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20
Power Relations and Politeness
professional position, i.e. they have power. Those
who are in a lower social position and have less
power tend to rely heavily on negative politeness
strategies to express the deference. Those who
possess power can go to extremes while
communicating with their less powerful partners;
they can either hide their power by also resorting to
negative politeness strategies or show it openly by
using bald on record non-redressive acts.
Turn-taking and hedging play a crucial role in
expressing power relations and positive/negative
Brown P., Levinson S. C., 2000. Politeness: Some
Universals in Language Usage. In: The Discourse
Reader ed. by A. Jaworsky and N. Coupland. -
London & New York: Routledge.
Cutting J., 2003. Pragmatics and Discourse. - London &
New York: Routledge.
Fairclough N., 1991. Language and Power. - London &
New York: Longman.
Fairclough N., 1997. Critical Discourse Analysis. - London
& New York: Longman.
Goffman E., 2000. On Face-work: An Analysis of Ritual
Elements in Social Interaction. In: The Discourse
Reader ed. by A. Jaworsky and N. Coupland.-
London & New York: Routledge.
Holmes J., 1999. Women, Men and Politeness. - Longman
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Agreeable and Disagreeable Responses. In: The
Discourse Reader ed. by A. Jaworski and
N. Coupland. - London & New York: Routledge.
References
Valios raiðkos priemonës ir mandagumas
politeness. A more powerful speaker usually
possesses greater opportunities to control the length
of the turns, their content and direction.
Hedging is a powerful instrument in expressing
negative politeness; on the other hand, some hedges
serve as strategies for showing positive politeness.
It should be mentioned, however, that so far there
does not exist a detailed inventory of hedging devices
and there is no unanimous agreement how to label
one or another language item which serves as a hedge
in a concrete situation.
Hoye L., 1997. Adverbs and Modality in English. -
London & New York: Longman.
Kress G., 1990. Linguistic Processes in Sociocultural
Practice. - Hong Kong: OUP.
Markkanen R. & Schröder H. Hedging: A Challenge for
Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis. http://
www.sw2.euv-frankfurt-o.de/Publikationen/
hedging/markkane/markkane.html accessed
20006 02 02
Malinowski B., 2000. On Phatic Communication. In:
The Discourse Reader ed. by A. Jaworski and N.
Coupland. - London & New York: Routledge.
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and Prose. - Longman/ Pearson.
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New York: Routledge.
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New York: Longman.
Janina BUITKIENË