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the other treatments had moderate effect. Final nematode population was highest in Mj pt. 1 treatment followed by Mj pt. 1 + Foc-2 wks, Mj pt. 1 + Foc, and Foe + Mj pt. 1- 2 wks treatments. There was 44.18%, 24.99%, and 63.48% reduction in final nematode build up in Mj pt.1 + Foe, Mj pt.1 + Foc-2 wks, and Foc + Mj pt. 1—2 wks treatments, respectively over Mj pt.l treatment. Similarly, nematode reproduction rate was also reduced by 44.02%, 24.72%, and 63.32% in Mj pt.l + Foc, Mj pt.l + Foc-2 wks, and Foc + Mj pt.1-2 wks treatments, respectively over Mj pt. 1. Foc alone could cause only 40% wilting of plants but the severity of wilt disease increased when M. javanica pathotype 1 was present along with the fungus. There was 75% increase in wilting when both the organisms were inoculated either simultaneously or fungus was inoculated two weeks after nematode inoculation whereas 25% increase in wilt disease was recorded when nematodes were inoculated two weeks after fungus inoculation. The increase in wilt severity may perhaps be due to root injury caused by nematodes which provided avenues for entry of wilt fungus. There was reduction in nematode multiplication and reproduction rate in presence of fungus. The results obtained under the study are in confirmation with the findings of Nath and Dwivedi (1980) and Sharma and Cerauskas (1985). References Chawala, M.L., and Prasad, S.K. 1974. Techniques in Nematology. II. Comparative efficacy of sampling tools and nematode extraction methods. Indian Journal of Nematology 4:115-23. Haware, M.P., Jimenez-Diaz, R.M., Amin, K.S., Philips, J.C., and Halila, H. 1990. Integrated management of wilt and root-rot of chickpea. Pages 129-33 in Chickpea in the Nineties: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Chickpea Improvement, 4-8 Dec 1989. ICRISAT, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Nath, R., and Dwivedi, RP. 1980. Effect of root-knot nematode on development of gram wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri and root-rot by Rhizoctonia spp. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 11:46-49. Sharma, R.D., and Cerauskas, RF. 1985. Interaction between Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri on chickpea. Nematologia Brasileira 9:113-21. 18 ICPN 7, 2000 Sharma, S.B., and McDonald, D. 1990. Global status of nematode problems of groundnut, pigeonpea, chickpea, sorghum, and pearl millet and suggestions for future work. Crop Protection 9:453-58. Upadhyay, K.D., and Dwivedi, K. 1987. Analysis of crop losses in pea and gram due to Meloidogyne incognita. International Nematology Network Newsletter 4:6-7. Effect of Organic Manures, Fertilizers, and Nematode on the Control of Rootknot Nematode and Yield in Chickpea R R Pokharel (Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal) Chickpea is one of the potential legumes in Tearai belt of Nepal but its productivity is very low even as the area under cultivation is rapidly decreasing. Diseases like Botrytis gray mold, Ascochyta leaf spot and wilts are considered to be one of the potential threats to chickpea production in Nepal. In addition, plant parasitic nematodes, mainly Meloidogyne spp is also found to be associated with reduction in yield in chickpea. Manandhar and Amatya (1988) observed 51.8% yield reduction in chickpea in Rampur, due to root-knot nematode (RKN) alone. Poultry manure is reported to reduce the root-knot population in the field (Castillo 1985). Thus this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of maure of different animal species, chemical fertilizers and carbofuran on the incidence of root-knot nematode and yield of chickpea in Rampur. Materials and Methods An experiment was conducted in naturally infested soil with root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in completely randomized block design with 3 replications. The plot sizes were 9 m 2 each with the following treatments; poultry manure, goat manure, farmyard manure (FYM), chemical fertilizers, combination of FYM and chemical fertilizers, FYM, chimical fertilizers, carbofuran, and control. Chickpea variety Dhanus was planted as per the recommended package of practices in 1996 and 1998 on the Rampur Campus Farm. After 60 days, five plants per plot were uprooted, one from each corner and one at the center and brought to IAAS laboratory for observation of galls. In the laboratory galling index was
Table 1. Effect of organic manures, fertilizers, and carbofuran on gall index and chickpea yield at Rampur, Nepal (1996 and 1998). Treatments Poultry manure Goat manure Farmyard manure (FYM) Chemical fertilizers (NPK) Half FYM + Half NPK Half FYM+Half NPK+Carbofuran Control LSD done on the basis of Baker, 1985 and at maturity, grain yield was collected and recorded. Results and Discussion Yield (g plot -1 ) 666.6a 101.6b 40.0b 43.6b 200.6b 205.3b 31.6b 238.7 1996 Increase over control To study the effect, galls were indexed based on Baker, 1985 and yields were recorded in each treatment. Low gall index was observed in poultry manure applied plot in both the years and the highest in control (Table 1). The lower gall index may be due to reduced populations of Meloidogyne (Castillo 1985). Significantly highest chickpea yield was also observed in the plots supplied with poultry manure in both the years (Table 1). This may be due to reduced root-knot namatode population in the soil and also manure supplied nutrients to the chickpea thereby increasing the chickpea yield. The yield increase over control was the highest in the plots supplied with poultry manure in both the years and the lowest with FYM in 1996 and chemical fertilizers in 1998. Carbofuran was not effective in reducing namatode population and no difference in gall index and chickpea yield was observed as compared to control. That may be due to lack of control by carbofuran on root-knot nematode population. In Tanahu, furadan was not effective to reduce the RKN in blackgram (Pradhanag et al. 1992). Poultry manure which is easily available to the farmers in Chitwan as the poultry farming is popular in this region, seemed to be potential resource available to the farmers in place of chemical fertilizers, thereby increasing the 635 70 8.4 12 169 173.4 - Gall index 1 1. Gall index 1-9 scale. In column, means with the same letter are not significantly difference with DMRT (P = 0.05 level). 3 5 7 7 5 5 9 chickpea production and reducing root-knot problem in the fields. References Yield (g plot -1 ) 402a 165b 66.8b 50.0b 85.0b 132b 29c 284.8 1998 Increase over control 373 136 Barker, K.R. 1985. Nematode extraction and bioassay. Pages 19-35 in Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne, Vol. II: Methodology (Barker, K.R., Carter, C.C., and Sasser, J.N., eds.). International Meloidogyne Project. Raliegh, North Carolina, USA: North Carolina State University. Castillo, M.B. 1985. Some studies on the use of organic soil amendments for nematode control. Philippines Agriculture 59:86-96. Manandhar, H.K., Harrison, H.J., and Mathur, S.B. 1992. Seed health testing for nematodes. Pages 157-160 in Plant Diseases Seed Production and Seed Health Testing in Nepal. Proceedings of the first HMG/DANIDA/ FAO Training Course in Seed Health Testing Technique (Mathur, S.B., Amatya, P., Krishna Shrestha, and Manandhar, H.K., eds.). Kathmandu, Nepal: Printing Support Private Limited. Pradhanag, P.M., Pandey, R.R., Ghimire, S.R., and Rana, RB. 1992. Loss assessments of black gram due to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne). Paper presented at 17th Summer Crops Workshop 1991 at NWRP, Rampur, Nepal. 37 21 56 103 - Gall index 1 4 5 7 6 5 5 7 ICPN 7, 2000 19
Page 2 and 3: Publishing objectives International
Page 4 and 5: Effect of Interaction Between Meloi
Page 7 and 8: From the Editor News We have pleasu
Page 9 and 10: scientists at ICR1SAT. These scient
Page 11 and 12: Views Monograph of Dunbaria Availab
Page 13 and 14: Chickpea Breeding/Genetics Associat
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Chickpea germplasm exhibit
Page 17 and 18: Pathology Preliminary Screening of
Page 19 and 20: legumes in the coastal region of Sy
Page 21 and 22: Occurrence of Sclerotinia Stem Rot
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Page 27 and 28: Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria,
Page 29 and 30: Benefit/cost ratio was calculated b
Page 31 and 32: Application of all the macro- and m
Page 33 and 34: Table 2. ANOVA for combined two fac
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Page 47 and 48: Deokar, A.B., Bhole, G.R., and D'Cr
Page 49 and 50: Sharma, D., Kannaiyan, J., and Saxe
Page 51 and 52: evealed a cut of 25% in seed rate o
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. Observations on pollen ger
Page 55 and 56: Table 2. Correlation between seed y
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Predicted % pod/seed damag
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30 25 20 15 10 5 early stages of ge
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Figure 1. Mean levels of verbascose
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Figure 1. Digestion of gelatin coat
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Utilization Water Utilization of Pi
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LSD 0 OS NS NS Total plant Stems Fi
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pollen germination eight other rand
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C. volubilis pollen did not germina
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Abha Agarwal, Tripathi, H.S., and R
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Richter, C., Heiligtag, B., Nagieb,
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Dahiya, K.K., Chauhan, R., and Ombi
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at Pantnagar, Northern India. Annal
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Notes
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About ICRISAT The semi-arid tropics
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