can 

shine through. Therefore, The small wood canopy can grow into the second floor. 

This layer is mostly Vaccinium sprengelii Sleumer. and Turpinia cochinchinensis. 

Merr. which high is between 10 and 20 meters. Density of trees is not much. Slope 

locates toward the southwest of the study site (Figure 4.65). 

Huay Kog-Ma montane-oak forest had 57 trees along the transect. Most trees 

were tall with wide canopy. Castanopsis acuminatissima Reha. was a species found 

the most. Canopy is divided into 2 distinct layers and continuously. The height of

97 

canopy ranged from 25-30 meters. The canopy is wide and dense. These characters 

cause understory are small, that is their height was less than 15 meter. Moreover, 

these dense canopy also block the sunlight to lower growing plants. Forest ground is 

not dense. Slope locates toward the south of the study site (Figure 4.66). 

Youth camp evergreen forest had 73 trees along the transect. Forest profile 

was divided into 2 layers discontinuously. Canopy is rather clear. The top canopies 

found in this site are Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth., Melia toosendan Sieb.& Zucc., 

Engelhardtia spicata (Lindl. ex. Wall.) Kuntze and Sterculia pexa Pierre. Because of 

discontinuous canopy, canopy gap found distinctly. Sunlight can through ground 

flora, so small trees can grow well. Styrax benzoides Craib. was a species found the 

most and Fagaceae was the most family found. Slope locates toward the south of the 

study site (Figure 4.67). 

Montatarn waterfall mixed evergreen and deciduous forest had 23 trees along 

the transect. A single layer of canopy was found. The canopy is discontinuous. 

Because canopy is wide and clear, canopy gap is also wide. Sunlight can reach forest 

ground, so a shrub layer was mostly found. Density of tree number found in this site is 

the least when compared with the other study sites. Family Araliaceae and Trevesia 

palmata Roxb. ex Lindl. were found the most. Slope locates toward the northeast of 

the study site (Figure 4.68). 

Palad nature-trail deciduous-dipterocarp forest trees in Palad nature-trail 

were much smaller than the other sites. The height of trees was about 10-15 meters. 

Canopy was found as a single layer. Density of trees was distinct, but the canopy 

was clear because this is the deciduous-dipterocarp forest. The total number of trees 

along the transect was 72 trees. Family Dipterocarpaceae and Shorea obtusa Wall. ex 

Blume. were found the most. Slope locates toward the southeast of the study site 

(Figure 4.69).

98 

Table 4.11 List of tree species found in the structure of the forest area of San Khu 

Families Species Thai name Tree number 

1. Aquifoliaceae Ilex umbellulata Loes. เนาใน 54 

2. Betulaceae Carpinus viminea Wall. ex Lindl. กอสรอย 12, 22 

3. Ericaceae Vaccinium sprengelii Sleumer. สมป 1, 7, 15, 21, 31, 43, 45, 53 

4. Fagaceae Castanopsis acuminatissima กอเดือย 49, 51 

Rehd. 

5. Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) กอแปน 8, 9, 13, 20, 27, 28, 29, 

King ex Hook. f. 33, 34, 36, 46, 50, 55 

6. Fagaceae Quercus helferiana A. DC. กอแอบ 47 

7. Lauraceae Litsea glutinosa C.B. Robinson. หมีเหม็น 11 

8. Lauraceae Phoebe paniculata Nees. สะทิบดํา 3, 23 

9. Leguminosae- Dalbergia cultrata Graham ex เก็ดดํา 14 

Papilionoideae Benth. 

10. Myrsinaceae Rapanea yunnanensis Mez. รังกระแทดอย 35 

11. Proteaceae Helicia nilagirica Bedd. เหมือดคนตัวเมีย 6, 17, 32 

12. Sapindaceae Nephelium hypoleucum Kurz. คอแลน 19, 39 

13.Staphyleaceae Turpinia cochinchinensis Merr. มวงกอม 5, 10, 16, 18, 24, 25, 26, 

30, 38, 41, 44, 52 

14. Styracaceae Styrax benzoides Craib. กํายาน 37, 48 

15. Theaceae Anneslea fragrans Wall. สารภีปา 2 

16. Theaceae Schima wallichii DC. Korth. ทะโล 1, 40

99 

Height (m) 

30 

0 10 20 30 40 

Distance (m) 

5° 

10 

0 10 20 30 

40 

Distance (m) 

Figure 4.65 Forest profile in site 1 (San Khu)

100 

Table 4.12 List of tree species found in the structure of the forest area of Huay 

Kog-Ma watershed 


1. Aceraceae Acer laurinum Hassk. กวมขาว 27 

2. Actinidiaceae Saurauia roxburghii Wall. สานเห็บ 18 

3. Ebenaceae Diospyros glandulosa Lace. กลวยฤๅษี 56 

4. Fagaceae Castanopsis acuminatissima กอเดือย 2, 12, 17, 26, 34, 37, 38, 39, 41, 

Rehd. 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 

53, 57 

5. Fagaceae Castanopsis armata Spach. กอหรั่ง 4 

6. Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 7, 14 


7. Fagaceae Lithocarpus fenestratus Rehd. กอพวง 5 

8. Fagaceae Lithocarpus lindleyanus A. กอดาง 13, 23, 25, 32, 36 

Camus. 

9. Fagaceae Lithocarpus thomsonii Rehd. กอขาว 1 

10. Guttiferae Garcinia merguensis Wight นวล 30 

11. Juglandaceae Engelhardtia spicata (Lindl. คาหด 11 

ex. Wall.) Kuntze 

12. Lauraceae Lindera metcalfiana Allen. ตองขาว 33 

13. Lauraceae Phoebe paniculata Nees. สะทิบดํา 15, 16 

14. Leguminosae- Archidendron clypearia มะขามแป 8 

Mimosoideae Nielsen. 

15. Leguminosae- Dalbergia ovata Grah. ประดูดอง 6 


16. Rubiaceae Canthium parvifolium Roxb. ขาวจี่ 21 

17. Rutaceae Euodia roxburghiana Benth. สามงาม 55 

18. Styracaceae Styrax benzoides Craib. กํายาน 9, 19, 20, 29, 31, 40, 45 

19. Symplocaceae Symplocos racemosa Roxb. เหมือดหอม 50 

20. Theaceae Eurya nitida Korth. แมงเมานก 35 

21. Theaceae Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. ทะโล 3, 10, 22, 24, 28, 52, 54

101 

Height (m) 

30 

0 10 20 

30 40 

Distance (m) 

5° 

10 

0 10 20 30 40 

Distance (m) 

Figure 4.66 Forest profile in site 2 (Huay Kog-Ma)

102 

Table 4.13 List of tree species found in the structure of the forest area of Youth camp 


1. Anacardiaceae Semecarpus albescens Kurz รักขี้หมู 53 

2. Aquifoliaceae Ilex umbellulata Loes. เนาใน 29 

3. Ebenaceae Diospyros glandulosa Lace. กลวยฤๅษี 32, 39, 43 

4. Euphorbiaceae Glochidion eriocarpum Champ. ไครมด 56 

5. Euphorbiaceae Glochidion hirsutum (Roxb.) Voigt. ขี้มด 8 

6. Euphorbiaceae Macaranga denticulata (Bl.) Muell. ตองแตบ 14, 19, 21 

Arg. 

7. Fagaceae Castanopsis acuminatissima Rehd. กอเดือย 23, 26, 27, 28 

8. Fagaceae Castanopsis armata Spach. กอหรั่ง 40 

9. Fagaceae Castanopsis calathiformis Kurz. กอน้ํา 34 

10. Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) กอแปน 48 

King ex Hook. f. 

11. Fagaceae Lithocarpus elegans Hatus. ex กอหมน 33 

Soepadmo. 

12. Fagaceae Lithocarpus thomsonii Rehd. กอขาว 15, 37 

13. Guttiferae Garcinia merguensis Wight นวล 57, 59, 62 

14. Juglandaceae Engelhardtia spicata (Lindl. ex. คาหด 2, 20 

Wall.) Kuntze. 

15. Lauraceae Phoebe paniculata Nees. สะทิบดํา 24 

16. Leguminosae- Dalbergia oliveri Gamble. ชิงชัน 5 


17. Meliaceae Aphanamixis polystachya Parker. ตาเสือ 16 

18. Meliaceae Melia toosendan Sieb. & Zucc. เลี่ยน 17 

19. Myrsinaceae Rapanea yunnanensis Mez. รังกระแทดอย 30 

20. Myrtaceae Syzygium albiflorum (Duthie & มะหา 7, 31, 41, 51 

Kurz) Bahadur & R. C. Guar 

21. Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. หวา 42, 59, 61 

22. Leguminosae- Dalbergia ovata Grah. ประดูดอง 9, 25, 46, 47 


23. Oleaceae Olea rosea Craib. คําไก 36 

24. Olecaceae Schoepfia fragrans Wall. ขี้หนอน 44, 45

103 

Table 4.13 List of tree species found in the structure of the forest area of Youth camp 

(continued) 


25. Santalaceae Scleropyrum wallichianum (Wight ขี้หนอนหนาม 1 

& Arn.) Arn. 

26. Sapindaceae Nephelium hypoleucum Kurz. คอแลน 4, 35 

27. Sterculiaceae Sterculia pexa Pierre. ปอขาว 3, 12, 38, 63 

28. Styracaceae Styrax benzoides Craib. กํายาน 18, 22, 49, 50, 52, 

29. Theaceae Adinandra integerrima T. Anders. พิกุลปา 58 

ex Dyer. 

54, 55 

30. Theaceae Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. ทะโล 6, 10, 11, 13

104 

Height (m) 

30 

3° 

0 10 

20 

30 

40 

Distance (m) 

10 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

Distance (m) 

Figure 4.67 Forest profile in site 3 (Youth camp)

105 

Table 4.14 List of tree species found in the structure of the forest area of Montatarn 

waterfall 


1. Araliaceae Trevesia palmata Roxb. ex Lindl. ตางหลวง 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21 

2. Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum vent. เพกา 20 

3. Burseraceae Protium serratum Wall. ex มะแฟน 1, 2, 4, 15 

Colebr. Engl. 

4. Combretaceae Anogeissus acuminata Wall. var. ตะเคียนหนู 7 

lanceolata Clarke. 

5. Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex ยางนา 19 

G. Don. 

6. Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus turbinatus ยางแดง 8, 9 

Gaertn. f. 

7. Ebenaceae Diospyros ehretioides Wall. ex ตับเตาตน 18, 22 

G. Don. 

8. Lauraceae Cinnamomum bejolghota Sweet. อบเชย 3, 6 

9. Magnoliaceae Michelia floribunda Finet & จําปปา 16, 17 

Gagnep. 

10. Sapindaceae Schleichera oleosa Merr. ตะครอ 23

106 

Height (m) 

30 

0 10 20 

30 40 

Distance (m) 

3° 

10 

0 10 20 30 40 

Distance (m) 

Figure 4.68 Forest profile in site 4 (Montatarn waterfall)

107 

Table 4.15 List of tree species found in the structure of the forest area of Palad 

nature-trail 


1. Anacardiaceae Buchanania lanzan Spreng. มะมวงหัวแมงวัน 54 

2. Anacardiaceae Gluta usitata (Wall.) Ding Hou. รักใหญ 21 

3. Combretaceae Terminalia alata Heyne ex Roth. รกฟา 71 

4. Combretaceae Terminalia chebula Retz. var. สมอไทย 58 

chebula. 

5. Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus tuberculatus พลวง 1, 2, 4, 10, 12, 17, 18, 

Roxb. 19, 35, 36, 44, 52, 55, 

57, 64 

6. Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ยางเหียง 56, 70 

Teijsm. ex Miq. 

7. Dipterocarpaceae Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume. เต็ง 2, 7, 8, 11, 13, 29, 30, 

32, 34, 37, 41, 42, 43, 

45, 47, 49, 53, 61, 67 

8. Euphorbiaceae Aporosa villosa (Wall. ex lindl.) เหมือดหลวง 5, 14, 15, 16, 24, 40, 

Baill. 51 

9. Fagaceae Quercus kerrii Craib. กอแพะ 46, 68, 72 

10. Guttiferae Mammea siamensis Koterm. สารภี 62, 63 

11. Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. หวา 9, 20, 25 

12. Myrtaceae Tristaniopsis burmanica (Griff.) เคาะ 23, 26, 27, 28, 31, 33, 

Peter G. 38, 39, 48 

13. Rubiaceae Mitragyna rotundifolia (Roxb.) กระทุมเนิน 65 

Kuntze. 

14. Rubiaceae Wendlandia tinctoria (Roxb.) แขงกวาง 6, 50, 59, 60 

DC. 

15. Strychnaceae Strychnos nux-vomica L. Craib. แสลงใจ 22 

Wilson & J.T. Waterh. 

16. Symplocaceae Symplocos racemosa Roxb. เหมือดหอม 66

108 

Height (m) 

30 

5° 

0 

10 20 

30 40 

Distance (m) 

10 

0 10 20 30 

40 

Distance (m) 

Figure 4.69 Forest profile in site 5 (Palad nature-trail)

109 

4.5 Correlation between lichen and some environmental factors 

Regression analysis were performed to compare between number of lichen 

species and some environmental factors such altitude, relative humidity, temperature, 

pH bark and GBH. The data point showed that number of species tend to be varied 

with environmental factors (Figure 4.70 – 4.74). 

No.of species 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

y = 0.0164x + 24.77 

R² = 0.3463 

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 

Altitude (m) 

Figure 4.70 Relationships between species richness of lichen and altitude 

70 

60 

No. of species 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

y = -8.731x + 82.991 

R² = 0.2671 

0 

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 

Average of bark pH 

Figure 4.71 Relationships between species richness of lichen and average bark pH

110 

No. of species 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

y = 0.2169x + 21.125 

R² = 0.1687 

0 

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 

GBH (cm) 

Figure 4.72 Relationships between species richness of lichen and average GBH

34 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 Lichen diversity Epiphytic lichens ...

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