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24 Table 8: Prevalence of tdh and trh genes of V. parahaemolyticus in environmental samples. Country/ place Type of samples (no of samples) Prevalence % of V. parh. Presence of tdh gene in % Presence of trh gene in % References Korea Raw oysters - 0 1.38 Lee et al., 2008 (72) a Brazil Raw oysters 99.2 0.8 0 Sobrinho et al., (123) 2010 India Shrimp, 2-13 4 2.12 Gopal et al., sediment, water 2005 China Samples from 14.3 5.8 0 Vongxay et al., seafood processing line (258) 2006 Malaysia Frozen 51 15 7 Sujeewa et al., shrimp (60), 2009 live (50), shrimp sediment (67), (74). water Southwest Raw Oysters 93.9 10.2 59.3 Deepanjali et coast of India al., 2005 Southwest coast of India Northern Gulf of Mexico Oysters (44), clams (14), fish (9), shrimp (16), seafood (83) Oysters (32) Water (102) V. parh. =V. parahaemolyticus 89.2 8.4 25.3 Raghunath et al., 2008 56/44 78/30 56 44 78 30 Zimmerman et al., 2007
2.8 Human pathogenic Vibrio 2.8.1 Vibrio cholerae 25 Cholera has been recognized as a fatal disease since 1817 and six pandemics have already swept over the world (Suzita et al., 2009) and the 7 th and 8 th pandemics are still progressing (Kaysner, 2000). Vibrio cholera is transmitted to humans via contaminated food, water, raw seafood or direct infection from food handlers (Suzita et al., 2009, Thompson et al., 2004). Cholera is characterized by profuse acute diarrhoea (rice water), vomiting, dehydration and death within 24 hours if left untreated (Suzita et al., 2009). The pathogenesis of this organism in the intestine is characterized by adherence to the epithelium and production of an enterotoxin (cholera toxin) which leads to intense watery diarrhoea. In addition to the toxin, the toxin coregulated pilus is essential for the micro colonization of the intestinal epithelium (Thompson et al., 2004). Currently more than 200 serogroups of V. cholera are identified based on the somatic O antigen. Vibrio cholera O1, O139, non-O1, non-O139 and O141 are the deferent O strains that cause diarrhoea throughout the world. V. cholerae O1 has two serogroups Inaba and Ogawa and two biotypes namely, Classical and El Tor (Ganesh et al., 2010, Suzita et al., 2009). Serogroup O1 and O139 are responsible for the epidemics and pandemic occurrences of cholera and non-O1 and non-O139 are less virulent forms found in patients. V. cholerae O141 causes cholera-like diarrhoea and bacteraemia in the United States (Crump et al., 2003). 2.8.2 Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram negative, mesophilic and halophilic rod- shaped bacterium found in the estuarine environment, especially in shellfish, coastal fish and seafood. Consumption of raw, under cooked or contaminated shellfish, fish and seafood is the method of transmission of this bacterium to humans. It causes gastroenteritis, nausea, watery diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, low grade fever, chills and sometimes bloody diarrhoea (Cabanillas-Beltrán et al., 2006). V. parahaemolyticus produces toxins: thermo-stable direct haemolysin (TDH), encoded
Page 1 and 2: 2.1 Shellfish culture CHAPTER II LI
Page 3 and 4: 7 constant over the years while cul
Page 5 and 6: 9 Pathogenic bacteria associated wi
Page 7 and 8: 11 Listeriosis, and other pathogens
Page 9 and 10: Coastal water Shrimp Bangladesh (Co
Page 11 and 12: Table 4: Cholera pandemics Pandemic
Page 13 and 14: 17 parahaemolyticus should be Kanag
Page 15 and 16: 19 2.7.2 Biochemical characteristic
Page 17 and 18: 21 2.7.4 Genotypic characteristics
Page 19: 23 Clinical strains of V. parahaemo
Page 23 and 24: 27 Vibrio spp. display similar bioc
Page 25 and 26: 29 host and effluent from the conta
Page 27 and 28: 31 elimination of Edwardsiella tard
Page 29 and 30: A. Cooling and freezing 33 Rapid an
Page 31: 2.10.3 Consumer education 35 Consum

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